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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Equine Getah virus infection: isolation of the virus from racehorses during an enzootic in Japan. A primary enzootic of equine Getah virus infection involving 722 of 1,903 racehorses occurred at a training center in Japan between September and November of 1978. Sixty-two viral agents were isolated from the plasma of 209 sick horses which exhibited pyrexia with rectal temperatures ranging from 38.5--40 degrees C, urticarial rash on various portions of the body, and edema of the hind legs. The viruses were antigenically related to the AMM 2021, Haruna, and Sagiyama strains of Getah virus. Infection and disease were produced experimentally in horses when inoculated by the intramuscular or int...
Horse erythrocyte gangliosides: preparation of the major hematoside NeuNG1-Lac-Cer. A simple method for the isolation of hematoside NeuNG1-Lac-Cer from horse erythrocytes is described. An aliquot of the crude ganglioside fraction was labeled by tritiated sodium borohydride after mild periodate oxidation. The compounds obtained were used as radioactive tracers in column chromatography. Gangliosides were applied onto a silicic acid column and eluted stepwise by solvents of steadily increasing polarity. The major ganglioside, NeuNG1-Lac-Cer, was eluted in a high yield by the solvent mixture chloroform/methanol/water (60:35:8, v/v/v).
Studies on the physiopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses. I. Clinical signs. Twenty cases of chronic cough originating in the lung and associated with loss of performance were clinically examined. The physical signs observed were compared with those observed in a control series of 38 clinically normal horses. Reduced work tolerance, coughing for more than 3 months and abnormal pulmonary sounds (râles) were primary signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Forced abdominal expiratory efforts and pumping of the anus were regarded as confirmatory signs. Neither nasal discharge nor increased marginal distance was found to be a reliable sign of COPD. The mean ...
The disposition of calcium within parathyroid tissue. The disposition of 45Ca was studied in equine parathyroid gland slices. This preparation was shown to be viable by its ability to carry out protein synthesis, by the responsiveness of its respiration to effectors of oxidative phosphorylation, and by its calcium-inhibitable PTH secretion. 45Ca accumulates in the slices as the extracellular calcium is raised through the range in which physiological serum calcium concentration lies. The tissue slices behave as if they have no calcium pump: (a) depriving the cells of energy by treatment with antimycin A does not admit more calcium to the tissue, (...
Equine connective tissue tumors contain unintegrated bovine papilloma virus DNA. Bovine papilloma virus (BPV) appears to be the etiological agent of common equine connective tissue tumors. We investigated the physical state of the viral DNA within such tumors and found no indication for integration into the host genome. The BPV genomes were present as free circular episomes. Two equine sarcoids were shown to contain multiple copies of free circular BPV type 1 (BPV-1) DNA. When the tumors were digested with several single-cut restriction enzymes, there were only form III BPV-1 DNA sequences could be revealed. One of the sarcoids contained, apart from wild-type BPV-1 DNA, a ...
An epidemic of Getah virus infection among racehorses: properties of the virus. A virus (Sakai) which had been recovered from an outbreak of disease in horses was found to be a small spherical enveloped RNA virus with a diameter of approximately 70 nm and a buoyant density of 1.22 g per ml. It grew well and produced a cytopathic effect in a variety of cell cultures; it was sensitive to organic solvents, heat and low pH. It agglutinated goose erythrocytes in a 0.35 M sodium chloride solution at an optimum pH of 6.2 and was antigenically identical or closely related to Getah virus, a member of the alphavirus subgroup of the Togaviridae.
Smooth muscle cells in the testicular capsule of the horse, pig and sheep. Smooth muscle cells are present in the tunica albuginea testis of the horse, pig and sheep. typical fusiform muscle cells constitute a distinct layer up to 0.3 micrometer thick in the horse; there are fewer muscle cells, mainly of the branched form, in the pig; whereas in the sheep the muscle component is least well developed, with some cells intermediate in form between smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts (myofibroblasts). Attention is drawn to the continuity of this capsular muscle with the smooth muscle associated with the vasculature of the spermatic cord in the horse. This association sug...
Digoxin pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, efficacy, and dosage regimens in the horse. The pharmacokinetics of IV administered digoxin and the bioavailability of intragastrically administered powdered digoxin tables suspended in water were investigated in 6 clinically normal adult horses by 125I radioimmunoassay. The effect of 3 to 5 sequential IV doses of 5 micrograms of digoxin/kg of body weight at 2-hour intervals on a left ventricular index of contractility (Vmax) was assessed in 5 clinically normal horses. Standard pharmacokinetic equations and mean pharmacokinetic variables were used to derive parenteral and oral (loading and maintenance) doses for digoxin in horses. The c...
Contagious equine metritis: isolation and characterization of the etiologic agent. Uterine, cervical, and clitoral specimens on swabs from pony mares infected with contagious equine equine metritis (CEM) bacteria were streaked on agar plates. Colonies of CEM bacteria were observed under CO2 incubation in 2 days on Eugon chocolate agar and Eugon blood agar plates. The diameter of the colonies varied from 0.2 mm to 1 mm in 2 days which increased to 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm on day 4. The colonies on Eugon chocolate agar plates on days 2 to 4 were shiny, brown, round, and convex, and easily glided when pushed with a loop. The diameter of the colonies on chocolate and blood agar plates m...
Turnover of 131I-labelled albumin in horses with gastrointestinal disease. Four horses with a history of chronic diarrhoea and weight loss were studied. Three of them revealed malabsorption, as indicated by decreased absorption of D(+)-xylose. Three patients had distinct hypoalbuminaemia, and 131I-albumin turnover rates of these three horses were increased, compared to two normal control horses. However, the increases were not very marked, probably because actual signs of enteric disease were few in the patients, all of which were studied during convalescence. It is suggested that the observed hypoalbuminaemia is due to a gastrointestinal protein loss during the chro...
A survey of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin antibody in human and animal sera in western Canada. Sera from human, cattle, sheep, swine, and horse populations in western Canada were tested for the presence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin antibody by the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test, supplemented by an immunodiffusion test and by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. A total of 224 human, 345 cattle, 165 sheep, 620 swine, and 768 horse serum samples were examined. Low-titer reactions in the PHA test were detected in human, cattle, horse, and swine sera, in that order, with no titers demonstrated in sheep. The titers in human sera ranged up to 1:128 and three of these samples were also...
Some thoughts on swimming horses in a pool. Several indications for swimming horses are recalled. A satisfactory pool and the technique for its use are described. Some observations on the effect on swimming are offered.
The disposition and metabolism of the synthetic prostaglandin fluprostenol (ICI 81,008) in the horse. 1. Following single intramuscular doses of [14C]fluprostenol (0.5--2.4 micrograms/kg) to three female horses and to three gelded male horses, radioactivity was present in the plasma within 5 min; peak concn. (0.32--1.30 ng/ml fluprostenol equiv.) occurred 5 to 90 min after injection. Radioactivity was still present in the plasma of the females after three days. About 88% of fluprostenol is bound to plasma proteins. 2. Radioactivity was present in the parotid saliva of the gelded male horses within 10 min. Peak concn. (45--91 pg/ml fluprostenol equiv.) occurred from 5 min to 1 h after injection...
Equine leukocyte antigen system. II. Serological and mixed lymphocyte reactivity studies in families. Mono- and oligospecific lymphocytotoxic alloantibodies from primiparous mares were tested on cells from horse families of various breeds in the two-step microcytotoxicity assay. The results showed that the detected antigens were inherited co-dominantly and autosomally as simple Mendelian traits. The membrane antigens showed different linkage with one or more other antigens and seem to be coded by a limited number of loci (at least three) from one chromosome. In the families tested one recombinant for the serologically defined antigens was recognized. The mixed leukocyte reactions of cells from...
An epidemic of Getah virus infection among racehorses: isolation of the virus. During the autumn of 1978 a disease characterised by fever and occasionally by exanthema and/or oedema of the limbs was seen in approximately 13 per cent of horses in a training stable in the Kanto district of Japan. A virus was isolated by the intracerebral inoculation of one-day-old mice from blood and nasal swabs taken from naturally and experimentally infected horses. The virus was subsequently passaged in two monkey kidney cell lines in which it produced complete cytopathic changes. Infected horses developed neutralising, complement fixing and haemagglutinin inhibiting antibodies to the v...
On the natural history and comparative pathology of the blue naevus. In man the epidermis is the final destination for most of the melanocytes which are of neural crest origin, and they migrate to a variety of sites. Dermal melanocytic distribution, conspicuous in some lower animals, has a very restricted normal distribution in man, and of the variety of anomalies which exist the blue naevus is the most frequently encountered. It is comparable to the common melanocytoma of dog and hamster. More widespread dermal melanocytoses are rare, and a unique case in which death from melanoma supervened, recently recorded by the author, is an example of a syndrome the onl...
Pathogaenicity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts to ponies. Nine ponies were fed 100,000 infective Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and were given corticosteroid injections before and after feeding the T gondii oocysts. Titers to the Sabin-Feldman dye tests (1:2 to 1:16,384) developed within postinoculation days (PID) 7 to 21 and antibodies persisted to PID 133. Toxoplasma organisms were isolated from the tissues of 4 ponies (heart of 4, brain of 2, spinal cord of 3, diaphragm of 1, skeletal muscle of 1, liver of 1, kidneys of 1) killed between PID 36 and 63, but not from 5 ponies killed between PID 117 and 150. Seemingly, ponies are one of the more resistant...
Repair of digital flexor tendon lacerations in the horse, using carbon fiber implants. Flexible medical grade carbon fiber was surgically implanted in tenectomized or lacerated superficial and deep digital flexor tendons of 13 horses (7 clinical cases and 6 experimental), ranging in age from 15 months to 10 years and weighing 300 to 500 kg. The 6 experimental horses were euthanatized at 30-, 45-, 60-, and 90-day intervals for gross and histologic evaluation of the results. Three of the experimental horses served as their own controls. Of the 7 clinically affected horses, 3 were euthanatized because they developed laminitis or the wound failed to heal. The remaining 4 horses in t...
Intestinal atresia and stenosis in animals: a report of 34 cases. Intestinal atresia was found in 29 animals and stenosis in five. Atresia was found in the duodenum in one pup; in the jejunum in nine calves, two lambs and one piglet; in the ileum in one pup, one lamb and one piglet; and in the colon in one foal, seven calves, one lamb, one piglet and three kittens. Stenosis was found in the duodenum of a foal, in the jejunum in two calves and one pup, and in both the ileum and the colon of a kitten. One lamb showed ileal atresia as well as ileal stenosis. We classified the atresia as type 1, membrane atresia (four cases); type 2, cord atresia (six cases); an...
Moldy sweetclover poisoning in a horse. A six year old Percheron mare was presented with a history of spontaneous unilateral epistaxis of 24 hours duration. The blood one stage prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were markedly prolonged. A diagnosis of moldy sweetclover poisoning was made on the basis of the history and clinical and laboratory findings. A single whole blood transfusion and four daily intravenous injections of vitamin K(3) proved to be a successful treatment.
Critical tests of new benzothiazole anthelmintic tioxidazole in the horse. The basic-dose confirmation tests of tioxidazole for removal of susceptible populations of gastrointestinal parasites of the horse were made in 10 naturally infected horses, using the critical test method (experiment A). A single dose of toxidazole, given at the rate of 11 mg/kg of body weight, was administered to 5 horses by stomach tube and to 5 horses by mixing the drug with the daily grain ration. In the 5 horses given the drug by stomach tube, aggregate average removals were 90% or more for 5 horses infected with Stronglyus vulgaris, 5 infected with S edentatus, 5 infected with small stro...
