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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Triphasic nephroblastoma in a horse. A large abdominal mass in a 3-year-old filly was discovered clinically and removed and examined after the horse had been humanely killed. Histologically, three different tissue types were noted, occurring in equal amounts: epithelium largely in the form of well-differentiated tubules, multifocally distributed cell-dense foci of blastema, and myxoid to fibrous stroma. A diagnosis of triphasic nephroblastoma, a rare tumour in the horse, was made on the basis of microscopical findings. The finding of numerous glomeruloid structures confirmed the diagnosis and assisted in distinguishing the tumour...
Plasma, urine, and synovial fluid disposition of methylprednisolone acetate and isoflupredone acetate after intra-articular administration in horses. OBJECTIVE--To document plasma, urine, and synovial fluid disposition of 2 common intra-articularly administered steroid preparations, methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) and isoflupredone acetate (IPA). DESIGN--Descriptive investigation. SAMPLE POPULATION--100 mg of MPA or 4 mg of IPA was administered to 2 groups of 4 healthy sound radiographically normal female horses. PROCEDURE--Blood samples were collected at time 0 (before) and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours after administration of the designated steroid. Complete urine collection for measurement of designated steroid was ac...
Differential suppression of endometrial prostaglandin F2alpha by the equine conceptus. Prostaglandin F2alpha secretion by the uterine endometrium between Days 13 and 14 postovulation causes luteal regression in mares. A mechanism involving interruption or suppression of this secretion causes pregnancy to be maintained. The present study was designed to determine the age of the conceptus when maximal suppression of PGF2alpha secretion occurs. Mares were examined daily during estrus with ultrasonography (day 0 = day of ovulation). Conceptus tissues were recovered nonsurgically on Days 9 (n = 7), 12 (n = 5), 13 (n = 5), and 16 (n = 7) and uterine biopsies on Day 14. Both uterine an...
Risk factors associated with the incidence of foal mortality in an extensively managed mare herd. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of neonatal mortality in a large, extensively managed mare herd and what risk factors were involved in foal mortality. For a 6 wk period between April 18, 1994, and May 31, 1994, 334 foals were born, of which 74 died before reaching 10 d of age, giving an overall mortality of 22% for this period. Seventy four percent of the foal deaths occurred within 48 h of parturition. The major causes of foal mortality included starvation/exposure 27%, septicemia 26%, and dystocia 20%. Weekly incidences varied significantly, ranging from 67% for week...
Pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone in horses. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefoperazone (CPZ) were studied following intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration of single doses (30 mg/kg) to horses. Concentrations in serum, urine and synovial fluid samples were measured following IV administration. CPZ concentrations in serum, synovial fluid and spongy bone samples were measured following IM administration. After IV administration a rapid distribution phase (t1/2 (alpha): 4.22 +/- 2.73 min) was followed by a slower elimination phase (t1/2(beta) 0.77 +/- 0.19 h). The apparent volume of distribution was 0.68 +/- 0....
Lack of virulence of the murine fibroblast adapted strain, Kentucky A (KyA), of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in young horses. The virulence of the cell culture adapted KyA strain of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), which lacks at least six genes by deletions in its genome, was assessed by intranasal inoculation of six young horses that were serologically negative for EHV-1. No horses showed clinical signs, and a neutralizing antibody response against EHV-1 was detected in two horses which had antibodies against EHV-4 prior to the inoculation. A challenge experiment using a highly virulent strain of EHV-1 conducted 4 weeks later against 4 of the 6 horses inoculated intranasally with the KyA strain and 2 control hors...
The Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (CTVM) pulling its weight in the field of draught animal research. Draught animal research carried out by scientists at the Centre for Topical Veterinary Medicine (CTVM) in Edinburgh and overseas is reviewed and the major findings are reported. The remit for the work has been to provide basic information on draught animals which can be applied by researchers and extension workers to their own geographic situations. Instrumentation is described which has been designed and manufactured to assist in the measurement of draught animal performance, particularly work output and energy consumption. Energy requirements of cattle, buffaloes and equids for work and ways...
Analgesic, hemodynamic, and respiratory effects of caudal epidurally administered xylazine hydrochloride solution in mares. To examine effects of 0.25 mg of xylazine/kg of body weight diluted to a total volume of 6 ml/450 kg with sterile 0.9% NaCl, administered into the epidural space of the sacrococcygeal joint on perineal analgesia, sedation, ataxia, and respiratory and cardiovascular function in standing mares. Methods: Randomized, blinded study, using xylazine (treatment) and 0.9% NaCl (controls). At least 2 weeks elapsed between the treatments. Methods: Eight healthy mares. Methods: Blood samples were drawn. Systemic hemodynamics were determined, including cardiac output and pulmonary arterial, systemic arteri...
Intestinal ciliates found in the feces of Japanese native Tokara pony, with the description of a new genus and a new species. The composition of intestinal ciliates excreted in the feces of 20 Tokara native ponies kept in Iriki farm of Kagoshima University was surveyed. Eleven genera consisting of 18 species were identified based on the description of Strelkow. One new genus including a new species, Wolskana tokarensis n. gen., n. sp., of the family Buetschliidae was recognized and described. The average ciliate density of all horses was 13.8 x 10(3)/ml. Those of stallions (n = 5), mares (n = 11) and foals (n = 4) were 3.9, 16.1 and 43.3 x 10(3)/ml respectively. The value of stallions was significantly lower and that...
Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay to determine serum and urine dexamethasone concentrations in thoroughbreds after intravenous administration of the steroid. To develop a simple and sensitive ELISA for detection of dexamethasone in horse serum and urine. Methods: Blood and urine samples from 3 thoroughbred mares. Methods: A dexamethasone oxime was prepared and conjugated to hemocyanin, bovine serum albumin and to horseradish peroxidase. One- and two-step double-antibody ELISA methods, as well as a radioimmunoassay method, were performed. The one-step ELISA was used to test urine from 3 Thoroughbred mares injected with 5 mg of dexamethasone, IV. Results: The ELISA could detect dexamethasone in the range of 0.01 to 50 ng/ml, with intra- and interassa...
[Congenital bile duct cysts and liver fibrosis in a foal]. A three-week-old foal was submitted to the clinic because of a minor traumatic injury at the lower jaw. At admission the foal exhibited diarrhea, a distended abdomen and reduced general condition. These findings could not be associated with the injury. On abdominal radiography decreased abdominal detail and a dorsocaudal displacement of the intestine was present. Ultrasonographically multiple fluid-filled cystic structures of several centimeters in diameter were identified. These cystic structures appeared to be associated with the liver. At laparotomy and at necropsy the liver was markedly en...
Effects of posture and accumulated airway secretions on tracheal mucociliary transport in the horse. Tracheal mucociliary clearance was determined in horses by measuring the rostrad transport of the radiopharmaceutical 99mtechnetium-sulphur colloid following deposition on the tracheal epithelium by intratracheal injection. The effects of head position (head elevated to normal standing position vs head lowered) and of accumulated purulent secretions on tracheal mucociliary clearance were evaluated for the first time in the horse. In normal horses tracheal mucociliary clearance was greatly accelerated by lowering the head so that the cranial trachea was lower than the caudal trachea. Horses con...
Characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from foals. Serotype, biotype, antibiogram, hemolysin production, fimbrial hemagglutinins, select toxin genes (STb, STaP, LT, slt1 and slt2) and the attaching effacing (eae) gene were determined for 99 foal strains of E. coli. E. coli from diarrheic and normal foals could not be distinguished by serotype, biotype, or antibiogram. Differences (P < or = 0.05) were observed in hemolysin production (11.5% vs 0%) and the expression of mannose-resistant hemagglutinins (23% vs 13%) among E. coli from diarrheic and healthy foals, respectively. Three of the E. coli strains from diarrheic foals were positive wit...
Steroid transformations in pregnant mares: metabolism of exogenous progestins and unusual metabolic activity in vivo and in vitro. The mare possesses unique steroid hormone metabolic activity during pregnancy in that peripheral 4-pregnene-3,20-dione (progesterone; P4) is undetectable by 220 days gestation. This study examines in vivo metabolism of progestins by the pregnant mare and in vitro metabolic activity of maternal and fetal tissues. Pregnant mares (n = 3) received intravenous infusions of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (pregnenolone; P5), P4, 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (5 alpha-DHP), 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (3 beta-5 alpha), deuterium labeled (D4)-P5, D4-3 beta-5 alpha and vehicle. Anestrous mares ...
Lipid peroxide levels and superoxide-scavenging abilities of Sera obtained from hotbred (Thoroughbred) horses. Hotbred (Thoroughbred) horses were grouped into three classes according to the levels of constant physical exercise (foals, 6 months old; racing horses, 5 years old; horses for breeding, 6-10 years old), and lipid peroxide levels in their sera were measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. No significant differences were observed among them. The superoxide-scavenging abilities of sera were measured next; to examine the antioxidative properties of hotbreds, and were found to be highest in the racing horses. The higher scavenging ability of the racing horses might contribute to keep t...
13-cis-Retinoic acid affect sheath-shaft interaction of equine hair follicles in vitro. A major challenge to the study of hair follicle growth is an appropriate assay system. Because equine mane follicles are large and noncurved, enabling easy dissection; are readily accessible from a single defined source; and possess a long anagen growth phase, we initiated a study of them in culture. As in our previous studies of human and sheep follicles (Dev Biol 165:469, 1994), we found in this system that transection level dictates the pattern of follicle growth in vitro: follicles transected below the sebaceous gland show a type 1 growth pattern (the shaft grows out with an adherent sheat...
Effects of holmium: YAG laser energy on cartilage metabolism, healing, and biochemical properties of lesional and perilesional tissue in a weight-bearing model. Comparison of perilesional cartilage, lesional repair tissue, and subchondral bone activity 6 months after application of holmium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser energy to chronic (10 week) induced 10-mm full-thickness (FT) circular articular cartilage craters followed by 6 months' intermittent active motion (IAM) in a free exercise environment was investigated. The 2.1-microns wavelength was delivered in hand-controlled near-contact mode by arthroscopic surgery in a saline medium. Bilateral arthroscopy was performed on normal antebrachiocarpal, intercarpal, and metacarpophalangeal join...
[Spectrum of species and incidence of endoparasites in foals and their mother mares from breeding farms with and without anthelmintic prophylaxis in upper Bavaria]. In this epidemiological study 37 foals and mares were included, which have been coproscopically examined in regular intervals over a period lasting up to 13 months. The animals derived from nine breeding farms. In three of these farms no anthelmintics were used before this investigation, whereas in six farms at least three years before regular prophylactic treatments with anthelmintics have been carried out. This investigation revealed no differences in the species spectrum of endoparasites as well as in the incidence of infections as regards to the breeding farms with and without anthelmintic...
Malignant mast cell neoplasia with local metastasis in a horse. A 12-year-old Arab stallion was presented with a chronically swollen right carpus resulting in profound lameness of the same leg. An incisional biopsy of subcutaneous tissue from the right carpus submitted for cytology and histopathology revealed large numbers of eosinophils interspersed by substantial numbers of variably sized and granulated mast cells. Fungal culture of a subcutaneous tissue sample taken from the right carpus was negative. Serial full blood counts revealed persistent mature eosinophilia, not accompanied by a mastocytaemia, neutrophilia without left shift and persistent hyper...
Obstructive pulmonary disease in 18 horses at summer pasture. The clinical features of 18 cases of summer pasture associated obstructive pulmonary disease were reviewed. The horses had signs of obstructive pulmonary disease (expiratory dyspnoea, wheezing and crackling lung sounds and coughing) during the spring, summer or autumn while they were kept permanently at grass with no access to hay or straw, for at least two consecutive years. In nine cases there was a seasonal incidence with the disease occurring during April and May. Eleven of the horses were affected by bouts of severe dyspnoea. Eleven of the horses also suffered from chronic obstructive pul...
Evaluation of five common induction protocols by comparison of hemodynamic responses to surgical manipulation in halothane-anesthetized horses. To determine whether hemodynamic responses of halothane-anesthetized horses undergoing surgical procedures depended on anesthetic induction protocols used, and to determine whether hemodynamic responses to surgical manipulation could be detected. Methods: Prospective experimental study without controls. Methods: 36 clinically normal horses. Methods: Horses were allotted to 5 groups according to anesthetic induction protocol: acepromazine/guaifenesin/thiamylal, acepromazine/guaifenesin/ketamine, xylazine/guaifenesin/thiamylal, xylazine/guaifenesin/ketamine, and xylazine/diazepam/ketamine. Anest...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses in Louisiana. To evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of horses in Louisiana by assessing the signalment, history, environmental factors, clinical signs, and treatment of such horses. Methods: Epidemiologic mail survey. Methods: 83 of 240 veterinarians contacted by mail agreed to take part in the survey. Veterinarians contacted were listed as mixed-animal or equine practitioners in the 1991/1992 directory of the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association or had submitted a specimen from a horse to the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory within the past 2 years. Methods: The survey con...
Actinobacillus suis septicaemia in two foals. A 24-hour-old Hackney ony filly developed signs of weakness, depression and a poor suck reflex, with harsh lung sounds over both fields, and a 48-hour-old Arabian colt from a normal birth which had sucked vigorously developed loose stools and became depressed, weak and anorectic. Both foals had serum IgG concentrations greater than 800 mg/dl, but each had a severe neutropenia with a left shift, and blood cultures from both of them yielded Actinobacillus suis. The A suis isolates had different antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and, in the case of the Arabian, the isolate was resistant to co...
Multiple congenital cardiac anomalies and idiopathic thoracic aortitis in a horse. An echocardiographical and clinical pathological investigation of the rapid loss of weight by a yearling thoroughbred filly revealed an atrial septal defect, a ventricular septal defect and hyperfibrinogenaemia. A post mortem examination confirmed the cardiac abnormalities and revealed a severe thoracic aortitis. It is proposed that the idiopathic thoracic aortitis contributed to the horse's compromised cardiovascular homoeostasis.
