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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
The effect of prostaglandin E1 on motility of the equine gut. Prostaglandin E1 was infused intravenously (25, 50 and 75 ng/kg/min) in three ponies. Changes in gastrointestinal mechanical and electrical activity were recorded from chronically implanted strain-gauge force transducers and electrodes. Dose-dependent responses were obtained: there were significant decreases in electrical spiking activity in the stomach, left large colon and small colon, with a corresponding decrease of activity in the left dorsal colon mechanogram. The small intestine was also affected, showing a decrease in both contraction rate and amplitude, which was more marked in the pr...
Head protection for horse riders: a cause for concern. We report the frequency with which horse riders with a significant head injury present to a large accident and emergency department. We have also recorded details about the use of headwear and conclude that horse-riding is associated with a serious risk of head injury and 'protective' headwear may not always protect.
Photomicrographic evaluation of stallion spermatozoal motility characteristics. A photomicrographic method for evaluation of stallion spermatozoal motility was developed, and spermatozoal image and velocity characteristics were defined. The photomicrographic method was compared with visual estimation of motility in the same semen sample over time. Using photomicrography, velocities and percentages of individual spermatozoal image characteristics were determined. Although there was a high correlation between results of the 2 methods, results of the photomicrographic method were more repeatable than were those of the visual method.
Changes in the synovia after the intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate into normal horse joints and after arthrotomy and experimental cartilage damage. Sodium hyaluronate was injected into normal horse joints and joints that had undergone an arthrotomy and experimental cartilage damage. The elimination half-life for hyaluronic acid in normal joints was found to be approximately 96 h. The injection caused a non-significant increase (42%) in synovial fluid protein concentration and a fall in the intrinsic viscosity of the fluid. In the arthrotomy group the synovial fluid hyaluronic acid concentration fell after surgery but it was unaffected by the injection of sodium hyaluronate. An initial rise in the intrinsic viscosity of the synovial fluid ...
Immunodeficiency manifested by oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia in foals. Oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia were diagnosed in 8 foals that had laboratory and/or pathologic evidence of immunodeficiency. Two foals suffered solely from complete failure of passive transfer of colostal immunoglobulins. Six foals had evidence of immune defects but did not meet the criteria for diagnosis of any of the currently recognized primary equine immunodeficiency syndromes. All six of these foals died or were euthanatized due to bacterial infections. One foal with failure of passive transfer recovered and the other died of a mesenteric torsion before the effect of treatment ...
Increased daily sperm production in the breeding season of stallions is explained by an elevated population of spermatogonia. Seasonal variation in number of spermatogonia and germ cell degeneration was evaluated to determine which mechanism might explain seasonal differences in daily sperm production per testis (DSP/testis) or per g parenchyma (DSP/g) in stallions. Comparing 28 adult stallions (4 to 20 yr old) in each of the nonbreeding (December-January) and breeding (June-July) seasons, the population of type A spermatogonia was more than two times greater (P less than 0.01) in the breeding season. While the number of type B spermatogonia also was elevated (P less than 0.01) in the breeding season, the number of t...
An investigation, in vitro, of the actions of three Western Australian snakes on the blood coagulation of the dog, cat, horse and wallaby. Venoms of the tiger snake and brown snake were procoagulant, in vitro, when tested with cat, dog, horse and wallaby plasma. In the absence of calcium and phospholipid the coagulant activity of tiger snake venom was minimal. In contrast, brown snake venom alone had marked procoagulant activity. This activity, however, was enhanced by the presence of calcium and phospholipid. Death adder venom exerted an anticoagulant effect. Apparent species' differences in susceptibility to the coagulant venoms were noted. However, the probable explanation of these differences was attributed to variation in th...
Effects of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone on basic drug detection in high performance thin layer chromatographic systems. Interference or 'masking' in thin layer chromatography occurs when the presence of one drug on a thin layer plate physically obscures or interferes with the detection of another drug. We investigated the ability of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone to mask or interfere with the detection by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) of basic drugs used illegally in horse racing. Of fifty-five basic drugs called 'positive' since 1981 by laboratories affiliated with the Association of Official Racing Chemists (AORC), forty did not comigrate with phenylbutazone or oxyphenbutazone and cou...
The sequence of equine muscle carbonic anhydrase. The sequence of equine muscle carbonic anhydrase (CA-III) has been determined. The 2 reactive cysteines of the 5 such residues have been localized. A strong sequence homology to other mammalian carbonic anhydrases exists, and 91% of the residues in the equine and bovine muscle forms are identical.
Successful treatment of traumatic oesophageal rupture with severe cellulitis in a mare. A five-year-old standardbred mare suffered a cervical oesophageal rupture subsequent to a kick. Marked cellulitis and extensive soft tissue damage resulted. Treatment consisted of creating an oesophageal fistula, local debridement and systemic antibiotics. The mare made a long but successful recovery. Treatment of oesophageal rupture in the horse is discussed.
Sex chromosome mosaicism and infertility in mares. From the standpoint that cytogenetic screening in mares is seldom necessary as an aid to diagnosis of the gonadal dysgenesis syndrome, a series of double-blind trials were conducted to test the proposal that present practice failed to explore the potential for cytogenetics in clinical practice. It was demonstrated that diagnoses of infertility might be made where mares were found to be of normal phenotype by clinical examination. Such mares were found to be gonosmic mosaics. One stallion had a polymorphism of the X chromosome and had poor conception rates. It was demonstrated that the true val...
Surgical and medical management of rhinophycomycosis (conidiobolomycosis) in a horse. A horse had severe granulomatous lesions of the upper airways that were attributable to Conidiobolus coronatus. Therapeutic success was documented by clinical examination of the horse 4 years after treatment by surgical extirpation and intralesional and topical use of amphotericin B.
[Progesterone in mare’s milk: suitable for early pregnancy detection?]. The concentrations of progesterone in milk were determined in twenty-one mares to establish a diagnosis of pregnancy in an early stage (15-19 days). Progesterone levels varied from 0.0 to 4.2 ng/ml in nine non-pregnant mares and from 6.7 to 30.0 ng/ml in twelve pregnant mares. Progesterone levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Unusual compound of small molecular weight in the serum of horses with acute grass sickness. An unusual compound of small molecular weight has been detected in serum from horses with acute grass sickness by solvent extractions and thin-layer chromatography. The substance has not been detected in the serum of normal horses or cases of equine colic and apparently disappears from grass sickness serum after two to three days of clinical illness. Although this compound is found in sera which are known to possess in vivo neurotoxicity, this property could not be demonstrated in either the total chloroform extract which contains the compound or in the hydrophilic serum components remaining a...
Microtubular mass defect of spermatozoa in the stallion. A microtubular mass (MM) defect was found in the spermatozoa of 7 Standardbred stallions; 3 stallions were sons of the same sire. Two of these 3 stallions and 2 other stallions (for a total of 4 out of the 7 stallions) were considered subfertile when the defect was first observed. Fertility improved with time, either during the first breeding season or when a given stallion was used less frequently; however, the MM defect persisted, consisting of tortuous arrays of small abnormal microtubules visible only by transmission electron microscopy. The MM probably contained the protein tubulin as ind...
Larval cyathostomiasis (immature trichonema-induced enteropathy): a report of 15 clinical cases. Clinical and laboratory findings are recorded from a series of 15 cases (aged one to 16 years) of sudden-onset chronic diarrhoea with weight loss, progressing in many cases to emaciation and death, associated with the emergence of fourth stage cyathostome (trichoneme) larvae in large numbers through the colonic and caecal mucosae. Apart from a single incident in mid-October, disease only occurred in winter and spring (January to May). Characteristic features included hypoalbuminaemia, increased alpha and beta plasma globulin levels and neutrophilia without left shift. Faecal egg counts were fr...
The ‘Turner’ circle absorber: an anaesthetic breathing system for the horse. An inhalation anaesthetic apparatus for the horse is described and the physiological concepts pertaining to its design presented. The internal diameter of all breathing components is 6.2 cm with no change in cross sectional area throughout the circle system. The soda lime capacity is 25 litres (approximately 20 kg). In the horse, which is apparently predisposed to alveolar hypoventilation during inhalation anaesthesia, it is apparent that adequate anaesthetic apparatus design should be directed towards minimising resistance and dead space and providing maximal and efficient carbon dioxide elim...
Effect of altered ambient temperature on breathing in ponies. The objective was to determine the effect of moderate changes in ambient temperature (TA) on breathing and body temperature in ponies chronically exposed to a TA of 21 degrees C in the summer and 5 degrees C in the winter. Normal (n = 6) and chronic carotid body-denervated (n = 6, 1-2 yr) ponies were studied during 1) winter months over 3-4 days at 5 (control TA) and 23 degrees C and 2) summer months over 2-4 days at 21 (control TA), 30, and 12 degrees C. Neither rectal nor arterial temperature changed with any alteration of TA (P greater than 0.10). Skin temperature (Tsk) always changed by 2-...
Observations of tabanid feeding on mares and foals. The occurrence of tabanid feeding between mares and foals was observed. When mares and foals were observed freely moving within a pasture situation, foals had 2.43% (4 flies in 77 observations vs 297 flies in 139 observations) of the tabanid feeding occurrences of the mares. This difference in tabanid burden varied due to herd size, herd location, and tabanid species. Lower tabanid burden of foals was indicated as a practical protective mechanism against pathogenic agents mechanically transmitted by tabanids, such as equine infectious anemia virus.
Equine alternative pathway activation by unsensitized rabbit red blood cells. The equine alternative complement pathway has been partially characterized and compared to the equine classical activation pathway. A dose-dependent lysis of RbRBC was observed with peak lytic values noted within 10 minutes at 37 degrees C when rabbit red blood cells (RbRBC) were used as an alternative pathway activator. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) sensitized with rabbit hemolysin or partially purified equine IgM antibodies were equally sensitive to lysis. Dilution of the commercial hemolysin by 1/5 reduced lysis from 90% to 38% in the presence of constant cell numbers. Hemolysis of SRBC peak...
Effects of altered ambient temperature on metabolic rate during CO2 inhalation. The purpose of this study was to determine if the changes in O2 consumption (VO2) during CO2 inhalation could in part be due to stimulation of thermogenesis for homeothermy. Twelve ponies were exposed for 30-min periods to inspired CO2 (PIco2) levels of less than 0.7, 14, 28, and 42 Torr during the winter at 5 (neutral) and 23 degrees C ambient temperatures (TA) and during the summer at 21 (neutral TA), 30, and 12 degrees C. Elevating TA in both seasons resulted in an increased pulmonary ventilation (VE) and breathing frequency (f) (P less than 0.01) but no significant increase in VO2 (P great...
