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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Recent advances in the laboratory diagnosis of equine parasitic diseases. This article reviews recent advances in laboratory diagnosis of equine parasitic diseases. Laboratory diagnosis of most equine parasitic diseases continues to rely on standard methods. Only laboratory diagnostic tests for EPM, cryptosporidiosis, and giardiasis were included. The criteria for testing and interpretation of results for each new diagnostic method were explained. Western blot and PCR testing for EPM and immunofluorescent staining with monoclonal antibodies for cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis were reviewed.
Immunodiagnostic assays. The immune system is a complex interactive network. Defects in its function can be characterized broadly as being the result of actual deficiencies in the network or misdirection of normal immunologic functions. The assays that are available to detect deficiencies in the immunologic network barely scrape the surface of the possibilities. These assays primarily evaluate humoral immune function, but undetected defects in innate and cellular immunity are sure to exist. Although assays of humoral immunity have allowed the characterization of a number of immunodeficiency syndromes in horses, closer...
Drugs coordinating and restoring gastrointestinal motility and their effect on selected hypodynamic gastrointestinal disorders in horses and cattle. Hypodynamic gastrointestinal disorders in horses and cattle that are thought to benefit from treatment with drugs restoring and coordinating gastrointestinal motility include postoperative ileus and large colon impaction in the horse and displacement of the abomasum and dilatation of the cecum in cattle. Important physiologic, pathophysiologic and pharmacologic mechanisms involved in the intrinsic control of gastrointestinal motility include cholinergic, adrenergic, dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and opioid-mediated pathways. Preliminary results suggest that cisapride, acting on 5-Hydroxytrypta...
The fetlock tunnel syndrome: a macroscopic and microscopic study. Chronic changes of several structures in around the fetlock tunnel can be a cause of the so-called fetlock tunnel syndrome (FTS) in the horse. Forty-nine annular ligaments (AL) from dead horses without a known history or clinical evidence of lameness and/or digital tendon sheath problems in these legs and 30 AL biopsies from horses suffering from FTS were studied macroscopically and microscopically. Macroscopically, the normal AL had a shiny white appearance, whereas the affected AL were often thicker and less white. Microscopically, the normal AL were about +/- 1 mm thick and were composed of...
Evaluation of endocrine function. This article outlines strategies on how to approach equine endocrine disorders based on clinical signs and clinical pathologic data. In the 1987 Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice article on evaluating equine endocrine function, Beech stated that the numbers of hormonal assays available to use in horses was limited. Unfortunately, not much has changed since then. With the advent of convenient assay kits for many hormones and cofactors available in human medicine, it is possible to submit samples to laboratories for measurement of a wide range of endogenous substances. Caution...
[Sonographic diagnosis (B-mode techniques) for the eyes of horses. 2. Pathological cases]. Diagnosis of diseases of the inner eye of horses is problematic, especially in cases where ophthalmoscopic examination is impaired or prevented by cloudiness of the optical apparatus. In addition, examination of retrobulbar affection normally only allows indirect conclusions on localization and extent of alteration. By the use of ultrasound on diseased horse eyes a detailed examination of the inner eye with retrobulbar structures is possible even in these cases. Here, we present several clinical pictures which are difficult or impossible to diagnose by ophthalmoscopical means. For example, son...
Hematology and hemostasis in the horse: normal functions and common abnormalities. In diseased animals, laboratory evaluations of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and hemostasis provide important information that contributes to either narrowing the list of potential diagnoses or to determining a specific diagnosis. To adequately interpret the results of these evaluations, normal erythrocyte and leukocyte kinetics and normal hemostatic function must be understood. In addition, knowledge of common diseases resulting in abnormalities of these laboratory tests and of typical changes in these tests caused by these diseases is vital. This article has reviewed normal erythrocyte and leuko...
Mutations in the equine plasma transferrin and esterase systems. Eleven apparent mutations of the equine plasma transferrin and esterase gene (10 in TF and one in ES) were found in an analysis of approximately 240,000 thoroughbred horses. Eight of the transferrin mutations produced variants not previously recognized in horses. In the two remaining transferrin mutations and the esterase mutation, reduced plasma concentrations of the proteins were demonstrated by immunological techniques and together with the family data indicated the existence of 'null' alleles.
The pharmacokinetics or oral and intravenous allopurinol and intravenous oxypurinol in the horse. The pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous allopurinol was studied in five horses and compared with intravenous oxypurinol. The plasma concentration vs. time curves, following intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg, were best described by the biexponential equations Cp = 106.58e(-25.14t) + 159.93e(-10.96t) for allopurinol and Cp = 321.09e(-9.72t) + 82.39e(-0.44t) for oxypurinol, with an elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) of 0.09 h and an area under the curve (AUC) of 19.8 mumol.h/L after intravenous administration, while the t1/2 beta and AUC of oxypurinol were 1.09 h and 231 mumol.h/L, respec...
Double-plate fixation of comminuted fractures of the second phalanx in horses: 10 cases (1985-1993). To determine the technique used, and the outcome for, double-plate fixation of comminuted fractures of the second phalanx of horses. Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records. Methods: 10 horses with comminuted fractures of the second phalanx that were treated by use of double-plate fixation. Methods: Two 4- to 6-hole dynamic compression plates were abaxially placed to achieve arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint and fixation of the fracture of the second phalanx. Results: Arthrodesis and fracture healing were detected in all horses. Conclusions: Horses with comminuted fr...
Effect of flunixin meglumine on endogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha secretion during cloprostenol-induced abortion in mares. To determine the relative role of endogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) secretion in cloprostenol-induced abortion in mares that no longer require luteal progesterone secretion for maintenance of pregnancy, and to evaluate the ability of a prostaglandin cyclooxygenase inhibitor (flunixin meglumine) to prevent cloprostenol-induced abortion. Methods: The effect of flunixin meglumine on PGF2 alpha secretion and outcome of pregnancy was compared between mares treated with cloprostenol only and mares treated with cloprostenol plus flunixin meglumine. Methods: Five pregnant mares, aged 4 to...
Accuracy of clinicians in predicting site and type of lesion as well as outcome in horses with colic. To assess the ability of clinicians to predict the site and type of lesion as well as outcome in horses with colic. Methods: Prospective case study. Methods: 139 horses admitted for evaluation of signs of colic. Methods: Six interns and residents examined horses with colic and predicted the segment of intestine that was affected, the type of lesion, and whether the horse would survive to discharge. Accuracy of prediction of site and type of lesion and survival prediction was compared between the first and second halves of the year, using chi 2 analysis and 95% confidence intervals on sensitivi...
Evaluation of a porous bovine collagen membrane bandage for management of wounds in horses. To evaluate the effect of a porous bovine-derived collagen membrane (PBCM) on the rates of wound healing, cellular events, presence of granulation tissue, and appearance at termination of the study in surgically created full-thickness cutaneous wounds of the distal portion of the extremities of horses. Methods: Treated wounds (n = 12) received a PBCM dressing and control wounds were covered with a nonadherent dressing. Forelimbs and hind limbs were cross paired; the right forelimb and left hind limb always received the same dressing application, as did the left forelimb and right hind limb. Li...
Influence of formulation on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of racemic ketoprofen in horses. The bioavailability of S(+) and R(-) ketoprofen (KTP) in six horses was investigated after oral administration of the racemic (rac) mixture. Two oral formulations were studied, an oil-based paste containing micronised rac-KTP and powder from the same source in hard gelatin capsules, each at a dose rate of 2.2 mg/kg. For the oil-based paste two feeding schedules were used; horses were either allowed free access to food or access to food was restricted for 4 h before and 5 h after dosing. The drug in hard gelatin capsules was administered to horses with restricted access to food. After intraveno...
Abnormalities in oxygenation, coagulation, and fibrinolysis in colonic blood of horses with experimentally induced strangulation obstruction. To measure arterial and venous blood gas, coagulation, and fibrinolysis variables in blood from isolated segments of control and ischemic large colons for the purpose of identifying variables for rapid, indirect assessment of colonic mucosal injury. Methods: Variables were determined at specific intervals during the 4-hour study (3 hours of ischemia and 1 hour of reperfusion). Methods: Seven clinically normal horses between 2 and 15 years old. Methods: Horses underwent laparotomy and occlusion of the lumen and vasculature of the mid-portion of the pelvic flexure of the large colon. During isch...
Diagnostic and forensic toxicology. In most competent veterinary diagnostic laboratories, analytical findings are interpreted by the veterinary toxicologist to determine the significance of the finding in view of historic, clinical, and pathologic findings. A veterinary toxicologist also will provide consultation about possible toxic rule-outs for a case, treatment of affected animals, and prevention of additional cases. Once all of the information is available, a complete summary of the findings can be provided to the client. When the procedures outlined are followed, including a systematic approach to collecting all the eviden...
Equine arteritis virus subgenomic RNA transcription: UV inactivation and translation inhibition studies. The expression of the genetic information of equine arteritis virus (EAV), an arterivirus, involves the synthesis of six subgenomic (sg) mRNAs. These are 5' and 3' coterminal since they are composed of a leader and a body sequence, which are identical to the 5' and 3' ends of the genome, respectively. Previously, it has been suggested that cis-splicing of a genome-length precursor RNA is involved in their synthesis. This was reevaluated in a comparative analysis of the sg RNA synthesis of EAV, the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), and the alphavirus Sindbis virus. UV transcription mappi...
Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential for repeated oral doses of trimethoprim/sulphachlorpyridazine in horses. The pharmacokinetic parameters of a powder formulation of trimethoprim/sulphachlorpyridazine were studied in eight healthy horses which received 5 mg/kg trimethoprim and 25 mg/kg sulphachlorpyridazine 12-hourly with concentrate for five days. The intake of the medicated concentrate by the horses was variable during the first two days, but after they became accustomed to the taste the intake by all the horses during the last three days was good. Faecal samples taken before and on the last day of the drug administrations were negative when cultured for salmonella. Compared with the results of a ...
The effect of naloxone administration on the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin, and adrenocorticotropin in unperturbed horses. We used our nonsurgical method for collecting equine pituitary venous blood to study the role of endogenous opioids in the basal regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. We gave mares the opioid antagonist, naloxone (NAL), at either a high (0.5 mg/kg i.v. bolus, followed by infusion of 0.25 mg/kg.h; n = 4) or low (0.2 mg/kg i.v. bolus; n = 6) dose rate. Pituitary venous blood was collected continuously, divided into 0.5- or 1-min segments for 15-30 min before and 1 h after the NAL bolus, and assayed for CRH, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and ACTH. The mares tolerated NAL administrat...
Acid:base and serum biochemistry changes in horses competing at a modified 1 Star 3-day-event. We examined the effects of participation in each of 3 modifications of Day 2 of a 3-day-event on blood and serum variables indicative of hydration, acid:base status and electrolyte homeostasis of horses. Three groups of horses - 8 European (E) horses and 2 groups each of 9 North American horses performed identical Days 1 (dressage) and 3 (stadium jumping) of a 3-day-event. E horses and one group of the North American horses (TD) performed modifications of Day 2 of a 1 Star 3-day-event and the other group of North American horses (HT) performed a Horse Trial on Day 2. Jugular venous blood was c...
Failure of hyperimmune plasma to prevent pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals. A trial was conducted on a Thoroughbred stud to determine whether or not the administration of anti-Rhodococcus equi hyperimmune plasma would reduce the prevalence of R equi pneumonia (rattles) in foals born in the 1992 horse breeding season. Hyperimmune plasma was administered to 34 foals; another 57 foals were untreated. There was no significant difference in the number of transfused foals developing R equi pneumonia compared with the untreated foals. The time required for recovery from pneumonia between the 2 groups was not significantly different.
Effect of various extenders and taurine on survival of stallion sperm cooled to 5 degrees C. Stallion semen was diluted in five different extenders (dimitro-poulus onze (Dimitro's), Kenney's modified tryode (Kenney's), modified INRA82 (INRA82), egg yolk-citrate-taurine (Citrate) and EZ-Mixin) and evaluated for motility after cooling and storage at 5 degrees C for 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. EZ-Mixin extender was used as control while 70 and 100 mM of taurine were added to Dimitro's, Kenney's and INRA82 to study its effect under conditions of storage at 5 degrees C and varying processing modifications. Motility in INRA82 was 57.0, 58.4, 61.1, and 56.1% after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respective...
Kinematic differences between the distal portions of the forelimbs and hind limbs of horses at the trot. In literature, it has been hypothesized that the concussion at impact in the equine forelimb is larger than that in the hind limb, and therefore, eventually more clinical lameness may develop in the distal portion of the forelimbs. As the functional anatomy of the distal forelimb and hind limb segments is similar, a study was undertaken to compare the kinematics of hoof and fetlock in the forelimbs and hind limbs. For this purpose, the trot of 24 clinically normal (sound) horses on a treadmill (4 m/s) was recorded, using modern gait analysis equipment. It appeared that vertical hoof velocity a...
Controlled efficacy study of the bioequivalence of Strongid C and generic pyrantel tartrate in horses. The bioequivalence of Strongid C and generic pyrantel tartrate was determined in a controlled study using 30 horses with naturally acquired endoparasitic infections. Three horses were randomly allocated to each of ten replicates based on quantitative nematode and ascarid egg counts and fecal larvae culture results. Horses within each replicate were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Horses in Treatment Group 1 received only oats; horses in Treatment Group 2 received generic pyrantel tartrate pellets (2.65 mg pyrantel tartrate kg-1) mixed with oats; horses in Treatment Group 3 ...
