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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
The transstadial transmission of Babesia caballi by Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi larvae were fed on the ears of rabbits. Seven days after larval infestation, unfed, newly moulted nymphae were manually removed to infest a splenectomized donkey showing a patent Babesia caballi infection. Engorged nymphae were collected from the donkey and the ensuing adult ticks were placed on a susceptible horse. The horse contracted a B. caballi infection showing a prepatent period of 19 days after tick infestation. A very low parasitaemia, (highest score 2), which was patent for only 10 days, was recorded. The lowest packed cell volume recorded was 16%.
Eumycotic mycetoma: review and report of a cutaneous lesion caused by Pseudallescheria boydii in a horse. A cutaneous mass (1.5 cm in diameter) was removed from the head of a horse and was diagnosed histologically as eumycotic mycetoma. Immunofluorescence, performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, identified Pseudallescheria boydii as the etiologic agent. Findings from earlier reports of eumycotic mycetoma were compared with those of this horse.
Evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in the horse. This article addresses clinical problems that present in equine liver disease. It also discusses the variety of laboratory tests available to the clinician that can differentiate the type and degree of liver dysfunction. This is followed by a more specific discussion regarding unique features of equine bilirubin and bile acid metabolism.
Immunologic reconstitution of foals with combined immunodeficiency. Thirty-eight foals with combined immunodeficiency (CID) received transplanted fetal liver cells, fetal liver and thymus cells, histocompatible bone marrow cells, or equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) haploidentical bone marrow cells in an attempt to reconstitute their deficient immune systems. Engraftment was infrequent, partial, and unpredictable when fetal cells were employed. Three of five CID foals receiving ELA haploidentical bone marrow cells demonstrated partial reconstitution, but engraftment was only temporary. Administration of histocompatible bone marrow cells resulted in rapid, full a...
[The anterior enteritis syndrome in the horse]. The anterior enteritis syndrome in the horse is reviewed with reference to the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings, laboratory findings, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and post mortem findings.
The interpretation of clinicopathologic data from the equine athlete. It is the purpose of this article to review much of the information that is available regarding the adjunctive use of clinicopathologic data in evaluations of performance horses by veterinarians. Wherever possible, distinctions are made between findings that pertain to racehorses and those that apply most specifically to horses involved in "submaximal" events like combined training and endurance races. It is hoped that the material presented will clarify some of the problems associated with the interpretation of this data, and possibly stimulate the dissemination of additional information that...
Plasma lysozyme activity of Polish primitive horses under physiological conditions and in experimental fever. The normal level of plasma lysozyme of 9 Tarpane-like horses was 0.922pg/ml. This was
calculated from determinations performed 5 times in a period of 14 months. Observations on the
normal plasma level of lysozyme in the horse revealed marked variations in individual animals, as well
as in the whole group and in the mean values calculated for individual horses. The model for the
subsequent studies was an experimental fever evoked by the administration of E. colz LPS in a dose of
0.1 pg/kg body weight. Blood samples from the jugular vein were taken just before LPS injection, and
then for 8...
Role of the host immune response in selection of equine infectious anemia virus variants. Equine infectious anemia virus was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes collected during two early febrile cycles of an experimentally infected horse. RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses indicated that the nucleotide sequences of the isolates differed by approximately 0.25% and that the differences appeared randomly distributed throughout the genome. Serum collected in the interval between virus isolations was able to distinguish the isolates by membrane immunofluorescence on live cells. However, no neutralizing antibody was detected in the interval between virus isola...
Comparison of Ham’s F10 with CO2 or Hepes buffer for storage of equine embryos at 5 C for 24 H. Forty equine embryos collected 7 d post-ovulation were stored at 5 C for 24 h in one of two culture media (n = 20/group): 1) Ham's F10 + 10% heat-treated fetal calf serum (FCS) buffered by gassing with 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2 and 2) Ham's F10 + 10% FCS with Hepes buffer (25 mM). Embryos cultured in Ham's F10 + CO2 maintained a better quality score and had a larger average increase in diameter (+34.8 micron) than embryos stored in Hepes buffered Ham's F10 (-10.2 micron). Embryos were transferred surgically into recipient mares that ovulated -3 to +1 d in relation to the donor mare. Twenty embr...
Esophageal phytobezoar in a horse. A 23-year-old Thoroughbred stallion was admitted to the hospital for treatment of acute esophageal obstruction. Clinical examination and contrast radiography confirmed the presence of an esophageal obstruction. The horse was euthanatized, and examination revealed a bolus of feed material occluding the esophageal lumen 6 cm caudal to the thoracic inlet, with underlying necrosis of the esophageal mucosa. A large pulsion diverticulum was identified in the caudocervical portion of the esophagus. Apparently, the phytobezoar was formed within the esophageal diverticulum and subsequently became dislo...
Transcervical embryo transfer in horses: an application in an equestrian teaching center. Embryo transfer was used in an equestrian teaching center in order to produce as many foals as possible from their preferred mares during a single breeding season. Embryo collection by uterine lavage was attempted in five donor mares on 25 occasions 6.5 days after ovulation. Sixteen of the collection attempts (64%) yielded a total of 17 blastocysts. Of these 17 embryos, 13 were immediately transferred transcervically into recipient mares that had ovulated within two days of the time of ovulation in the donors, three were frozen for later transfer, and one was lost. Eight of the freshly transfe...
Hematologic values in horses and interpretation of hematologic data. Normal reference ranges and pertinent background information on equine hematology are presented and briefly discussed. Diagnostic interpretation of hematologic data is discussed and three diagnostic algorithms and two diagnostic tables are provided to facilitate the use of the presented information for diagnosis. Two cases are presented and the information presented in the article is used to interpret the case data.
Pharmacological modulation of postprandial colonic motor activity in the pony. The contractile activity of the equine large intestine exhibited a biphasic response to feeding: enhancement of migrating complexes passing along the colon and an increase of 50% in cyclic variations in smooth muscle at intervals of 20 min on the left ventral colon for a period of 5 to 7 h postfeeding. The cholinergic agonist, bethanechol (50 micrograms/kg subcutaneously), induced both the migrating complexes and the cyclic variations at intervals of 10-15 min. In contrast, the intra-arterial infusion of PGF2 alpha (3 micrograms/kg/min) increased the contractile activity during infusion, but w...
Lactate kinetics in exercising Thoroughbred horses: regulation of turnover rate in plasma. Plasma lactate turnover rate of Thoroughbred racehorses was measured by bolus injection of [U-14C]lactate at rest and two levels of submaximal treadmill exercise (3-4 m/s trot, 6% incline, and 6.5 m/s horizontal canter). Our goals were 1) to determine the relative effects of changes in cardiac output and in plasma lactate concentration on turnover rate [using cardiac output data from Weber et al. (28)] and 2) to assess the importance of lactate as a metabolic fuel in a trained animal athlete. Lactate turnover rates were 9.3 mumol.min-1.kg-1 (rest), 75.9 mumol.min-1.kg-1 at the beginning of the...
Collection and evaluation of equine peritoneal and pleural effusions. This article discusses collection, slide preparation, culture technique, fluid analysis and evaluation, and cytologic evaluation of peritoneal and pleural effusions. The morphologic characteristics of various effusions are described, and the physical characteristics (volume, color, turbidity) of effusions are discussed. An algorithm for classifying effusions as transudates, modified transudates, or exudates is included, and each category is discussed.
Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in the horse ureter. The presence of both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the caudal third ureter of the horse were studied in vitro under isometric conditions using adrenergic agonist and antagonist drugs. Isoprenaline and the beta 2- stimulating agent, salbutamol, elicited relaxation of the ureter smooth muscle strips. The responses were not affected by the beta 1- blocking agent, practolol, but were totally abolished by propranolol and the beta 2- blocking agent, butoxamine. The stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors with noradrenaline and phenylephrine evoked a contractile effect which was totally in...
Blood gas and acid-base changes in the neonatal foal. This article reviews what are considered the basic concepts of gas transport, blood gases, and acid-base physiology is most mammalian species. Techniques for the appropriate collection of blood samples for blood gas and acid-base determinations in the newborn foal are described. Guidelines for interpretation of these values in the normal foal and those animals undergoing respiratory and metabolic derangements are provided.
Diagonal paramedian approach for removal of ovarian tumors in the mare. A diagonal paramedian approach to the abdomen was used for unilateral ovariectomy in 15 mares. In each case, surgery was performed for removal of a granulosa cell tumor. All horses recovered from surgery with minimal complications. Surgical exposure of the affected ovary was adequate to allow exteriorization and ligation. Other advantages of this approach were ease of closure and lack of postsurgical complications.
Vascular malformations and angiomatous lesions in horses: a review of 10 cases. Vascular malformations and angiomas are rather uncommon in horses and the literature concerning these lesions is reviewed. The pathology is described in 10 additional cases. These lesions were classified as arteriovenous malformation (one case), haemangiomas (six cases), 'proliferative angiomas' (two cases) and lymphangioma (one case). The haemangiomas and lymphangioma were probably hamartomatous in origin. Both cases of 'proliferative angioma' developed in aged animals and their pathogenesis was uncertain. More information is needed on the natural history and behaviour of lesions of this type...
