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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Histology, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of the equine palatine tonsil. The palatine tonsils of five young horses formed 10-12 cm elongated follicular structures extending from the root of the tongue on either side to the base of the epiglottis and lateral to the glossoepiglottic fold. The stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium of the outer surface was modified into crypts as reticular epithelium by heavy infiltration of lymphoid cells from underlying lymphoid follicles. In places, lymphoid tissue reaching almost to the surface and with only one to two cell layers intact was identified as the lymphoepithelium. Langerhans cells with Birbeck granules were in...
A new collagen biomatrix of equine origin versus a cadaveric dura graft for the repair of dural defects–a comparative animal experimental study. Numerous types of materials have been evaluated over the past decades in the quest for the ideal dural replacement, but no product fully meets all the applicable criteria. This paper presents the long-term results of an animal trial of a collagen biomatrix (TISSUDURA, Baxter AG, Vienna/Austria) for the repair and regeneration of dural defects. This product provides a matrix with a special layer structure and consists of pure naturally cross-linked collagen of equine origin. The comparable material is Tutoplast Dura, a human cadaveric-derived dural graft preserved in a multiple stage chemical p...
[Pemphigus foliaceus in a Haflinger gelding]. A 10-year-old Haflinger gelding was presented with severe generalized chronic dermatitis characterized by scales, crusts and widespread alopecia with a partially diffuse and partially circumscribed pattern. Pemphigus foliaceus was diagnosed based on history, clinical signs and histological examination of skin biopsies. Typical histological findings were subcorneal pustules with accumulations of intact neutrophil granulocytes and acantholytic keratinocytes. The gelding was treated with glucocorticoids and gold salts. The skin lesions resolved completely after 8 weeks of treatment. No recurrence...
Histology, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of the equine tubal tonsil. The tubal tonsil of the horse surrounds the pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube and is lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium interspersed with areas of follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) heavily infiltrated by lymphocytes but devoid of goblet and ciliated cells. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed microvillous cells and cells with features characteristic of M cells such as reduced microvilli or depressed bare surface, more numerous mitochondria, small vesicles and lysosomes, as well as vimentin filaments and epitopes specific for GS 1-B4 as previousl...
[Molecular genetic studies of the “Einsiedler” horse population]. In this study it was investigated whether the "Einsiedler" warmblood horse, a historically old horse population from central Switzerland (Abbey of Einsiedeln), is distinguishable from micellaneous horse breeds, using molecular genetic techniques. The breeding history of Einsiedler horses is characterised by systematic line breeding through the dams. Therefore, two Einsiedler dam lines (N = 28), going back to the middle of the 19th century according to pedigree entries, were the focus of the survey. Random samples of diverse warmblood horse populations, but also samples from more distinct types...
Development of baroreflex and endocrine responses to hypotensive stress in newborn foals and lambs. The aims of this study were to compare and contrast the development of the cardiac baroreflex and endocrine responses to acute hypotensive stress in healthy newborn pony foals and lambs during the first two weeks of postnatal life. Methods: Under general anaesthesia, seven Welsh pony foals and six Welsh Mountain lambs were catheterised with hind limb artery and vein catheters. Following post-surgical recovery, at 1 week and 2 weeks of age, blood pressures of the animals were raised and lowered acutely by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively. During hypot...
Study on the epidemiology of equine arteritis virus infection with different diagnostic techniques by investigating 96 cases of equine abortion in Hungary. The occurrence of equine arteritis virus (EAV) induced equine abortions was studied with different laboratory methods during a 3-year period. Tissue samples from 96 aborted equine foetuses or newborn foals were collected from 57 farms located in different parts of Hungary. Virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry and serology were used for the detection of EAV infection. The overall seroprevalence of EAV infection in mares was 65%. EAV induced abortion was diagnosed in eight (8.3%) cases from six (10.5%) herds. Abortion was sporadic in all herds except for one, wh...
Effect of cryopreservation on the cellular integrity of equine embryos. Horse embryos are rarely cryopreserved in practice because expanded blastocysts tolerate freezing poorly, and the embryo begins expanding very soon after entering the uterine cavity. This study examined the effects of freezing on cytoskeleton integrity, and investigated whether cell damage could be reduced using trypsin to thin the blastocyst capsule or cytochalasin-B (cyto-B) to stabilise the cytoskeleton. Sixty-nine embryos were recovered 7 days after ovulation and equilibrated in 10% glycerol, with or without pretreatment with 0.2% trypsin or 7.5 microg/ml cyto-B. Forty-two of the embryos w...
Promotion of the intrinsic damage-repair response in articular cartilage by fibroblastic growth factor-2. To identify the effect of fibroblastic growth factor-2 (FGF-2) on the intrinsic damage-repair response in articular cartilage in vitro. Methods: Articular equine cartilage explants, without subchondral bone, had a single impact load of 500 g applied from a height of 2.5 cm. Explants were then cultured in 0, 12, 25, 50 or 100 ng/ml FGF-2 for up to 28 days. Unimpacted discs served as controls for each time-point. Histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to quantify and characterise the response of putative chondrocyte progenitor cells (CPC) to damage and FGF-2 treatment. Results...
Advanced fertility diagnosis in stallion semen using transmission electron microscopy. Routine semen analysis of stallions is based on light microscopy (LM). However, there are still a number of animals that are subfertile or even infertile not being identified with conventional semen analysis. The objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for advanced fertility diagnosis in stallion. We examined ejaculates of 46 stallions with known fertility. Animals were divided into three different groups: group 1, fertile stallions (pregnant mares> or =70%, n=29); group 2, subfertile stallions (pregnant mares 10-69%, n=14); group 3,...
Airway inflammation is associated with mucous cell metaplasia and increased intraepithelial stored mucosubstances in horses. This study was performed to determine if a peripheral sample of lung from the site where biopsy is conducted is representative of the rest of the lung and to investigate the relationship between airway inflammation and intraepithelial mucous production in the peripheral airways. Lung parenchyma samples were collected from five different regions of the lung in five control and five heaves-affected horses. Horse groups were defined by clinical response to stabling. Tissue sections were used for semi-quantitative scoring of lesions, to count the number of airways, to quantify the amount of stored...
The pharmacokinetics of hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier hemoglobin glutamer-200 bovine in the horse. Hemoglobin-glutamer-200 (HBOC-200) is a hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) comprising glutaraldehyde-polymerized bovine Hb. In this study, we sought to determine the pharmacokinetics of this first generation HBOC after IV infusion of 32.5 g of HBOC-200 solution in horses. Quantification of HBOC-200 in equine plasma and urine was performed using a method recently developed by our laboratory. The elimination from plasma was based on size distribution of the bovine Hb polymer. The decline of plasma concentration-time curve of HBOC-200 was described by a noninterchanging 2-compartmental m...
Equine interferon gamma synthesis in lymphocytes after in vivo infection and in vitro stimulation with EHV-1. Equine cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) are well characterised but little is known about the cytokine response after infection or vaccination. EHV-1 is common in horses and infects lymphocytes in vivo. This virus was used as a model to measure the synthesis of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) by equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after in vivo infection and/or in vitro stimulation with EHV-1. Both flow cytometry and ELISPOT assays were used to quantify equine IFN-gamma using a mouse anti-bovine IFN-gamma monoclonal antibody (clone CC302; shown to...
Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance. Cardiac morphology in human athletes is known to differ, depending on the sports-specific endurance component of their events, whereas anecdotes abound about superlative athletes with large hearts. As the heart determines stroke volume and maximum O(2) uptake in mammals, we undertook a study to test the hypothesis that the morphology of the equine heart would differ between trained horses, depending on race type, and that left ventricular size would be greatest in elite performers. Echocardiography was performed in 482 race-fit Thoroughbreds engaged in either flat (1,000-2,500 m) or jump racin...
Effect of vaccination against leptospirosis on the frequency, days to recurrence and progression of disease in horses with equine recurrent uveitis. To evaluate the effect of vaccination against leptospirosis on frequency and days to recurrence of uveitis and progression of disease in horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). Methods: Forty-one horses with ERU. Methods: Horses were randomly assigned to experimental (vaccinated) or control groups. Vaccine containing six serovars of Leptospira or placebo was administered, an ophthalmic examination performed and blood samples drawn on days 0, 28, 180 and 365. Antibody titers were measured against each serovar. Recurrence of uveitis was verified by ophthalmic examination. Results of the init...
Effect of seminal plasma on the cryopreservation of equine spermatozoa. Seminal plasma is generally removed from equine spermatozoa prior to cryopreservation. Two experiments were designed to determine if adding seminal plasma back to spermatozoa, prior to cryopreservation, would benefit the spermatozoa. Experiment 1 determined if different concentrations of seminal plasma affected post-thaw sperm motility, viability and acrosomal integrity of frozen/thawed stallion spermatozoa. Semen was washed through 15% Percoll to remove seminal plasma and spermatozoa resuspended to 350 x 10(6)sperm/mL in a clear Hepes buffered diluent containing either 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80%...
Primary invasive ocular squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. A 12-year-old Haflinger gelding was presented to the veterinary medical teaching hospital of the University of Zurich with a light-pink raised mass on the temporal limbus and conjunctiva of the left eye. Squamous cell carcinoma was confirmed histologically after keratectomy and cryotherapy. Seven months later, a smooth pink, progressively enlarging mass was observed within the cornea of the left eye. Ultrasonographically, the mass was not only infiltrating the corneal stroma but seemed to protrude into the anterior chamber. The globe was surgically removed and submitted for pathology. A histol...
Effect of alpha-tocopherol and tocopherol succinate on lipid peroxidation in equine spermatozoa. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of alpha-tocopherol and its ester, alpha tocopherol succinate, on lipid peroxidation and motility of equine spermatozoa. In experiment one, spermatozoa were incubated with dl-alpha-tocopherol (5, 25, 100 or 500 microM), DL-alpha tocopherol succinate (5, 25, 100 or 500 microM) or vehicle (0.5% ethanol) at 38 degrees C, and sperm motility was determined at 30, 60 and 120 min. In experiment two, spermatozoa loaded with the lipophilic probe, C11BODIPY(581/591), were incubated with dl-alpha-tocopherol (50 and 100 microM), DL-alpha-tocopherol suc...
Tear urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in horse and their correlation with serum values. The objective of this paper was to determine the physiological values of urea nitrogen and creatinine in tears, and to compare the results with those obtained from serum. Thirty healthy thoroughbred horses were included in the study. Tear fluid samples were obtained using a glass capillary tube placed in lower conjunctival cul-de-sac. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein. Tear and serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were quantitatively analyzed by an enzymatic colorimetric method. Urea nitrogen values were 4.22+/-1.84 mmol/l in tears and 4.44+/-1.78 mmol/l in serum, whereas cre...
Modulation of equine articular chondrocyte messenger RNA levels following brief exposures to recombinant equine interleukin-1beta. The effect of recombinant equine IL-1beta (EqIL-1beta) on steady-state mRNA levels of equine articular chondrocytes in high-density monolayer culture was investigated using a customized cDNA array analysis. Total RNA samples isolated from chondrocytes cultured in media alone or with the addition of 1 ng/ml EqIL-1beta for 1-, 3-, and 6-h durations of exposure were reverse transcribed, radiolabeled, and hybridized to a customized 380-target cDNA array. Means of duplicate log base 2 transformed hybridization signals were normalized to equine glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mean s...
Effect of prolonged use of altrenogest on behaviour in mares. Oral administration of altrenogest for oestrus suppression in competition horses is believed to be widespread in some equestrian disciplines, and can be administered continuously for several months during a competition season. To examine whether altrenogest has any anabolic or other potential performance enhancing properties that may give a horse an unfair advantage, we examined the effect of oral altrenogest (0.044 mg/kg), given daily for a period of eight weeks, on social hierarchy, activity budget, body-mass and body condition score of 12 sedentary mares. It was concluded that prolonged ora...
Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of prokinetic drugs in the management of post-operative ileus: can retrospective data help us? The objectives of the study were to determine whether retrospective data can be used to answer questions about the efficacy of prokinetic agents when used to treat horses with post-operative ileus (POI). We describe prevalence and mortality of POI with reference to treatment with four prokinetic agents. By combining data from two Hospitals a study population of 55 horses with POI following pedunculated lipoma obstruction (PLO) was established. Univariable and multivariable associations were determined between short term survival and potential explanatory variables. With death as outcome in mul...
Third metacarpal bone laterality asymmetry and midshaft dimensions in Thoroughbred racehorses. The aims of this study were to test whether longer third metacarpal (MC3) bones had thicker dorsal cortices in a group of racehorses that were exercising at similar maximum speeds, and to establish if horses with larger differences in length between their right and left MC3 bones showed larger differences in the dorsal cortical thickness between the two limbs. Methods: An observational study. Methods: Forty Thoroughbred racehorses aged between 2 and 6 years and in training at racing speed at two racing stables were used. Two sets of radiographs of each left and right metacarpus of each horse w...
In vitro comparisons of two cryopreservation techniques for equine embryos: slow-cooling and open pulled straw (OPS) vitrification. Vitrification using open pulled straw (OPS) has provided encouraging results with embryos from other species. The aim of this study was to compare the survival of 6.5- and 6.75-day-old equine embryos after OPS vitrification and slow-cooling. Eighteen embryos were frozen using a slow-cooling method. Embryos were placed in modified PBS with increasing glycerol concentration (2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% (v/v) 5 min each). Embryos were loaded into 0.25 ml straws then placed in a programmable freezer and subsequently plunged into liquid nitrogen. After thawing, cryoprotectant was removed by five steps w...
Lameness and poor performance in horses used for team roping: 118 cases (2000-2003). To determine the types of musculoskeletal problems that result in lameness or poor performance in horses used for team roping and determine whether these problems are different in horses used for heading versus heeling. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 118 horses. Methods: Medical records of team roping horses that were evaluated because of lameness or poor performance were reviewed to obtain information regarding signalment, primary use (ie, head horse or heel horse), history, results of physical and lameness examinations, diagnostic tests performed, final diagnosis, and treatment. Resu...
Up-regulation of site-specific remodeling without accumulation of microcracking and loss of osteocytes. Functional adaptation of bone normally protects the skeleton from fracture during daily activity. Accumulation of microcracking and loss of osteocytes have been implicated in the regulation and initiation of targeted (reparative) remodeling of bone and, in certain situations, the development of fatigue or stress fracture. We performed a histologic study of the dorsal cortex of the mid-diaphysis of the third metacarpal (Mc-III) bone of Thoroughbred racehorses after bones were bulk-stained in basic fuchsin and transverse calcified sections were prepared. The Thoroughbred racehorse is an extreme ...
