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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
[New types of virus infections of domestic animals in the German Democratic Republic. 1. Serologic survey studies of the distribution of equine torovirus infections in the GDR]. Sera collected from 124 horses were checked by means of the serum neutralisation test against equine Bern virus. Torovirusspecific antibodies were recordable from 35 percent of all horses tested. These results are likely to suggest that toroviruses are widespread in the GDR and occur not only in horses but in other domestic animals and in man, as well.
Isolation of Clostridium perfringens from foals. Clostridium perfingens was isolated from four of 29 healthy foals and from all twelve foals with gastrointestinal diseases. The range of viable counts of C. perfringens in the faeces was 10(1)-10(5)/g and in the intestinal specimens 10(1)-10(7)/g. Of 41 isolates of C. perfringens, 37 were considered to be type A. Enterotoxin of the organism was demonstrated in the intestinal contents of five of eight foals with enteric diseases. These findings suggested that C. perfringens is a likely pathogen of foal intestinal diseases.
The means of attachment of the larvae of horse, zebra and rhinoceros bot-flies (Diptera: Gasterophilidae). The unusual structure of the mouth hooks of the third instar larvae of the species of Gasterophilus and Gyrostigma, parasites of the alimentary canal of Equideae and Rhinocerotidae respectively, is described.
Temperature sensitivity of equine herpesvirus isolates: a brief review. This article reviews the findings on temperature sensitivity of equine herpesvirus isolates with an emphasis on equine herpesvirus 3, etiological agent of equine coital exanthema. The hypothesis is presented that the relative apathogenic nature of this herpesvirus may be an indirect result of its inability to synthesize and/or process glycoproteins needed by the virus to produce infectious virions at the normal body temperature of its natural host. It is suggested that equine herpesvirus 3 is the more evolved and naturally attenuated member of the equine herpesviruses.
Leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum in two horses. Two horses affected by chronic, intermittent colic were found, at post-mortem examination, to have localized annular thickening of a segment of the duodenum. Histological examination of the lesion in both cases revealed a tumour composed of bundles of oval or spindle-shaped cells that stained as muscle with van Gieson stain. The histological diagnosis was leiomyosarcoma. The tumour had caused partial bowel obstruction in both horses.
Allergens of horse epithelium. I. Physicochemical and immunochemical characterization of five different horse epithelium raw materials used for allergen extract preparation. We investigated five horse epithelial allergen extracts prepared from different qualities of raw material by several biochemical and immunochemical methods. Horse serum albumin and horse serum were used to identify serum-related antigens. We found high similarities as well as marked differences between the extracts. There were strong differences in the protein contents, the protein patterns obtained by isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the total allergenic activities obtained by radioallergosorbent test inhibition assays and the amounts and num...
Effect of maternal treatment with altrenogest on pituitary response to exogenous GnRH in pubertal stallions. The pituitary response to exogenous GnRH was studied in 8 colts of Quarter Horse phenotype from 32 to 96 weeks of age. Colts were from dams treated daily from Day 20 to 325 of gestation with (1) 2 ml neobee oil per 50 kg body weight (controls); or (2) 2 ml altrenogest per 50 kg body weight. GnRH challenges (5 micrograms/kg body weight) were administered every 8 weeks from 32 to 96 weeks of age to estimate pituitary content of LH. Blood samples were collected every 20 min for 4 h before GnRH and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 min after GnRH. Serum concentrations of LH and FSH were de...
Ultrasound speed in equine cortical bone: effects of orientation, density, porosity and temperature. Ultrasound speed, as measured by a transmission technique in equine cortical bone, was found to vary markedly with the direction of the ultrasound path through the bone. Using bone samples from the mid-site of the third metacarpus of 20 horses, the ultrasound speed was measured as 4125 m s-1 in the longitudinal direction, 3442 m s-1 in the circumferential or transverse direction, and 3428 m s-1 in the radial direction. These results confirm the anisotropic properties of compact bone. Ultrasound speed had a positive linear relationship when compared with bone specific gravity of cortical bone (...
Laboratory diagnosis of African horse sickness: comparison of serological techniques and evaluation of storage methods of samples for virus isolation. Five serological methods of diagnosing African horse sickness were evaluated, using a battery of serum samples from experimental horses vaccinated and challenged with each serotype of African horse sickness virus (AHSV1 through AHSV9): agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), complement fixation (CF), virus neutralization (VN), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The 5 tests were also compared using a panel of field samples, convalescent equine sera with antibodies to domestic equine viral diseases, and sera from horses awaiting export. The ELISA describ...
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) humoral responses of recipient ponies and antigenic variation during persistent infection. Three ponies were inoculated with plasma containing 10(4.8) TCID50 of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and observed for 165 to 440 days. Each pony developed a febrile response within 3 weeks of infection during which a plasma viremia greater than or equal to 10(3.5) TCID50/ml was observed. Analyses of four isolates from sequential febrile episodes in a single pony were conducted by two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps and with monoclonal antibodies in immunoblots. Structural and antigenic alterations were observed in the envelope glycoproteins gp90 and gp45, with greatest variation in gp9...
Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in two-day-old foals after a single intravenous injection. Six healthy two-day-old foals (3 pony foals and 3 horse foals) were given a single intravenous (iv) injection of trimethoprim (TMP)--sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) at a dosage of 2.5 mg of TMP/kg bodyweight (bwt) and 12.5 mg of SMZ/kg bwt. Serum TMP and SMZ concentrations were measured serially during a 24 hour period. The overall elimination rate constant (K) for TMP in the pony and horse foals was 0.45/h, whereas the K values for SMZ for the pony and horse foals were 0.12/h and 0.07/h, respectively (no significant difference; P greater than 0.05). Based on published minimum inhibitory concentration...
Standard karyotype of the domestic horse (Equus caballus). Committee for standardized karyotype of Equus caballus. The Second International Conference for Standardization of Domestic Animal Karyotypes, INRA, Jouy-en Josas, France, 22nd-26th May 1989. The following decisions concerning the banded karyotype of the horse (Equus caballus) were made at the second International conference for Standardization of Domestic Animal Karyotypes, held at Jouy-en Josas, France, 22nd-26th May 1989: (1) numbering of the chromosomes was modified to correspond to an arrangement into only two groups (the non-acrocentrics and the acrocentrics) within which the autosomes are placed according to length alone; (2) a more compact karyotype arrangement was adopted: chromosomes 1 to 5 on the first row, 6 to 10 on the second, 11 to 13, and, at the far right, X and Y ...
In vitro isolation of a neutralization escape mutant of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). A neutralization escape mutant (A/1 E) of equine infectious anemia virus was isolated after 13 passages in cell culture in the presence of serum containing antibodies to type- and group-specific determinants of EIAV envelope glycoproteins. Loss of neutralization by the selecting serum correlated with loss of two epitopes in the major envelope glycoprotein gp90 of A/1 E which were present in a parallel variant isolated from a persistently infected pony.
Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary histoplasmosis in a horse. A 2-year-old Trakehner filly with pulmonary histoplasmosis is presented. Clinical signs included weight loss, intermittent fever, dyspnea and depression. Diagnosis was based on thoracic radiography, transtracheal wash cytology and lung aspirate cytology. A 5-week regimen of Amphotercin-B administered intravenously resulted in clinical recovery and return of the animal to normal activity. A brief review of histoplasmosis in man and animal is included.
Pulmonary shunting by the bronchial artery in the anaesthetized horse. In the quietly standing horse the bronchial arterial blood flow is low, 0.1-0.2% of the pulmonary arterial flow. In horses anaesthetized with halothane, the bronchial arterial flow is reduced by a greater fraction than that in the pulmonary artery. Thus the shunting through the bronchial circulation is decreased about 3-fold by anaesthesia, and cannot, therefore, contribute significantly to the increased alveolar-arterial gradient seen in dorsal recumbency. The results indicate bronchial vasoconstriction under anaesthesia.
Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage and respiratory secretion cytology in horses with clinically diagnosed chronic pulmonary disease. Thirty-nine horses and 3 ponies underwent a thorough respiratory examination and were grouped as follows: healthy (4 horses and 1 pony); mild chronic pulmonary disease (CPD 11 horses); moderate CPD (16 horses and 1 pony); and severe CPD (8 horses and 1 pony). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collected from all animals and respiratory secretions (RS) obtained from 39 of these animals were evaluated cytologically and the results were compared. It was concluded that cytological examination of either BAL fluid or RS was useful in diagnosing various equine pulmonary diseases. The only advantage t...
Attempted transmission of Ehrlichia risticii, causative agent of Potomac horse fever, by the ticks, Dermacentor variabilis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum. Dermacentor variabilis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Amblyomma americanum, and Ixodes scapularis ticks were investigated for their ability to transmit Potomac horse fever. Larval and nymphal ticks were exposed to Ehrlichia risticii by feeding on mice inoculated with the organism. Molted exposed ticks were then allowed to feed on susceptible ponies or mice. No evidence of transmission, either clinically or by detection of antibodies to E. risticii in mice or ponies, was observed for any tick species examined.
Skeletal muscle changes associated with equine myotonic dystrophy. A progressive neuromuscular disorder in young horses, clinically apparent as early as 1 month of age, is characterized by generalized myotonia, muscle stiffness, muscle weakness and atrophy. Myotonia is identified by percussion dimpling and myotonic EMG discharges. Changes in one case included testicular hypoplasia, cataract formation, and glucose intolerance, indicating a systemic involvement. Pathologic changes in skeletal muscles from three affected foals were examined. Sarcoplasmic masses, ringed fibers, internal positioning of sarcolemmal nuclei, and nuclear rowing were among the primary ...
Cutaneous habronemiasis in horses and domestic donkeys (Equus asinus asinus). Cutaneous habronemiasis in 15 horses and 5 donkeys is described. The lesions were distributed in many parts of the body involving the medial canthus, shoulder and pectoral regions, knee and fetlock joints, abdominal wall and prepuce. Some animals had more than one lesion. The lesions were ulcerative and filled with soft light red granulation tissue. When curretted, the deeper layers revealed a dense fibrous tissue with calcified foci. Close examination of the lesions showed that the superficial layer of this dense fibrous tissue contained small caseated and necrotic foci. The same features pre...
Identification of interleukin-1 in equine osteoarthritic joint effusions. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a protein secreted by stimulated cells of the monocyte-macrophage line, which has a number of important biologic activities. Interleukin-1 has been implicated in the induction and augmentation of the pathologic processes involved in arthritis and articular cartilage destruction. Horses develop osteoarthritis with a frequency and degree of severity similar to human beings. To further document the similarity of the osteoarthritic process in people and horses, the synovial fluid from 5 horses with clinical osteoarthritis was tested for IL-1 bioactivity. Interleukin-1 activ...
[Preliminary experiences with the treatment of shock in horses with a plasma expander from a starch base]. HAES Steril 10% is a colloidal plasma expander rarely used in veterinary medicine. In this study HAES was used in clinical cases for the treatment of shock and in a comparative hypervolemic hemodilution study (HAES versus lactated Ringer's solution) using two experimental horses. Injection of a HAES volume equivalent to 10% of estimated blood volume resulted in a highly significant drop in PCV and in a significant drop in total protein concentration. Half live of HAES was approximately two hours. No incompatibility reactions were observed. In man HAES improves microcirculation. Studies in prog...
Effect of strenuous exercise stress on chemiluminescence response of equine alveolar macrophages. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected using a fibreoptic endoscope from horses at specified times before and after single bouts of exercise. Lucigenin-dependent phagocytic chemiluminescence was used to assess the effect of exercise on the alveolar macrophage metabolic activity in response to stimulation by opsonised zymosan. A profound suppressive effect on the chemiluminescence production was present throughout the first three days after exercise. However, the cellular composition of lavage fluids was not altered by the exercise. It is suggested that strenuous exercise may jeopardize ...
Digital processing of equine exercise electrocardiograms. We have developed and used a system for recording and analyzing the electrocardiogram (ECG) of the horse during exercise. The system consists of a commercial ECG transmitter telemetering a Z lead (base-apex) ECG from an exercising horse. The received data are then remodulated at an audio frequency and stored on a audio cassette recorder. Exercise protocols of up to 10 minutes are digitized using a Macintosh II computer. For rhythm analysis, a computer program to identify the various waves of the ECG uses a modification and refinement of the integrated-squared-derivative (ISD) technique. This t...
A single gel for determining genetic variants of equine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (CA) and catalase (Cat). We describe a method for agarose IEF under acid conditions in which a single gel can be used to diagnose from equine red cell lysates genetic variants for carbonic anhydrase (CA) and catalase (Cat). Family and population data for 4801 horses of 27 breeds and seven trap sites of Great Basin feral horses are presented to support the presence of a sixth CA allele, CAE, which has been recognized previously, but not described by published data. Allelic frequencies for the two systems suggest it may be appropriate to use this gel for parentage verification programmes or to obtain population data for...
Equine myenteric ganglionitis: a case of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. A 4-year-old Standardbred mare was referred to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine for colic evaluation. Physical examination revealed a small colon impaction which initially responded to conservative medical management. Her signs soon recurred, however, and an exploratory celiotomy was recommended. At surgery the small colon impaction was confirmed. The impaction was evacuated and a surgical biopsy was submitted for histopathologic evaluation. Microscopic examination of H&E and Trichrome sections revealed a massive mononuclear cell infiltration of the myenteric plexus. In ad...
