Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Surface oximetry of healthy and ischemic equine intestine. Measurements of jejunal, ileal, and large colon (pelvic flexure) surface O2 tension (PSO2) were made in halothane-anesthetized horses with a nonheated miniature oxygen polarographic electrode. Assisted ventilation with 100% O2 was used to maintain PaCO2 tension at 50 +/- 8 mm of Hg while mean arterial blood pressure was maintained greater than or equal to 70 mm of Hg. Mean +/- SD PSO2 for the intestinal segments were: jejunum (horses 1 to 4), 71 +/- 20 mm of Hg; ileum (horses 1 to 4), 61 +/- 8 mm of Hg; and pelvic flexure of the large colon (horses 1 to 10), 55 +/- 13 mm of Hg. The response of...
The lack of effect of inoculation with equine influenza vaccine on theophylline pharmacokinetics in the horse. Several studies conducted during the past few years have shown that the pharmacokinetics of a variety of drugs may be altered following viral infection or vaccination. The elimination of drugs which are extensively metabolized, such as theophylline, may be prolonged, especially following exposure to RNA viruses such as Type A influenza or similar orthomyxoviruses. The purpose of this study was to determine whether vaccination of horses with equine influenza virus affected pharmacokinetic parameters describing the distribution and elimination of intravenously administered theophylline. Three th...
Principles of learning. This article discusses some general principles of learning as well as possible constraints and how such principles can apply to horses. A brief review is presented of experiments that were designed to assess learning in horses. The use of behavior modification techniques to treat behavior problems in horses is discussed and several examples of the use of these techniques are provided.
Clinical survey of antibodies against red blood cells in horses after homologous blood transfusion. Serum samples of 20 horses were evaluated for antibodies against RBC after homologous blood transfusion. Transfusion-associated antibodies against RBC were detected in 10 horses. Antibodies recognizing horse blood group antigens Aa, Ae, Db, and Dc were identified. Antibodies against Aa were found in all samples from Aa-negative horses that were transfused with Aa-positive RBC. Antibodies against Aa persisted for at least 1 year after transfusion. Antibodies against Ae were detected in 7 of 8 horses transfused with Ae-positive RBC. Initial appearance and persistence of antibodies against Ae dif...
Sexual behavior of mares. Behavior during the estrous phase of the ovulatory cycle of the mare is analogous in most ways to that of estrous females of other species. Proceptive behaviors bring the mare into the proximity of the male and attract his attention. Positioning facilitates mounting, intromission, and ejaculation. Estrous signs appear to be more intense in the few days prior to ovulation than during the transition periods that separate the recurring estrous and diestrous phases. Sexual behavior is absent during diestrus. Detection of estrus in mares is problematic in that it requires the presence (or at least ...
Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue concentrations of ticarcillin given to the horse by intravenous and intrauterine routes. Plasma and endometrial tissue concentrations of ticarcillin were measured in healthy mares. In the first of the 3 separate phases comprising the study, ticarcillin disodium (30 mg/kg) was administered IV. The mean peak concentration in endometrial tissue, 12.9 micrograms/g, was attained at 30 minutes. The plasma half-life of the drug in the 6 mares was 0.83 +/- 0.22 hour. Six grams of the drug was diluted in 250 ml of sodium chloride injection USP (2nd phase) and in 60 ml of sodium chloride injection USP (3rd phase). These dilutions were administered by intrauterine infusion. In phase 2, the m...
Studies on the nutritional physiology of zoophilic dermatophytes isolated from horses in Ibadan, Nigeria. The effects of the various growth factors with regard to the nutritional physiology of zoophilic dermatophytes isolated from horses are reported. The optimum temperature, pH and growth period for the fungal isolates were found to be 30 degrees-35 degrees C, 5-6 and 7-12 days respectively while the carbon and nitrogen sources utilised by the organisms were sucrose, fructose, maltose, L-arginine and calcium nitrate. The use of these factors in preparation of efficacious fungicides used in the treatment of ringworm infections in man and animals is discussed.
Feeding behavior. Problems related to feeding behavior in horses fall into three main categories: underconsumption, overconsumption, and abnormal consumption. Anorexia may be caused by a variety of diseases and overcome by removing the underlying causes (pain, fever), and physical or chemical stimulation of appetite. "Hypophagia" may be caused by poor dentition, disease, or stress. Again, removal of the cause or stimulation by physical or chemical means may improve intakes. Acute and chronic overconsumption of feeds are reflections of the normal controls (or lack thereof) of feeding in the horse. The only relia...
Follow-up evaluation of horses after neonatal intensive care. A follow-up study was conducted on 131 foals that were less than 7 days old when admitted to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between 1981 and 1983. Of the 71 foals (54%) that survived to be discharged, 39 (55%) were alive at follow-up evaluation, 19 (27%) could not be located, and 13 (18%) had died. The owners of surviving foals were sent questionnaires and 72% responded. The horses were visited and examined, if geographically possible, and an age-matched stablemate or a sibling also was evaluated and used as a control. Thirteen foals (10% of total admitted) died...
Stable vices and trailer problems. Stable vices include oral vices such as cribbing, wood chewing, and coprophagia, as well as stall walking, weaving, pawing, and stall kicking. Some of these behaviors are escape behaviors; others are forms of self-stimulation. Most can be eliminated by pasturing rather than stall confinement. Trailering problems include failure to load, scrambling in the moving trailer, struggling in the stationary trailer, and refusal to unload. Gradual habituation to entering the trailer, the presence of another horse, or a change in trailer type can be used to treat these problems.
Behavior problems of equids in zoos. Behavior problems in zoo equids commonly result from a failure to provide for needs basic to equine nature. Equids are gregarious, and failure to provide companions may result in pacing. Wild equids spend 60 to 70 per cent of their time grazing, and failure to provide ad libitum roughage contributes to the problems of pacing, cribbing, wood chewing, and coprophagia. Mimicking the normal processes of juvenile dispersal, bachelor-herd formation, and mate acquisition reduces the likelihood of agonistic and reproductive behavior problems. Infanticide can be avoided by introducing new stallions to ...
A survey in Louisiana of intestinal helminths of ponies with little exposure to anthelmintics. Ponies reared with minimal or no exposure to anthelmintics were surveyed for intestinal helminths in order to estimate prevalence and intensity of parasite populations unaltered by frequent exposure to anthelmintics. Thirty-seven mixed breed ponies of varying ages were examined. Thirty-four species of nematodes and 2 species of cestodes were found. Twenty-four of the nematode species (including 1 new species) were in the subfamily Cyathostominae (small strongyles). Eighty-seven percent of the total burden of adult small strongyles in the large intestine was composed of 10 species. By comparing...
Lentivirus genomic organization: the complete nucleotide sequence of the env gene region of equine infectious anemia virus. The nucleotide sequence of the envelope (env) gene region of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a member of the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses, has been determined from a clone of integrated proviral DNA for which the gag and pol sequences have been reported previously. The env gene is 859 codons in length and the sequence reported here is consistent with the published biochemical properties of EIAV glycoproteins. The env gene region of EIAV shares considerable structural similarities but negligible sequence homologies with the env genes of other members of the lentivirus subfamily, ...
Restraint. The object of restraint is to limit, restrict, and keep under control the animal's movement while performing different procedures. The author discusses the importance of evaluating the horse and its owner prior to employing any type of restraint, various concepts of restraint, and examples of situations in which restraint may be required.
[The clinical pharmacology of glycerol guaiacolate ether in the horse–a review]. The physical and chemical properties, administration, biotransformation, pharmacological effects, clinical applications, side-effects, toxicity and contraindications of glyceryl guaiacolate ether in the horse are reviewed.
Social structure. Socially feral horses live in stable social groups characterized by one adult male, a number of adult females, and their offspring up to 2 years of age. Extra males either live by themselves or with other males in bachelor groups. The bands occupy nondefended home ranges that often overlap. Many abnormal behaviors seen in domestic horses occur because some aspect of their normal social behavior cannot be carried out in captivity.
Laryngotracheal injury associated with nasotracheal intubation in the horse. Laryngotracheal damage following short-term nasotracheal intubation was studied in 7 healthy horses. A flexible fiberoptic endoscope was used to examine the upper respiratory tract of each horse before nasal intubation with a cuffed silicone endotracheal tube and again at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours after extubation. Any abnormalities still evident at 48 hours were evaluated at 7 days after extubation. Mucosal damage involved the nasal meatus (5 of 7 horses), the arytenoid cartilages (5 of 7 horses), the trachea (5 of 7 horses), the dorsal pharyngeal recess (4 of 7 horses), the vocal folds ...
Development of a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method using multiple analytes for the confirmatory analysis of anabolic steroid residues in horse urine. II. Detection of administration of 19-nortestosterone phenylpropionate to equine male castrates and fillies. Esters of 19-nortestosterone form an important group of anabolic preparations used in veterinary practice. Based upon results from detailed metabolic studies for 19-nortestosterone in the horse, a method to confirm the administration of anabolic preparations of this steroid to castrated male horses and fillies is described; the method is based upon the use of multiple analytes. Following administration of the anabolic preparations, solid-phase extraction of urinary conjugates and the separation of the conjugate groups prior to hydrolysis allow for the determination of specific metabolites conj...
An evaluation of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution for the treatment of experimentally induced dehydration in the horse. Five standardbred geldings were given 1 mg/kg bodyweight of frusemide by intramuscular injection to induce mild dehydration. After food and water deprivation overnight, the mean weight loss was 24.4 +/- 1.8 kg (5.5 per cent of bodyweight). The horses were then given an equivalent volume of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution by stomach tube. No more than 10 litres was given every 30 minutes until the calculated bodyweight loss had been replaced. Measurements made before, during and after the fluid administration included bodyweight, arterial blood haematocrit, PCO2, pH, standard bicar...
Resistance of horse alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor to perchloric acid denaturation and a simplified purification procedure resulting therefrom. Addition of perchloric acid (6.4% w/v final concentration) to horse alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor or to horse plasma neither precipitated nor inactivated alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. None of the isoinhibitors of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor was altered by dilute perchloric acid. This unexpected behavior led to a simplified procedure for the purification of horse alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, consisting of removal of the bulk of plasma proteins, by perchloric acid precipitation and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and G-200. The resulting preparations of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor were immu...
Arthritis and panuveitis as manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a Wisconsin pony. Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi caused panuveitis and arthritis in a pony. Spirochetes were detected by direct immunofluorescence in the anterior chamber of the eye. The carpal joints had severe degenerative joint disease, with synovial proliferation. The synovium and serum had B burgdorferi antibody titers of 1:1024. The pony lived in an area of Wisconsin where infection with B burgdorferi is endemic in human beings. Previously, serum antibodies to B burgdorferi had been found in horses, but disease had not been reported.
Arthroscopic landmarks of the equine carpus. The radiocarpal and middle carpal joints of 4 clinically normal horses and 24 necropsy specimens were examined with an arthroscope to describe the topographic anatomy of these joints. The carpal bones of the radiocarpal joint had congruent articular surfaces in extension, but carpal flexion resulted in a stairstep between the radial and intermediate carpal bones. The variable surface anatomy, as well as the restricted synovial space and the technical limitations of the arthroscope, contributed to the need for more than one arthroscopic approach to the radiocarpal joint to ensure a thorough exa...
Spectrofluorimetric study of the bile salt micelle binding site of pig and horse colipases. Pig and horse colipases contain three tyrosine residues. In addition, horse colipase possesses a tryptophan residue. Some of the tyrosine residues are involved in the association of colipase and a bile salt micelle. The present report demonstrates that the aromatic residues responsible for colipase fluorescence are in an aqueous environment. In the presence of bile salt micelles, changes in colipase fluorescence properties indicate that the intrinsic fluorophores are located in a more hydrophobic environment upon colipase-micelle complex formation. In addition, the fluorescence of an NBD group...
