Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Kinde H, Bettey RL, Ardans A, Galey FD, Daft BM, Walker RL, Eklund MW, Byrd JW.An episode of nervous system dysfunction was observed in horses on 17 premises in 4 counties of southern California. Thirty-eight horses were affected, and 31 of those died. The common clinical signs of disease in the affected horses were: increased appetite; anxious attitude; rythmic, intermittent muscle tremors in the area of the tricep muscles; decreased palpebral tone; mydriasis; small hard fecal balls; and tendency to become sternally recumbent with the neck extended. The temporal distribution of cases on all 17 premises suggested a relationship between exposure to a common batch of alfal...
Cohen ND, Carter GK.Persistent thrombocytopenia was detected in a horse with equine infectious anemia (EIA). The thrombocytopenia was considered to be immune-mediated, developing secondary to infection with EIA virus. Epistaxis, petechial hemorrhages, subcutaneous hematomas, and edema resolved after treatment with corticosteroids; however, the owners requested that the mare by euthanatized because of infection with EIA virus. Although clinical signs attributable to immune-mediated thrombocytopenia may resolve with appropriate treatment, horses with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia secondary to EIA have a guarded ...
Kadir FH, al-Massad FK, Fatemi SJ, Singh HK, Wilson MT, Moore GR.Reactions of reduced horse spleen ferritin with horse and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferricytochromes c, cow ferricytochrome b5, sperm-whale metmyoglobin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ferricytochrome c-551 were investigated by u.v.-visible spectrophotometry. In all cases the reduced ferritin reduced the ferrihaemoproteins. The rate of reduction varied from less than 0.2 M-1.s-1 for metmyoglobin to 1.1 x 10(3) M-1.s-1 for horse ferricytochrome c (0.1 M-phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 25 degrees C). We conclude that the mechanism of ferrihaemoprotein reduction involves long-range electron transfer throu...
Whitehair KJ, Parker JE, Smith GN, Adams SB, Bottoms GB.Serum levels of type III procollagen peptide (P-III-P) were measured by radioimmunoassay in clinically normal adult ponies (n = 15) and horses (n = 10). The mean serum levels of P-III-P from the ponies, 10.4 +/- 2.9 (SD) ng/mL, and the horses, 12.2 +/- 2.6 (SD) ng/mL, were not significantly different. Segments of jejunum were made ischemic to induce fibrous peritoneal adhesions in two ponies, and serum P-III-P levels were measured on days 4, 5, 7, 14, and 21. An exploratory celiotomy on day 21 revealed that the ischemic injury had induced fibrosis of the mesentery and bowel, but no adhesions h...
Wisner ER, O'Brien TR, Pool RR, Pascoe JR, Koblick PD, Hornoff WJ, Poulos PW.Destructive lesions of the axial region of the proximal sesamoid bones were identified by radiography in eight fetlocks and seven lame adult horses. Lameness ranged from 2 to 5 (mean 4; scale 1 to 5) at the time of examination, with a duration of 10 days to two years (mean 5.6 months). Destructive lesions involved both proximal sesamoid bones when examined radiographically and were situated primarily at the level of the mid-body and apical region of the axial borders. Some lesions were cystic, whereas others eroded the axial border more diffusely. Scintigraphy revealed markedly increased activ...
Sarazan RD, Krause GF, Franklin D, Garner HE, Griggs DM.Coronary reactive hyperemia duration (RHD) and coronary blood flow debt repayment (BFDR) were compared in conscious dogs and ponies instrumented with coronary artery Doppler flow probes and pneumatic occluders. Additional ponies were instrumented with pacing electrodes. With the use of a Latin square design, eight animals of each species were subjected to a randomized series of nine coronary occlusions ranging from 5 s to 2 min in duration. In both species, postocclusion blood flow velocity rose rapidly and plateaued at similar peak levels relative to control, but in ponies this plateau lasted...
Colborn DR, Thompson DL, Rahmanian MS, Roth TL.Ten lighthorse stallions were used to determine 1) whether prolactin (PRL) and cortisol responses previously observed after acute exercise in summer would occur in winter when PRL secretion is normally low, 2) whether subsequent treatment with a dopamine receptor antagonist, sulpiride, for 14 d would increase PRL secretion and response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and exercise, and 3) whether secretion of LH, FSH, and cortisol would be affected by sulpiride treatment. On January 11, blood samples were drawn from all stallions before and after a 5-min period of strenuous running. On J...
Krivolutskiĭ DA, Nguyen TK, Fan TV.101 species of oribatid mites and 12 species of helminths--anoplocephalids, transmitted by these mites, were found out by Soviet-Vietnam studies in agroecosystems and tropical forests of northern and southern Vietnam. Helminths were recorded from graminivorous mammals as follows: horses, zebu, sheep, goats, buffaloes, deer, hares, elephant, 2 species of rates, 5 species of monkeys and 11 species of birds.
Willham RL, Wilson DE.Research on the racing performance of quarter horses has been used to develop genetic prediction summaries on all horses with at least one start on record at the American Quarter Horse Association. In the 1987 summary, records from a total of 212,065 horses were used to give genetic predictions on stallions, mares, geldings, fillies, and colts. A reduced animal model was used that incorporated the repeated records of individuals. The individual race was the contemporary group after the data were adjusted for distance, sex, and age. Estimates of heritability of .24 and repeatability of .32 sugg...
Smith BL, Auer JA, Taylor TS, Hulse DS, Longnecker MT.Cortical bone screws were implanted into the proximal portion of the right and left radius and ulna of 6 newborn Quarter Horse foals as radiographic markers for measurement of growth. Distance between markers on a lateral radiographic view was measured. Radiographs were taken at 2-week intervals until the horses were 8 weeks old, at 4-week intervals until they were 48 weeks old, and at 12-week intervals until they were 72 weeks old. The proximal radius and ulna grew at similar rates during the 72-week period of evaluation, and growth continued throughout 72 weeks. The proximal radius grew 3.5 ...
Jean-François MJ, Poskitt DC, Turnbull SJ, Macdonald LM, Yasmeen D.We have developed an in vivo passive transfer assay using mice to identify monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which offer protection against Streptococcus equi infection. The assay was developed using serum antibodies collected from horses convalescing from strangles. In this study, we show that a preparation of M-like protein, acid-extracted from S. equi, affords 80% protection to mice immunized with it. A number of mouse mAbs directed against a preparation of M-like protein were then assessed for their ability to passively protect mice against challenge with a lethal dose of the bacteria. Two mAbs...
Freeman KP, Todhunter R, Lust G, Erb H, Rakestraw P, Slusher SH, Carroll B.Polychrome-stained equine synovial fluid specimens from 34 normal joints and 129 joints with clinical abnormalities were examined cytologically. The smears from joints with abnormalities were categorized as within normal limits (4.7%), slight abnormality (27.9%), proliferative synovitis (21.7%), neutrophilic pattern (20.2%), elongated cell pattern (10.1%), other moderate to marked abnormality (11.6%) and unsatisfactory (3.9%). Cytologic abnormalities that were not restricted to a single category included spindle cells, crystals, stellate cells and cartilage fragments. Multinucleate cells and m...
Frietsch G, Weigand E, Prüstel N.The postnatal iron status of 20 trotter foals (7 female, 13 male) was studied by analyzing different parameters in blood drawn on the day of birth, and 14 +/- 2 and 28 +/- 2 days later. Hemoglobin hematocrit, plasma iron and transferrin saturation averaged 14.9 g/dl, 41.8%, 300 micrograms/dl and 59.4%, respectively, on the day of birth. These values were significantly reduced after 14 days, but had approached again the initial levels by day 28. There was a slight, statistically nonsignificant rise in the mean total iron-binding capacity over the four-week period. Iron status was not affecting ...
May SA, Hooke RE, Lees P.Chondrocytes subjected to adverse culture conditions in vitro are stimulated to produce the eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the neutral metalloproteinase stromelysin (proteoglycanase). This indicates the potential role of the chondrocyte in cartilage degeneration in equine clinical joint disease and suggests a mechanism which may be involved in the potentiation of the effects of other inflammatory mediators. Therefore, adverse conditions within the joint, such as decreased pH in an inflammatory focus and decreased access of nutrients to deeper layers of cartilage, might contribute to th...
Abrahams S, Greenwald L, Stetson DL.In mammals, the length of the loops of Henle increases with increasing body size without a concomitant rise in urinary concentrating ability. Because mass-specific metabolic rate falls with increasing body mass, this study sought to determine the extent to which this decline in metabolic rate could explain the low urinary concentrating ability of large mammals with long loops of Henle. Mitochondrial ultrastructural parameters were measured in the medullary thick ascending limbs (mTALs) of a series of nine mammalian genera ranging in body mass from 0.011 kg (bats) to approximately 400 kg (horse...
Foley GL, Valentine BA, Kincaid AL.In a retrospective study, cutaneous melanocytic tumors from 18 horses, less than 2 years old, were examined histopathologically and clinical follow-up requested. Melanocytomas (benign melanomas) occurred in a variety of breeds and in horses of varied coat color. The age of the horses at the time of biopsy ranged from 3 weeks old to 2 years old. Four melanocytomas were congenital, 11 melanocytomas were acquired by 1 year of age, and three were acquired prior to 2 years of age. Of the 18 horses, five were male, and 13 were female. All tumors were solitary and located on the legs or trunk; none w...
McKeever KH, Hinchcliff KW, Schmall LM, Muir WW.Exercise-induced changes in renal function were examined during steady-state submaximal treadmill exercise in six unfit mares. Horses were randomly assigned to either an exercise or parallel control (no exercise) trial on day 1 and the alternate trial 1 wk later. The mares ran on a treadmill, set at a 6 degrees incline, for 1 h at 55-60% of maximal heart rate. Exercise significantly (P less than 0.05) increased plasma osmolality, plasma [K+], urine flow (+ 45%), Na+ excretion (+ 371%), K+ excretion (+ 57%), osmotic clearance (+ 32%), Na+ clearance (+ 391%), K+ clearance (+ 33%), and fractional...
Haven ML, Rottman JB, Bowman KF.A leiomyoma of the small colon was discovered incidentally in a 4-year-old Thoroughbred gelding during colic surgery to correct large colon displacement. The mass and 20 cm of small colon were resected, and an end-to-end anastomosis was performed. A postoperative fecal impaction proximal to the anastomosis responded after 5 days to administration of intravenous fluids, analgesics, and stool softeners.
Newman MJ, Issel CJ, Truax RE, Powell MD, Horohov DW, Montelaro RC.Suppression of the immune system is a common aspect of the disease pathogenesis associated with retroviral infections in both man and animals. We have measured transient suppression of the equine immune system as a loss or decrease in antigen-specific and polyclonal lymphocyte proliferation following experimental infection of ponies with three variants of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) with difference virulence characteristics. The transient suppression of proliferative responses was temporally associated with recurrent febrile episodes, which are the hallmark symptom of EIAV-induced di...
Johnson L, Varner DD, Tatum ME, Scrutchfield WL.To evaluate the effect of age and season on Sertoli cell number per paired testes, ratio of germ cells per Sertoli cell, and daily sperm production, testes were obtained from 184 adult (4-20 yr) stallions at slaughter throughout one year. Numbers of Sertoli cells or germ cells were derived from nuclear volume density, volume of individual nuclei, and parenchymal volume. Germ cell to Sertoli cell ratios were calculated from cell numbers. Regression analysis was used to detect age-related differences in the breeding season (May-Jul) or throughout the year. A two-way analysis of variance was used...
Ford TS, Schumacher J, Chaffin MK, Vacek J, Brumbaugh GW, Crossland LE.An intrathoracic esophageal pulsion diverticulum causing repeated episodes of esophageal obstruction in a Morgan weanling colt was diagnosed by endoscopy, positive contrast radiography, and pleuroscopy. Surgical excision of the diverticulum alleviated clinical signs, and the horse was able to resume a normal diet by day 6. After 9 months the colt remains asymptomatic.
Tekin N, Yurdaydin N, Klug E, Yavas Y, Aksu A, Gülyüz F.Within a German-Turkish university partnership documentation of reproductive data of brood-mares was performed as a part project of the cooperation contract. In the study Arab, Haflinger and cross-breed mares were included. The mares mainly were housed in big studfarms and a smaller part was kept under small private farms. Almost three quarters of both the Arab and Haflinger mares exhibited an estrous length of 1-4 days, whereas the others showed a heat duration of a period of 5-10 days. In the same group of probands a mean length of sexual cycle of 18-24 days could be observed in 38.2% of the...
Francis JM, Neander CR, Roeder MJ, Perry EB.Palatants may be added to equine feed and medication either during or after manufacturing to enhance product acceptance. Prior studies have examined a variety of palatants but results have been limited and inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate topically applied oil-based palatants on feeding preferences in horses. Stock-type horses (n = 10) were used in this paired preference test across a two-phase study. Phase one compared six palatants (banana, anise, peppermint, apple, spearmint, and orange) to a control (corn oil), whereas phase two compared preference a...
Quinn GC, Tremaine WH, Lane JG.There are few reports of case series of horses with supernumerary cheek teeth (SCT) that document clinical findings, treatment and long-term outcome. Objective: To review the clinical and ancillary diagnostic findings and responses to different treatments in horses with SCT. Methods: The case records of 15 horses were reviewed and long-term outcomes obtained by telephone interview. Results: Fifteen horses with a total of 24 SCT were identified. Two SCT were incidental findings and were not treated. Clinical signs were improved or resolved in 11 of 13 of the teeth treated conservatively and all...
Martens A, de Moor A, Waelkens E, Merlevede W, De Witte P.The therapeutic potential of the photodynamic compound, hypericin, in the treatment of equine sarcoids was evaluated. The in vitro cytotoxicity was assessed using three equine cell lines and the observed phototoxic effect was comparable to that on different highly sensitive human cell lines and significantly influenced by the energy density used although independent of the cell type. The in vivo antitumoural action of photodynamic therapy using hypericin was evaluated on three equine sarcoids in a donkey. Four intratumoural injections were given and the tumours were illuminated daily during 25...
Eckers C, Skrabalak DS, Henion J.We describe an integrated micro-liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer (micro-LC/MS) system capable of performing routine determinations for 1--10 ng of drugs and their metabolites extracted from biological fluids. The micro-LC is constructed from conventional "high-performance" liquid-chromatographic instrumentation by using commercially available components. The mass spectrometer is operated in the chemical ionization mode. The direct liquid introduction micro-LC/MS interface can be constructed from commercially available materials. Chromatographic and mass spectral results demonstrate the a...
Reimann HA.It is conceivable that a change from the virulent, non-phagocytable S form of Pneumococcus to the avirulent phagocytable R form may take place in pneumococcus disease, but the experiments here reported do not settle the question whether or not this is an important factor in determining the outcome in natural infection. It has been shown experimentally that the degradation from the S form to the R form actually does take place in cultures of Pneumococcus growing in agar subcutaneously embedded in guinea pigs, in agar enclosed in vials subcutaneously embedded in rabbits, and spontaneously in the...
Li JR, Wang W, Shi FX.The effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) on follicular development and ovulation in cyclic guinea pigs were investigated by histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Three groups of guinea pigs (n=12) were administrated subcutaneously with saline, 20 or 50 IU of eCG, respectively, on cyclic Day 12 (Day 1=vaginal openings). Ovaries were collected at 4 and 8 d after administration (6 animals per group each time). The eCG administration induced significant and distinct morphological changes in the ovaries, as it promoted the luteinization of granulosa cells, but not follicular deve...
Jemmerson R, Margoliash E.Of the antigenic determinants so far identified for cytochrome c, only one involves more than a single amino acid substitution between the immunogen and host proteins. Both a threonine at position 89 and a glutamic acid at position 92 control one of the three antigenic sites identified in horse cytochrome c, as expressed in rabbits. Three antibody subpopulations, all directed against this region of the molecule, were isolated from the serum of a single rabbit by adsorption on a series of insolubilized cytochromes c. Antibody fluorescence quenching titrations with a variety of cytochromes c wer...
Wang Z, Robinson NE, Yu M.This study was conducted to determine the effects of stimulation parameters and muscle preload on acetylcholine (ACh) release induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) of horse airway cholinergic nerves. Trachealis strip bundles were prepared and suspended in 2-ml tissue baths. The tissues were stimulated three to five times for 30 min each. Increasing frequency (0.5-16 Hz) and voltage (5-20 V) increased ACh release; increasing pulse duration (0.5-3 ms) had only a minor effect. Alterations in muscle preload (2-20 g) had no effect on ACh release. ACh release was fairly constant for up to fi...
Betton JM, Desmadril M, Mitraki A, Yon JM.The unfolding-refolding transition of horse muscle phosphoglycerate kinase induced by guanidine hydrochloride was studied under equilibrium conditions using four different signals: fluorescence intensity at 336 nm, UV difference absorbance at 286 and 292 nm, ellipticity at 220 nm, and enzyme activity. From the following arguments, we found that the process deviates from a two-state model and intermediates are significantly populated even at equilibrium: (1) the noncoincidence of the transition curves and (2) the asymmetry of the transition curve obtained from CD measurements. From these differ...
Gerber H, Ueltschi G, Diehl M, Schatzmann U, Straub R.For various anamnestic reasons the cervical vertebral column of 78 horses was examined radiologically. Statistical comparisons showed that male "warmbloods" were more frequently affected than was expected. Our horses were older than comparable animals in the international literature. Independently of their history the radiologic diagnosis of "cervical spondylarthrosis" was established in 56 horses. Arthrosis and other conditions were clinically manifested by spinal ataxia (44 horses) or mechanical impairment of the neck's mobility (21 horses). 10 of the arthrotic patients had synovial cysts ca...
Bauerfeind R, Barth S, Weiss R, Baljer G.Strains of Salmonella isolated from animals in Germany (n = 878) were analysed for the presence of the spvD gene ("Salmonella plasmid virulence gene D") by DNA-DNA hybridization. The spvD gene was only detected in strains of serovars Typhimurium (93.3%), Enteritidis (97.1%), and Dublin (100%) as well as in two rough strains of Salmonella enterica. Salmonella isolates from mammals carried the gene more frequently (cattle 94.0%, horses 92.6%, pigs 73.7%) than those from birds (33.3%) or reptiles (4.5%). Due to its high prevalence in epidemiologically relevant salmonellae, the virulence factor sp...
Laing JA, Hutchins DR.Progressive ethmoidal haematoma was diagnosed in 12 Thoroughbreds, 1 part- Arab and 1 stock horse. Ages ranged from 3 to 18 years and both males and females were affected. Diagnosis was based on history, clinical signs, endoscopic and radiographic findings, and was confirmed histologically in 10 cases. Eleven (78%) of the lesions were unilateral and 3 (22%) were bilateral. Two horses were euthanased on diagnosis, 4 were treated conservatively. Of the latter, 3 were euthanased 6 to 24 months after diagnosis, due to progression of the lesions, while 1 case resolved completely within 13 months. E...
Padilla SL, Prieto K, Dohm DJ, Turell MJ, Klein TA, Fernández R, Watts DM, Lowen RG, Palacios GF, Pitt ML, Wiley MR, Nasar F.Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an important pathogen of medical and veterinary importance in the Americas. In this report, we present the complete genome sequences of five VEEV isolates obtained from pools of Culex (Melanoconion) gnomatos (4) or Culex (Melanoconion) pedroi (1) from Iquitos, Peru. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that all five isolates grouped within the VEEV complex sister to VEEV IIIC and are members of subtype IIID. This is the first report of full-length genomic sequences of VEEV IIID.
Westendorf J, Wobeser B, Epp T.Inter- and intra-rater variability negatively affects the reliability of various histopathology grading scales used as prognostic aids in human and veterinary medicine. The Kenney-Doig categorization (grading) scale, which is used to associate equine endometrial histologic lesions with prognostic estimation of a broodmare's reproductive potential, has not been evaluated for inter- or intra-rater variability, to our knowledge. To assess whether the Kenney-Doig system produces reliable results among observers, 8 pathologists, all with American College of Veterinary Pathologists certification, we...
Woods GL, Steiner JV.The objective of this project was to produce multiple pregnant recipient mares during one year from each of four mares which were in athletic training and competition. Twenty-six embryos were recovered from the four mares in 38 collection attempts. Each embryo was surgically transferred to one of 20 recipient mares. Nine of 10 recipient mares which were transferred to on one occasion were detected pregnant at the one week post transfer pregnancy examination and six of eight mares which were transferred to on two occasions were detected pregnant at one of the one-week post transfer pregnancy ex...
Awasthi G, Srivastava G, Das A.Comparative genomics and evolutionary analyses of conserved genes have enabled us to understand the complexity of genomes of closely related species. For example: β-globin gene present in human hemoglobin is one such gene that has experienced many genetic changes in many related taxa and produced more than 600 variants. One of the variant, HBS causes sickle-cell anemia in humans but offers protection against severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, we characterized and performed evolutionary comparative analyses of the ?-globin gene in different related and unrelated...
Heerkens TM.Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes rhinopneumonitis, abortion, and rarely, myeloencephalopathy. The neurovirulence of this virus is due to a point mutation in the DNA polymerase gene. Diagnosis by virus isolation has been replaced by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays that can detect strains, viral loads, and states; this may aid in control and management of the disease. L’herpèsvirus équin de type-1 (EHV-1) cause la rhinopneumonie, l’avortement et rarement la myéloencéphalopathie. La neurovirulence de ce virus est attribuable à une mutation ponctuelle à l’intér...
Evans DL, Silverman EB, Hodgson DR, Eaton MD, Rose RJ.The relationship between gait and the respiratory response to exercise was examined in five standardbred racehorses which exercised on a treadmill at a pace and a gallop. After an initial warm-up, respiratory rate and stride frequency were measured after one and two minutes of treadmill exercise at 80 per cent of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), after one minute at 100 per cent VO2max and after two minutes at 100 per cent VO2max (galloping horses only). Exercise at 100 per cent VO2max continued until the horses showed signs of fatigue. Arterial blood was collected during exercise and when ...
Teijeiro JM, Marini PE.The oviduct is a dynamic organ in which final gamete maturation, fertilization and early embryo development take place. It is considered to be a sterile site; however the mechanism for sterility maintenance is still unknown. S100A7 is an anti-microbial peptide that has been reported in human reproductive tissues such as prostate, testicle, ovary, normal cervical epithelium and sperm. The current work reports the presence of S100A7 in the Fallopian tube and its localization at the apical surface of epithelial cells. For comparison, porcine S100A7 was used for antibody development and search for...
Jonckheere JA, Thienpont LM, De Leenheer AP, De Backer P, Debackere M, Belpaire FM.A method has been developed for quantification of bromhexine in plasma using gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. A deuterium labelled analogue was synthesized and used as the internal standard. To evaluate the gas chromatographic electron capture detection method described earlier, 23 plasma samples have been analysed by both techniques. Although a good correlation was shown, selected ion monitoring was superior to the electron capture detection method for levels below 3 ng ml-1. The mass spectrometric method has also been used to set up a pharmacokinetic study o...
Katzman SA, Spriet M, Galuppo LD.OBJECTIVE To describe the use of CT in the diagnosis of and presurgical planning for equids with keratomas treated by hoof wall resection and determine postoperative complications and outcome. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 29 horses and 3 mules with keratomas treated by partial or complete hoof wall resection following CT imaging of the distal portion of the affected extremity from 2005 through 2016. PROCEDURES For each equid, physical examination and lameness evaluation were performed, followed by imaging of the distal portion of the affected extremity. A tentative diagnosis of ke...
