The study of cells in horses encompasses the examination of various cell types and their functions within the equine body. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, and in horses, they contribute to numerous physiological processes, including growth, repair, and immune responses. Different cell types, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and muscle cells, each perform specific roles that are vital for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the horse. This topic includes research on cellular mechanisms, cellular responses to disease or injury, and the application of cellular biology in equine medicine. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and significance of cells in equine biology and health.
Barthold SW, Olson C.Cultured cells from bovine papilloma virus (BPV)-induced fibroblastic tumors and normal dermis of cattle, horses, and hamsters were examined for cell membrane or internal neoantigens, using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Sera from cattle and horses bearing BPV-induced fibromas cross reacted with cell membranes of tumor, but not with normal dermal cells of both species. The reaction could be blocked with homologous, but not heterologous, serum of these 2 species. Immunofluorescence was not detected with sera from hamsters bearing BPV-induced sarcomas if incubated with bovine, equine...
Whittle BJ, Moncada S, Vane JR.The activity of prostacyclin (PGI2), PGE1 or PGD2 as inhibitors of platelet aggregation in plasma from human, dog, rabbit, rat, sheep and horse was investigated. Prostacyclin was the most potent inhibitor in all species. PGD2 was a weak inhibitor in dog, rabbit and rat plasma whereas PGE1 and prostacyclin were highly active. Theophylline or dipyridamole potentiated the inhibition of human platelet aggregation by prostacyclin, PGE1 or PGD2. Compound N-0164 abolished the inhibition by PGD2 of human platelet aggregation but did not inhibit the effects of PGE1 or prostacyclin. The results suggest ...
Serov OL, Zakijan SM, Kulichkov VA.Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was examined by 13% starch gel electrophoresis in 74 mules (42 females and 32 males), 35 donkeys, and ten horses. The quantitative expression of the parental alleles at the Gpd locus varies greatly in female mules from the hemizygous expression of the maternal allele to that of the paternal. The data obtained indicate that the X chromosomes are randomly inactivated in females mules. No selective advantage of a cell population with a maternally (or paternally) derived X active was found in female mule erythrocytes. It is suggested that the ph...
McGuire TC, Crawford TB.Equine fibroblasts persistently infected with equine infectious anemia virus acquire a new cell membrane antigen demonstrable by indirect radioimmunoassay, using infected horse serum as an antibody source.
McClure JJ, Muscoplat CC, Johnson DW, Senogles DR.A miniaturized method for the mixed lymphocyte culture test in the horse is described. The test is performed in either round- or flat-bottom microtitration tissue culture plates. Concentrations of responsing and stimulating cells are varied, depening on the experiment. Significant discrimination between isogeneic and allogenic mixtures is possible after 120 hours' culture when cells are labeled ([3H]thymidine) for the last 16 to 18 hours of the test.
Johnson AD, Eddy GA, Gangemi JD, Ramsburg HH, Metzger JF.Primary cell cultures, a continuous cell line, and a diploid cell line were grown on an artificial capillary system. The cells were subsequently infected with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and viral replication was studied. Extracellular fluids harvested from this system contained high titers of virus and were relatively free of cell debris.
Joppich-Kuhn R, Luisi PL.The interaction between horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase and the oxidized and reduced forms of the 3-thionicotinamide--adenine dinucleotide coenzyme analogues (sNAD and sNADH) has been investigated by ultraviolet absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism. The fluorescence of sNADH is enhanced when bound to the enzyme, and the protein fluorescence is quenched by both sNADH (60--65%) and sNAD (65%). The possible origin of the larger quenching produced by sNAD with respect to that of NAD is discussed. Coenzyme dissociation constants have been determined by monitoring the quenching of the p...
Johnson L, Amann RP, Pickett BW.Changes within the equine seminiferous tubules during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium were studied light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Once observed with SEM, tubules were sectioned and staged using light microscopy. As viewed by SEM, the weblike, spongy cytoplasm of germ cells or Sertoli cells in stages I and II extended over the entire height of the germinal epithelium. The cytoplasm of the basal portion of the germinal epithelium in stages III to VIII was similar to that in stages I and II. However, the cytoplasm which occupied the luminal third of the epithelium in stage...
Blähser S.In the thyroid glands of the horse, pig, deer, mole, and rat, C-cells could be demonstrated by means of the immunocytochemical PAP-technique using rabbit antisera against human calcitonin. Only in ruminants, the cross-reaction between the intracellularly stored antigen and the antibodies used appeared to be incomplete.
Berti A, Stefani M, Camici G, Manao G, Ramponi G.The thermal stability of horse muscle acylphosphatase was investigated by measuring the inactivation constants at various pH and temperature values, and by differential spectra technique. This enzyme has high thermal stability in an acidic environment but is inactivated in an alkaline medium. It was found that the enzyme can be protected against such inactivation at pH 8.0 by increasing its concentration and the ionic strength of the solution. The effect of high urea concentrations on stability was also measured. It was found that spectral changes at 230 nm are related to urea inactivation of ...
Nyindo MB, Ristic M, Lewis GE, Huxsoll DL, Stephenson EH.Four ponies experimentally infected with Ehrlichia equi developed substantial cell-mediated immune responses, as measured by the leukocyte migration-inhibition test. Serum anti-E equi antibodies up to 1:1,280 were demonstrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Cell-mediated immune responses returned to a base-line value by day 200 after primary inoculation, but serum antibody titers persisted for at least 300 days after inoculation. Two additional susceptible ponies, which were inoculated with convalescent blood or organ homogenates from ponies recovered from acute equine ehrlichiosis...
Allen GP, Cohen JC, Randall CC, O'Callaghan DJ.The replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 3 (EHV-3) was unimpeded in three different cell types-equine epithelial cells, equine fibroblasts, and mouse fibroblasts-which had been blocked in their capacity to synthesize host DNA by 2.5 mM hydroxyurea (HU) or 2 mM thymidine (TdR). The rate of DNA synthesis in uninfected or equine herpesvirus-infected cells in the presence of HU or TdR was measured by pulse-labeling cell samples with a labeled DNA precursor at different times after infection. DNA synthesis in uninfected cultures was completely inhibited by both compounds. Howev...
Jemmerson R, Margoliash E.Of the antigenic determinants so far identified for cytochrome c, only one involves more than a single amino acid substitution between the immunogen and host proteins. Both a threonine at position 89 and a glutamic acid at position 92 control one of the three antigenic sites identified in horse cytochrome c, as expressed in rabbits. Three antibody subpopulations, all directed against this region of the molecule, were isolated from the serum of a single rabbit by adsorption on a series of insolubilized cytochromes c. Antibody fluorescence quenching titrations with a variety of cytochromes c wer...
McConnel MB, Katada M, McConnell S, Moore R.Electron microscopy was used to demonstrate the presence of viral particles in primary cultures of leukocytes taken from a horse after SC inoculation with the Wyoming strain of equine infectious anemia virus. Unlike previous studies, the exposure virus was not passaged through cell culture prior to horse inoculation. Cultures were begun approximately 1 week before and 1 week after the 1st pyrexic period after inoculation. In both samples, viral particles and cytoplasmic alterations were observed resembling those previously reported in equine infectious anemia virus and other retravirus-infecte...
Nicander L, Malmqvist M.Principal cells in the initial segment of the epididymis in horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, dogs, cats, and rabbits have an abundant, partly rough, endoplasmic reticulum and a large Golgi complex. Small vacuoles with opaque content seem to be formed by the Golgi complex and move to the cell apex, where they empty their contents into the lumen by a merocrine mechanism.
Tarr MJ, Olsen RG, Krakowka GS, Cockerell GL, Gabel AA.Erythrocyte rosette (ER) formation of equine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was characterized. Guinea pig and, to a lesser extent, human erythrocytes formed ER; cat, cow, dog, hamster, mouse, rat, and sheep erythrocytes showed negligible rosetting properties. Conditions of the assay were varied to determine which procedure allowed the largest percentage of rosette formation. The PBL from 20 normal horses were then assayed, averaging 38 +/- 2% ER. To characterize the erythrocyte receptor as being on T or B cells, equine thymocytes from 6 foals were assayed; the thymocytes formed an average ...
Butler WF, Pousty I.Disc material from horse, ox, sheep, pig, dog and cat was stained by the Alcian-blue-critical electrolyte concentration technique and with the standard and two-step periodic acid Schiff methods. The effects of pretreatment with hyaluronidase and with chondroitinase was also evaluated. There appears to be a small increase in total cellular glycosaminoglycan content with age in all species: cellular material of high molecular weight however only increases in aged animals. The degree of sulphation of cellular glycosaminoglycans does not vary with age or with position in the disc.
Jirgensons B, de Haas GH.Conformation of porcine, bovine, and equine pancreatic phospholipases A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) and their zymogens was studied by the circular dichroism (CD) probe in the far and near ultraviolet spectral zones.
All these phospholipases and their zymogens displayed CD curves suggesting the presence of moderate amounts of α-helical conformation. However, on the basis of known primary structure and recent X-ray structural analysis of prophospholipase A2 crystals (Drenth, J., Enzing, C.M., Kalk, K.H. and Vessies, J.C.A. (1976) Nature 264, 373–377), it has to be concluded that the positive CD band cen...
Gerber JD, Marron AE, Bass EP, Beckenhauer WH.The cell-mediated immune response and antibody response of horses of varying ages and of pregnant horses to equine herpesvirus 1 antigen were examined. Six to eight month old horses showed either no increase or slight increases in anti-equine herpesvirus 1 serum neutralizing antibody following vaccination and revaccination with a modified live equine herpesvirus 1 vaccine. However, these same horses showed a marked increase in the cell-mediated immune response to equine herpesvirus 1 as measured by the lymphocyte transformation test. Eighteen to 21 month old horses showed four to 64-fold incre...
Jahrling PB, Beall JL.Hydroxylapatite column chromatography methods were developed to characterize selected alphavirus populations. Different conditions of pH and phosphate molarity were required to obtain satisfactory elution profiles and separations for Western equine encephalomyelitis virus strains, compared with Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and Semliki Forest virus strains. Raising the pH of the buffers effected earlier elutions of all viruses. Selection of phosphate gradients with more gentle slopes and adjustment to the proper pH effected better separations of virus subpopulations. Elution profiles ...
Schochetman G, Fine D, Arthur L, Gilden R, Heberling R.A new retravirus (SMRV) isolated from a squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, has an Mg2+-dependen reverse transcriptase and a buoyant density of 1.17 g/cm3 in sucrose and 1.21 g/cm3 in cesium chloride, similar to the mouse mammary tumor virus and the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. The polypeptide patter of SMRV as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was distinct from the reported polypeptide patterns of known retraviruses. Four major polypeptides of molecular weights 40,000, 20,000, 14,000 and 8,000 were resolved in virus propagated in human, mink, and canine cell...
Saint-Dizier M, Foulon-Gauze F, Lecompte F, Combarnous Y, Chopineau M.In order to investigate the role of the unique seventh N23-glycosylation site of the equine LH/CG receptor (eLHCGR) in the cAMP pathway activation, COS-7 cells were transiently transfected with either the wild-type or the mutant eLHCGR(N23Q) cDNA and challenged with porcine LH and eCG for cAMP production. We showed that the N23-glycosylation site of the eLHCGR is not required for the functional coupling of the receptor with the cAMP pathway and is not responsible for the limited potency of eCG relative to pLH to activate this receptor.
Boudouard M, Giudicelli J, Sudaka P.A rapid method for preparation of brush border membrane vesicles from a large amount of horse kidney cortex is described. Self-orienting Percoll-gradient centrifugation minimized contamination by microsomal membranes. The characteristics of this preparation were checked by electron microscopy and measurement of L-alanine uptake.
Watson ED.Incubation of equine neutrophils with povidone-iodine solutions of greater than or equal to 0.2 per cent resulted in total inhibition of migration under agarose. This was caused by the cytotoxic effects of the solutions as shown by pyknosis and cell lysis. Lower concentrations of povidone-iodine, however, did not adversely affect neutrophil viability or locomotion.
Gysens L, Depuydt E, Patruno M, Haspeslagh M, Spaas JH, Martens A.Sarcoids are the most common equine skin tumours Although they do not metastasize, they can be locally aggressive and cause significant clinical symptoms in affected horses. Despite being common, very little is known about the host immune response and the biological mechanisms underlying persistence and recurrence of equine sarcoids. The latter reflects the need for further research in this field. This in-vitro study used sarcoid explants from horses with naturally occurring sarcoids (n = 12) to evaluate the induction of a humoral immune response directed against equine sarcoid-derived bovin...
Fatemi-Nainie S, Anderson LW, Cheevers WP.MC-1 is an equine sarcoid-derived cell line which spontaneously releases a retrovirus possessing genomic sequence homology with an inducible endogenous retrovirus of normal equine cells. A complete characterization of MC-1 tumor cells was undertaken, including morphology, growth kinetics, and saturation density, selective growth in semisolid media, uptake of 2-deoxyglucose, and tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. MC-1 cells, in contrast to normal equine dermal fibroblasts, exhibit all of the characteristics of malignantly transformed cells.
Leid RW.The investigation of the mast cell-basophil products has progressed from studies directed solely at implicating histamine or serotonin in allergic diseases to molecular definitions of pathways to target cell activation and mediator release. In addition, within the last several years the detection and molecular characterization of the many other mediators of immediate hypersensitivity have begun. This area should continue to prove a fruitful arena in the future. Identification of the physiologic importance of these mediators in the heaves syndrome or other potential equine allergic syndromes ma...
Malek G, Richard H, Beauchamp G, Laverty S.Focal bone microcracks with osteoclast recruitment and bone lysis, may reduce fracture resistance in racehorses. As current imaging does not detect all horses at risk for fracture, the discovery of novel serum biomarkers of bone resorption or osteoclast activity could potentially address this unmet clinical need. The biology of equine osteoclasts on their natural substrate, equine bone, has never been studied in vitro and may permit identification of specific biomarkers of their activity. Objective: (1) Establish osteoclast cultures on equine bone, (2) Measure biomarkers (tartrate resistant ac...
Gray PR, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE, Slocombe RF, Peters-Golden ML.We have developed an alternative method for examining equine tracheal epithelial arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism that utilizes strips of pseudostratified columnar epithelium attached to a layer of elastic tissue 80 to 130 microns thick. We compared the responses of this preparation with those of enzymatically dispersed suspensions of tracheal epithelium obtained from the same animal. Strips incubated with [3H]AA incorporated 40.8 +/- 3.6% of added radioactivity and released 2.55 +/- 0.23% of incorporated radioactivity when stimulated with 5 microM A23187. Values for the cell suspension were 5...
Tepliakova TV, Efremova EA, Riabchikova EI.The carnivorous fungi hyphomycetes are natural enemies of soil nematodes. Laboratory tests examining the effect of the effective strain Duddingtonia flagrans T-89 on equine strongyle larvae have indicated that their size can be reduced 5-48-fold under the action of the fungus. Using helminth-infected mice as an example has ascertained that when the animals are fed a biopreparation, the chlamydial spores of the carnivorous fungus D. flagrans remain viable and continue their development in the excrements. The dead nematodes show cell structural impairments in all tissues and organs, which may be...
Brownlow MA.Cells in the peritoneal fluid from 179 horses were examined in Giemsa stained preparations using light microscopy. Mononuclear phagocytes were a common cell type observed in normal fluids. In the absence of stimulation they were morphologically similar to the peripheral blood monocyte and the unstimulated mesothelial cell. In acute inflammatory effusions their proportion decreased significantly but, as the condition resolved, monocytes began to migrate into the cavity gradually becoming more numerous, transforming into larger macrophages and assuming an increasing phagocytic role. They were of...
Woolcock JB.An atypical variety of Streptococcus equi is described. It was shown to be deficient in capsular material, to be very virulent for mice and to possess a cell-wall protein similar to the M-like protein of classical Str equi. Antiserum prepared against classical Str equi effectively opsonised the atypical strains, and induced the formation of long chains by these atypical strains. It is possible that this variant of Str equi can be used to overcome many of the current problems associated with the manufacture and use of strangles vaccines.
Barker BB, Stannard AA, Maibach HI.Epidermal cell labeling index and cell renewal time were estimated in 8 adult horses, using autoradiography after [3H]thymidine was given intradermally. The mean labeling index was 1.45 +/- 0.47%, and the mean cell renewal time of the viable epidermis was approximately 17 days.
DURAN-JORDA F.This research article investigates the significance of eosinophil cells in horses and camels, focusing on the large granules found in these cells and their similarities to smaller red blood cells. […]
Poole AW, Heath MF, Sage SO, Evans RJ.Equine platelets in platelet-rich plasma were incubated with the fluorescent indicator dye, Fura-2-AM (Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester) and the degree of loading of the cells with the dye and the extent of hydrolysis of the ester was assessed by quantitative fluorimetry and by thin-layer chromatography respectively. Under these conditions the cells loaded poorly with Fura-2 to a concentration of 4 microM. The technique was validated by demonstrating adequate loading of human platelets with Fura-2, to a concentration of 250-300 microM, using the same method. The removal of plasma from the extracellu...
Joppich-Kuhn R, Luisi PL.The interaction between horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase and the oxidized and reduced forms of the 3-thionicotinamide--adenine dinucleotide coenzyme analogues (sNAD and sNADH) has been investigated by ultraviolet absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism. The fluorescence of sNADH is enhanced when bound to the enzyme, and the protein fluorescence is quenched by both sNADH (60--65%) and sNAD (65%). The possible origin of the larger quenching produced by sNAD with respect to that of NAD is discussed. Coenzyme dissociation constants have been determined by monitoring the quenching of the p...
Tappenbeck K, Schmidt S, Feige K, Naim HY, Huber K.Lidocaine is the most commonly chosen prokinetic for treating postoperative ileus in horses, a motility disorder associated with ischaemia-reperfusion injury of intestinal tissues. Despite the frequent use of lidocaine, the mechanism underlying its prokinetic effects is still unclear. Previous studies suggested that lidocaine altered cell membrane characteristics of smooth muscle cells. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate effects of lidocaine administration on characteristics of detergent-resistant membranes in equine jejunal smooth muscle. Lidocaine administration caused significa...
Gulevskiĭ AK, Grishchenko VI, Tereshchenko OS, Zagnoĭko VI, Akhremenko AK, Kucherenko SN.The effect of the fraction (1-10 kDa) obtained from the brain of cold-adapted animal (Yakut horse) on Ca2+ transport in sarcolemma vesicles of cardiomyocytes was investigated. It was shown that during insertion of Yakut horse brain fraction into incubation medium at the concentration from 10(-9) M to 3.10(-5) M at Ca2+ transport substrate concentration from 0.1 mM to 1.0 mM, the rate of Ca2+ passive penetration into vesicles slightly increased and at Ca2+ transport substrate concentration 3 mM, which is physiologic, a decrease of rate values was established for all concentrations of the fracti...
Skok MV, Denisiuk PV, Komissarenko SV.Glutaraldehyde treatment does not change the absorption of cytochrome c either in the visible or in UV spectra. It brings about the formation of dimers, trimers and high-polymeric forms of cytochrome c and shifts the pI of all cytochrome c isoelectric fractions to more acid pH. Polymerization also results in changes of kinetic parameters of cytochrome c benzidine reaction increasing its affinity to 3,3-diaminobenzidine with a simultaneous decrease in the effectiveness of H2O2 binding. These biochemical changes can be related to immunochemical differences of native and glutaraldehyde-treated cy...
Stachel CS, Weik HO.Incubation of equine very low density lipoproteins with lipoprotein lipase isolated from horse postheparin plasma resulted in the formation of lipoproteins of a higher density. Lipoproteins isolated after incubation and plasma lipoproteins had a different chemical composition and triacylglycerol fatty acid pattern. In vitro-obtained low density lipoproteins contained substantially more phospholipids and triacylglycerols but significantly less cholesteryl esters than native low density lipoproteins. Comparing the triacylglycerol fatty acid pattern of plasma very low density lipoproteins and in ...
Margalit R, Schejter A.The specific binding of cations to horse heart ferrocytochrome c has been studied, using the gel
filtration method. The cations investigated were: Mg2+, Co2+, cinchonine and proflavine. The stability
constants are in the range of 5-8 mM-1, and the number of binding sites per protein molecule are
1 to 2. The temperature dependence of the stability constant for the Mg2+-ferrocytochrome system
was measured. The thermodynamic parameters were found to be: dH&s = 4-12 kcal/mol, dG;,,
(25 "C) = -5.6 kcal/mol and AS&, = +57 calxmol-lx K-I.
Groman EV, Schultz RM, Engel LL, Orr JC.In the reduction of 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one to the 3beta-alcohol, horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase utilizes the 4-pro-R hydrogen of NADH whereas the 3(17)beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas testosteroni utulized the 4-pro-S hydrogen. These observations provide an exception to the rule proposed by Alworth and Bentley that with regard to the paired methylene hydrogens at C-4 of NADH and NADPH "the stereospecificity of a particular reaction is fixed and does not vary with the source of the enzyme preparation". It is also apparent that for these two enzymes, the selecti...
Zhang J, Boyle MS, Smith CA, Moore HD.The acrosome of the stallion spermatozoon was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibody (18.6) which recognized an integral acrosomal membrane component. Localization was confirmed by electron microscopy using peroxidase labelled antibody. In fresh semen samples (n = 19), 73.9 +/- 9.1% of the spermatozoa from five fertile stallions displayed a uniform bright fluorescence over their acrosome region. In two semen samples from an infertile stallion only 28% and 35% of spermatozoa showed the same pattern of fluorescence. Spermatozoa from fertile stallions incubated for up ...
Moorthy AR, Spradbrow PB.Mycoplasmas were isolated from two of 43 nasal swabs taken from live horses, and from one of 28 tracheal swabs taken from slaughtered horses. The slaughtered horse that yielded mycoplasmas had no gross pathological changes in the respiratory tract, but the nasal isolations were made from horses with rhinitis. The three mycoplasmas could be distinguished by cultural characteristics, and probably they represent three different species.
Looijen MG, New DJ, Fischer CD, Dardari R, Irwin KM, Berezowski CJ, Bond SL, Léguillette R.OBJECTIVE To evaluate the mRNA expression of T helper (Th)1, Th2, and Th17 cell-associated inflammatory mediators in cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples collected from healthy horses exposed to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and to monitor blood oxygen concentration during and following HBO therapy. ANIMALS 8 healthy horses. PROCEDURES In a randomized controlled crossover design study, each horse was exposed (beginning day 1) to 100% oxygen at a maximum of 3 atmospheres absolute (304 kPa) daily for 10 days or ambient air at atmospheric pressure in the HBO chamber for an equivalent amount of...
Freer H, Hillegas JM, Wimer C, Baldwin C, LaBresh J, Wagner B.Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a T cell growth factor and major modulator of T helper (Th) cell differentiation. Here, we have developed and characterized a monoclonal antibody to equine IL-2 (anti-IL-2 mAb, clone 158-1). The IL-2 mAb detected rIL-2 by ELISA, intracellular staining and flow cytometry analysis and Western blotting. The IL-2 mAb was also paired with a polyclonal IL-2 detection antibody in both ELISA and a fluorescent bead-based assay. When these two assays were compared using identical reagents there was an improved analytical sensitivity (46pg/ml) and wider linear quantification range...
Freeman KP, Roszel JF, Slusher SH, Kocan KM.Cells resembling those known as "repair cells" in gynecologic cytology specimens from women were identified in uterine cytology specimens from infertile mares treated with antibiotics using indwelling uterine catheters. This prompted a study of the effect on the equine uterus of indwelling catheterization without antibiotic infusion, using light microscopic examination of cytologic and biopsy specimens and electron microscopic examination of biopsy specimens. Cytologic and biopsy specimens had features within normal limits at the start of the study. Following five days of indwelling catheteriz...
Bugno M, Jabłońska Z, Słota E.The aim of the study was to optimize hybridization conditions of molecular probes specific for X sex chromosomes of the domestic horse in mare oocyte chromosomes. Mare oocytes, recovered from slaughterhouse ovaries by scraping the granulosa layer, were cultured in vitro. Metaphase II mature oocytes were treated with hypotonic solution and fixed, followed by hybridization of the molecular probe specific for the X chromosome ofthe domestic horse. Hybridization of probes specific for mouse heterosomes on mouse oocytes and early embryos was performed to verify the FISH technique. Of 438 oocytes an...
Moor RM, Allen WR, Hamilton DW.Biochemical and morphological studies were carried out to determine the origin and histogenesis of endometrial cups in mares. A wide range of fetal and maternal tissues were cultured in vitro and their ability to secrete gonadotrophin (PMSG) was monitored. High levels of PMSG were produced in culture only by cells from the restricted area of the equine trophoblast known as the chorionic girdle which is an annular band of highly specialized cells at the junction of the allantois and the regressing yolk sac. The morphological appearance of girdle cells after cultivation in vitro and after alloge...
