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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
[Estrus synchronization and insemination results in Arabian mares in the Eskisehir stud]. An Arab broodmare herd of 30 mares age ranging from 4 to 12 years was grouped into 3 groups (group A, B, C) with 10 mares each and exposed to three different methods of cycle synchronisation. Group A mares received two PGF2 alpha injections 14 days apart. Group B mares got additionally 2,500 IU of hCG 5 days after second prostaglandin application. Group C consisted of mares which had foaled in a synchrony of one week and got a PGF2 alpha injection 3 weeks after parturition. All the mares responding to synchronisation were inseminated closely to ovulation detected by serial rectal palpations wi...
Endoscopic examination and treatment of paranasal sinus disease in 16 horses. Sixteen horses with suspected paranasal sinus disease had endoscopic examination of the paranasal sinuses with a 4.0 mm arthroscope either while standing and sedated (14 horses) or under general anesthesia (two horses). Endoscopic diagnosis included sinusitis (four horses), sinus cyst (three horses), hemorrhage (three horses), neoplasia (three horses), and tooth root abnormalities (two horses). No abnormalities were detected in one horse. Endoscopic findings concurred with the radiographic findings in 13 horses (81%). Samples of sinus contents for bacteriologic (eight horses) and histologic ex...
The correlation between the dose and distribution of intratendinous fluid injections in the flexor tendons/ligaments of the horse. An in vitro study was carried out to define the correlation between the dose and distribution of intratendinous fluid injections in the different flexor tendons/ligaments of the palmar/plantar, metacarpal/metatarsal region of the horse. Injection of 0.1-0.2 ml resulted in a local intratendinous fluid depot showing minimal abaxial spreading and more extensive proximodistal expansion. If 0.3-0.5 ml was injected the abaxial spreading remained minimal but the proximodistal expansion increased significantly, the depots in the axial proximal, mid and distal region flowing together. Also minimal peri...
A study of 118 cases of navicular disease: clinical features. The clinical features are reported from 118 horses (mean age 9.2 years) which were diagnosed as suffering from navicular disease using predetermined criteria. The animals were used for a variety of purposes and had been lame for periods between 1 and 72 months. The majority of cases (84.7%) had been treated using various techniques before evaluation. The severity of lameness was related to the duration of clinical signs: 78% of horses were bilaterally affected but there was no left:right limb predominance. Broken foot/pastern axes were recorded in 75% of horses while 45% also exhibited mediola...
Sensory receptors in the equine foot. Two types of sensory receptors were located in the equine foot, using anatomic techniques. Histologic examination of stained hoof sections revealed lamellated corpuscles in the hoof dermis, which had many of the morphologic characteristics of Pacinian corpuscles. These sensory receptors were restricted to the palmar (caudal) aspects of the solar dermis of the heel. A second type of receptor was detected by use of immunocytochemistry, indicating apparently naked nerve endings containing the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in skin, solar dermal tubules, and the...
A study of 118 cases of navicular disease: treatment by navicular suspensory desmotomy. The 118 horses diagnosed as suffering from navicular disease by prospective criteria were treated by desmotomy of the ligamenta sesamoidea collateralia (navicular suspensory desmotomy). Three techniques were used and a standard post-operative programme was followed with clinical and radiological evaluations at 6-monthly intervals for periods of 6-36 months after surgery. At 6 and 36 months after treatment, 76% and 42.9% of horses were sound respectively. The clinical features of age, period of lameness, severity of lameness and angular limb deformities adversely affected response to surgery. T...
Effects of exercise and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on repair of articular cartilage defects in the equine carpus. Our aim was to determine if mild to moderate postoperative exercise and intra-articular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan result in improved repair of large, experimentally induced osteochondral defects in a weight-bearing surface of equine joints. Arthroscopic debridement was used to produce full-thickness defects in a weight-bearing area of the radial carpal bones in 18 ponies. The ponies were randomly assigned to two groups balanced for age: nine animals in the exercise and nine in the no exercise group. Six ponies in each group were medicated weekly for 5 weeks with an intra-articular injecti...
Different resistance of mammalian red blood cells to hemolysis by bile salts. To evaluate why hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) by bile acids varies in different mammalian species, we determined the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), lipid content and the concentrations of the conjugates of deoxycholate and of NaCl inducing 50% hemolysis of RBC from healthy humans, pigs, horses, cows, sheep and jaundiced humans. A volume of 0.05 mL of washed RBC at 1% hematocrit, which has the same lipid content but different phospholipid composition and number of erythrocytes (owing to the variable MCV), was incubated in taurodeoxycholate (TDC) solution (0-5 mM) to determine the TDC conce...
Effects of concurrent administration of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine on pharmacokinetic variables and in vitro generation of thromboxane B2 in mares. Flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs commonly used for the management of colic, endotoxemia, and musculoskeletal disorders in equids. Although it is not usually recommended, there appears to be an increasing trend to use nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs in combination to enhance or prolong their effects. Therefore, we studied the effect of concurrent administration of flunixin (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, IV) as flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone (2.2 mg/kg, IV) on the pharmacokinetics of each drug and on in vitro thromboxane B2 production. Pharmaco...
Morphometric study of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in young ‘normal’ horses. Quantitative measurements were made on cross-sectional preparations of the distal part of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) from nine young mixed-breed horses to establish reference values for the total number of myelinated fibres, mean fibre diameter and percentage of thickest fibres (over 9.5 microns) and to delineate diameter distribution curves. The total number of myelinated fibres, mean fibre diameter and percentage of thickest fibres for the left RLN were significantly lower than those of the right RLN (P < 0.005). The distribution of fibres was unimodal. The fibre diameter ranged ...
Failure of calcium channel blockade to prevent intra-abdominal adhesions in ponies. Intra-abdominal adhesions were created by localized serosal trauma in 11 adult ponies at three locations on the small intestine. Six ponies received verapamil hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg) subcutaneously every eight hours for three days, and five ponies received an equal volume of saline solution at the same intervals. The investigators were not informed which treatments the ponies received. Systolic, diastolic, and mean carotid arterial pressures and heart rates were measured six hours before surgery, and then 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 8 hours after the first treatment on each day for three days. One pony...
Treatment and pathogenesis of navicular disease (‘syndrome’) in horses. The future directions of navicular disease research are unclear. Often researchers investigate only one of the multitude of factors likely to be important in understanding the disease. Two exceptions to this is work done by Wright in this issue of EVJ and by MacGregor (1988) who compared a number of the treatment regimens (e.g. rest, warfarin, isoxsuprine, shoeing with egg bars) and found that approximately 75% of the horses improved in their performance. Perhaps this percentage of 'recovered' horses from this disease is what can be realistically expected, as often horses with navicular diseas...
Accumulation of allantoin and uric acid in plasma of exercising trotters. Plasma concentrations of hypoxanthine, uric acid, and allantoin, which are breakdown products of adenine nucleotides, were measured in Standardbred and Finnhorse trotters during and after an exercise test on a high-speed treadmill, after an incremental exercise test performed on a racetrack, and after a racing competition. Fiber-type composition of the middle gluteal muscle and the muscle concentrations of adenine nucleotides and inosine monophosphate were measured after the racetrack test. Changes in the concentration of hypoxanthine were not observed in any of the tests. Peak concentration o...
Unusual internal carotid artery branching that prevented arterial occlusion with a balloon-tipped catheter in a horse. A mare with hemorrhage caused by guttural pouch mycosis was treated by insertion of a balloon-tipped catheter into the left internal carotid artery. During recovery from general anesthesia, the mare had profuse epistaxis, and was anesthetized again to determine the site of hemorrhage. The affected guttural pouch was opened to confirm that hemorrhage was from the left internal carotid artery. The mare was euthanatized, and, at necropsy, the balloon catheter was found in an aberrant branch that arose from the internal carotid artery and joined the basilar artery. The mycotic plaque was on the le...
Immunogens of encephalitis viruses. The equine encephalitis viruses are members of the genus Alphavirus, in the family Togaviridae. Three main virus serogroups represented by western (WEE), eastern (EEE) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses cause epizootic and enzootic infection of horses throughout the western hemisphere. All equine encephalitis viruses are transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. The first equine encephalitis virus vaccines were produced by virus inactivation. Problems with inadequate inactivation, which may have caused a major epidemic/epizootic of VEE in central America and Texas in ...
Pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone and progesterone in mares during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Existence of ultradian variation in serum progesterone concentration and the relation between progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretory patterns were investigated in nonpregnant and pregnant mares. Blood samples were taken every 15 minutes for a 24-hour period on day 8 of the estrous cycle and day 18 of pregnancy, respectively. Progesterone and LH concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone was secreted in pulsatile manner in nonpregnant and pregnant mares. Luteinizing hormone also was secreted in a pulsatile manner in both groups of mares. There was little tempo...
Effect of heparin on capacitation/acrosome reaction of equine sperm. The onset of sperm capacitation/acrosome reaction was evaluated using heparin. Equine semen was incubated at 38 degrees C for 4.5 h in culture medium with and without 10 micrograms/mL heparin and with and without 0.1 microM of Ca2+ ionophore. Sperm acrosome reaction was detected using chlortetracycline fluorescence (CTC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The CTC assay provided staining patterns that corresponded with the capacitation/acrosome reaction in other mammalian species (man, mouse, guinea pig). The percentages of incapacitated sperm (PUC), capacitated acrosome-intact sperm (...
Multiple site electromyography recordings of uterine activity following an intrauterine bacterial challenge in mares susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infection. The electrical myometrial activity of three mares with a documented increased susceptibility to chronic uterine infection (CUI) and three mares considered to be resistant to CUI was investigated. Electrodes were surgically implanted in the myometrium of the mares and electrical activity was monitored by a Grass polygraph. Oestrus was determined by transrectal ultrasonography of the reproductive tract and teasing of the mares with a stallion. Findings were confirmed by blood progesterone concentrations 35 mm was detected, the uterus was infused with a genital strain of 5 x 10(6) Streptococcus ...
A study of 118 cases of navicular disease: radiological features. Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique, lateromedial and palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique radiographic projections were used with standard techniques to examine 118 horses with clinical signs of navicular disease. All radiological features which have previously been reported as significant changes in the navicular bones of horses with navicular disease were recorded. Comparisons were made between these features in lame limbs and sound limbs in unilaterally lame horses and most lame limbs and least lame limbs in bilateral but asymmetrically lame animals. Their relationship to the degree of la...
[Prevalence of fascioliasis in humans, horses, pigs, and wild rabbits in 3 Chilean provinces]. This study sought to estimate for the first time the prevalence of fascioliasis among the rural population in the Chilean provinces of Curico, Talca, and Linares, while also determining the disease's prevalence among horses and wild rabbits in Curico and Talca and among pigs in Talca. From January 1986 to December 1990 a randomly selected sample of 5,861 persons in the three provinces was given intradermal, complement-fixation, double-diffusion, and immunoelectrophoresis tests to detect antibody to Fasciola hepatica. In addition, the ELISA test was used in Talca and Linares. Fecal specimens fr...
Age-related characteristics of gastric squamous epithelial mucosa in foals. Specimens of grossly normal gastric stratified squamous epithelial mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus on the right side and along the greater curvature were obtained from 7 foetuses, 10 term foals and 12 foals 2-35 days old. Gastric squamous epithelium from the foetuses changed markedly during gestation. At 150-270 days, the epithelium was 8-10 cells thick, with a single layer of basal cells. Epithelial cells were polyhedral and had abundant clear or slightly stained cytoplasm. In the 300-day foetus the basal layer was thicker, epithelial cells were polyhedral, and there was a flattened 1 c...
Metabolic response to standardised exercise test in standardbred trotters with red cell hypervolaemia. Plasma concentrations of lactate, amino acids, ammonia and products of purine catabolism were studied before, during and after a standardised incremental exercise test in 29 Standardbred trotters admitted to the clinic for exercise tolerance testing. According to their red cell volume the horses were divided into red cell normovolaemic and red cell hypervolaemic (polycythaemic) groups. The exercise-response curve for taurine differed significantly in the two groups, whereas all the other amino acids behaved similarly. The [branched-chain amino acid]/[alanine] ratio, a proposed indicator for th...
Synovial fluid and clinical changes after arthroscopic partial synovectomy of the equine middle carpal joint. Changes in synovial fluid and clinical variables after arthroscopic partial synovectomy of the middle carpal joint were studied in 12 normal horses. A 7 mm motorized synovial resector was inserted into each middle carpal joint; one middle carpal joint of each horse was randomly selected to have arthroscopic synovectomy (treated) and the opposite joint was lavaged (control). Lameness examinations and synovial fluid analyses were performed before operation and at 8, 14, 21, and 28 days after operation. Lameness variables did not differ between treated and control legs. Middle carpal and carpomet...
Endoscopically assisted annular ligament release in horses. An endoscopically assisted technique for internally dividing the palmar or plantar annular ligament was developed in six cadaver limb specimens and two anesthetized horses. Under arthroscopic view, a slotted cannula was inserted into the digital sheath through a stab wound proximal to the annular ligament and advanced through the fetlock canal superficial to the flexor tendons with the slot oriented toward the fibers of the annular ligament. Division of the annular ligament by 90-degree tipped open and guarded blades was observed and verified by direct arthroscopic view. At necropsy, complete ...
