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Topic:Clinical Findings
Clinical findings in horses encompass a range of observable signs and symptoms identified during veterinary examinations that contribute to diagnosing and managing equine health conditions. These findings can include physical observations, such as changes in behavior, posture, or gait, as well as physiological measurements like heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. Diagnostics may also involve laboratory tests, imaging, and other diagnostic procedures to assess organ function and detect abnormalities. Recognizing and interpreting clinical findings are essential components of veterinary practice, aiding in the identification of diseases, monitoring treatment progress, and guiding therapeutic interventions. This page brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, interpretations, and implications of clinical findings in the context of equine health care.
Subcutaneous part of the masseteric ramus of the external carotid artery as a proposed site of pulse-taking in Thoroughbreds. The subcutaneous part of the masseteric ramus of the external carotid artery can be used as a proposed site of pulse-taking in most Thoroughbreds. It is located on the lateral surface of the masseter muscle, and its contour may be visible in association with a summer coat.
Prekallikrein deficiency in a family of Belgian horses. A 7-year-old Belgian stallion hemorrhaged excessively after castration; the hemostatic mechanism was investigated. The horse had normal one-stage prothrombin time and markedly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Results of intrinsic coagulation factor assays were all normal with the exception of prekallikrein activity, which was markedly reduced (less than 1% activity; value for control population, 63 to 150%). Two of this horse's full siblings, a brother and sister, had markedly prolonged APTT and low prekallikrein values (2.5% and less than 1%, respectively). The addition...
Bilateral colobomas involving the optic discs in a quarterhorse. THIS report describes bilateral colobomas of the optic discs with associated aberrations in ocular differentiation • and unusual hypopigmentation of the uveal tissues.
Iridial hypoplasia (aniridia) accompanied by limbic dermoids and cataracts in a group of related quarterhorses. The clinical, gross and microscopic ophthalmic lesions of iridial hypoplasia, limbic dermoids and cataracts in a Quarterhorse stallion and a group of its offspring are described. It is proposed that the lesions in the stallion were the result of an independent mutation and that the defects were transmitted to its offspring by an autosomal dominant gene.
The equine fundus. II: Normal anatomical variants and colobomata. A wide range of fundic variants are encountered during routine ophthalmoscopic examination of visually normal horses, often causing the examiner difficulty in assessing their clinical significance. Many of these are anatomical variants having no significant effect on visual function, and lie within the limits of normality in the horse. This paper illustrates this range of variants and discusses their anatomical basis and physiological consequences. Colobomata are non-progressive discontinuities in the structure of the anatomic fundus, occasionally noted as incidental findings during ophthalmos...
Endoscopic diagnosis of unilateral ectopic ureter in a yearling filly. Unilateral ectopic ureter was diagnosed by endoscopic examination in an 18-month-old filly examined because of chronic urine dribbling. Intramuscular administration of azosulfamide discolored the urine and enhanced visualization of the ectopic ureter. Endoscopy proved valuable in determining that only one ureter entered the urinary bladder and in locating the ectopic ureter in the ventral portion of the vagina.
Target animal safety test of a dexamethasone-prednisolone combination in horses. The target animal safety of a dexamethasone-prednisolone combination was studied on 12 horses divided into two groups of six each. One group of horses received the therapeutic dose of the combination (25 mg/animal dexamethasone pivalate and 75 mg/animal prednisolone) and the second group was given the threefold dose of it. The preparation was administered intravenously for 2 consecutive days. For assessment of safety a wide range of clinical, haematological, biochemical and urine variables were tested as laid down in the guidelines of the FDA. All horses treated by the therapeutic or the three...
Failure of subtotal arytenoidectomy to improve upper airway flow mechanics in exercising standardbreds with induced laryngeal hemiplegia. Upper airway flow mechanics and arterial blood gas measurements were used to assess the efficacy of subtotal arytenoidectomy for treatment of induced left laryngeal hemiplegia in horses. Measurements were collected with the horses at rest, and trotting or pacing on a treadmill (6.38 degrees incline) at speeds of 4.2 and 7.0 m/s. Experimental protocols were performed after right common carotid artery exteriorization (baseline), after left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy (LRLN), and after left subtotal arytenoidectomy. At baseline, increasing treadmill speed progressively increased peak inspirato...
Effect of antimicrobial solution lavage on the palmar digital tendon sheath in horses. Sixteen horses were allotted to 4 groups of 4 horses each to evaluate the effect of tendon sheath lavage with 4 solutions (balanced electrolyte solution, 0.1% povidone-iodine, 0.5% povidone-iodine, and 0.5% chlorhexidine). The synovitis caused by 0.1% povidone-iodine lavage was not appreciably worse than that caused by balanced electrolyte solution lavage, but the 0.5% povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine lavages caused severe synovitis, and, therefore, should not be used for tendon sheath lavage.
[The effect of respiratory activity on the QRS complex in the ECG in clinically healthy horses and horses with chronic lung diseases]. Interrelations between respiration and changes in amplitudes of the QRS-complex of the ECG of horses were investigated. The value of the R-vector and both its components Rx and Ry decrease during inspiration and increase in the expiration phase. It means, that the R-waves in leads from cranial to caudal (y, II, aVF) and from right to left (I) become smaller with inspiration and larger with expiration. The difference of the amplitudes may be important, especially in horses with respiratory problems, so that it has to be noted when evaluating electrocardiograms. For that purpose it is not necess...
Nutritionally variant streptococci associated with corneal ulcers in horses: 35 cases (1982-1988). Nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS) are nutritionally deficient viridans streptococci that require pyridoxal for growth. Although NVS are pathogenic in human beings, they have not been considered to be pathogenic in domestic animals. In 1982 and 1983, 24 isolates of NVS were recovered from horses with ulcerative keratitis. A retrospective study was done to determine the incidence of NVS in horses with corneal disease. The medical records of 249 horses (259 eyes) examined for clinical signs of corneal disease were reviewed. Nutritionally variant streptococci were isolated from approximatel...
Ethmoidal hematoma in nine horses. Ethmoidal hematoma was diagnosed in 9 horses by results of physical examination, endoscopy, radiography, and histologic examination of tissues. The horses had stertorous breathing (n = 4) or intermittently sanguineous nasal discharge (n = 7). All horses underwent sinusotomy and extirpation of the lesion. At reexamination 15 to 104 months after surgery (mean, 61 months), 3 horses had recurrence of ethmoidal hematoma, and 1 horse had ethmoidal hematoma involving the contralateral ethmoturbinates. One of the horses with recurrence of ethmoidal hematoma also developed a contralateral lesion; both ...
Effect of acute acidemia on blood biochemical variables in healthy ponies. L-Lactic acid and D,L-lactic acid infusion in ponies resulted in metabolic acidosis with high anion gap (AG). Increased AG was explained entirely by increased blood L- and D-lactate concentrations. Hydrochloric acid infusion caused metabolic acidosis with decreased AG. Saline (NaCl) infusion caused mild metabolic acidosis, with no significant change in AG. Plasma K+ concentration was decreased by all types of infusions, with a maximum of 0.50, 0.25, 0.40, 0.50 mmol/L below baseline at the end of infusion in the L-lactic acid-, D,L-lactic acid-, HCl-, and NaCl-infused ponies, respectively. Only...
Ultrastructural findings in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). II: Pathomorphological changes of the terminal airways and the alveolar region. Extensive light and electron microscope studies (transmission and scanning electron microscopy) of the bronchioles and alveolar region, in 28 horses suffering chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and eight control horses, revealed good correlation between clinical severity and morphological changes. In the bronchiolar epithelium the non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells, in particular, showed ultrastructural alterations and, even in the mild stages of disease, these presented degenerative changes and lack of differentiation. Together with loss of granulation in the Clara ce...
Ultrastructural findings in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). I: Alterations of the larger conducting airways. Extensive light and electron microscope studies of the conducting airways were carried out in 28 horses with varying degrees of clinically manifested chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in 8 horses with normal lungs. The principal ultrastructural changes were found in the ciliated cells. There was focal loss of ciliated cells, which were replaced by undifferentiated cells in a largely hyperplastic epithelium, and some horses, independent of the degree of severity of the disease, showed various types of ciliary malformation. The finding of dilated intercellular clefts and accumulat...
Alteration in intestinal morphologic features associated with extensive large-colon resection in horses. Light microscopy, morphometry, and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the mucosal morphologic features of 7 intestinal specimens (3 from the small intestine; 4 from the large intestine) from each of 8 horses 1 year after sham operation (group 1; n = 3) or extensive large-colon resection (group 2; n = 5). Qualitative light microscopic examination did not reveal differences between groups, but morphometry revealed significantly (P less than 0.05) greater intercrypt area and distance in horses with colon resection and this was most pronounced in the cecum and remaining right ventra...
Alteration of intestinal enzyme activities associated with extensive large-colon resection in horses. Lactase, maltase, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were determined in the intestinal mucosa from 3 locations in the small intestine and 4 locations in the large intestine 1 year after extensive large-colon resection (group 1; n = 5) and 1 year after sham operation (group 2; n = 3) in horses. Lactase, maltase, and sucrase activities were similar (P greater than 0.05) between group-1 and group-2 horses in all locations measured in the intestinal tract. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the remaining large colon of group-1 horses was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than the ac...
Arytenoidectomy for advanced unilateral chondropathy with accompanying lesions. A noncurrent prospective study of nonworking horses with arytenoid chondropathy was conducted to confirm a clinical impression that horses with unilateral chondropathy and accompanying lesions had a poorer prognosis after arytenoidectomy than horses with bilateral or uncomplicated unilateral chondropathy. Surgical failure was defined as death, euthanasia, permanent tracheostomy, or reoperation. Survival to surgical failure and clinical improvement data were compared between horses with and without accompanying lesions treated by arytenoidectomy. The probability of surgical failure was signific...
Peritoneal fluid values from healthy foals. Peritoneal fluid was analysed from 17 foals, aged 13 to 134 days with a mean age of 68 days. Cytologically, the peritoneal fluid was characterised by a mean total cell count of 0.45 x 10(9)/litre (range 0.06 to 1.42 x 10(9)/litre), rare eosinophils, rare cytophagia and variable percentages of neutrophils and mononuclear cells. These data indicate that peritoneal fluid nucleated cell counts over 1.50 x 10(9)/litre in the foal should be interpreted as elevated. Biochemical evaluation revealed a mean biuret protein level of 12 g/litre, mean refractive index protein level of 16 g/litre and urea ni...
