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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
[Diagnosis of early pregnancy by testing the progesterone level]. Measuring serum or plasma levels of progesterone can be used to determine if conception has occurred in horses. If the mare's progesterone level is below 2 ng/ml 18 days after mating has occurred, conception has not taken place. This method can be used as an addunct to genital examination, and it can be used to determine if hormonal irregularities are present in mares who have not been able to conceive.
Plasma and sweat electrolyte concentrations in the horse during long distance exercise. Blood samples were taken from 20 horses competing in a 100 km endurance ride and plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate and protein measured. Measurements were performed on samples taken before the ride (pre-ride), at the mid point and end of the ride and after a 30 min recovery period (post-ride). Sweat samples were collected from 6 horses competing in the endurance ride and 14 horses competing in a 3-day event competition and sweat concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride measured. There were substantial decreases in plasma electrolyte concentrations, which...
Eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Panama: the epidemiology of the 1973 epizootic. In late June 1973, a small outbreak of equine encephalitis caused by eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus occurred in the Republic of Panama. At least 100 horses were affected by the disease and 40 died. More than 1,700 human sera were obtained from areas of virus activity but no serological evidence for infection was found. Four isolates of EEE virus were recovered, one of which was from a small pool of Culex taeniopus mosquitoes. Serologic studies of infected horses and classification by the short incubation hemagglutination-inhibition tests revealed that these isolates were South Am...
Protease inhibitor system in horses: classification and detection of a new allele. A method of horizontal thin layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at acid pH has been developed for the separation of the prealbumins in equine plasma. Using this method, it has been possible to split the S allele into two, S1 and S2, bringing the total number of prealbumin alleles in Thoroughbred horses to eight. The gene frequencies of these eight alleles in Australian Thoroughbreds are presented. All eight prealbumin types exhibit antiprotease activity and therefore, it is suggested that the name prealbumin (Pr) should be abandoned in favour of protease inhibitor (Pi) although at this st...
Identification and genetics of horse lymphocyte alloantigens. Six hundred horses were tested with lymphocytotoxic antisera derived from 550 parous mares and 58 antisera produced by alloimmunization with horse blood cells. Seven equine lymphocyte specificities were identified using correlation analysis of the test data, absorption analysis and lysostripping. These specificities are expressed on lymphocytes and platelets, but not on red blood cells (RBC). Therefore, these specificities do not appear to be products of any of the eight known blood group systems of the horse. The distribution of these specificities in 113 Thoroughbred horses and 57 Arabian ho...
H-Y antigen in a fertile XY female horse. The presence of significantly reduced levels of H-Y antigen in the blood of an XY mare is consistent with the view that H-Y genes comprise a system of testis determinants. Loss or suppression of a critical portion of H-Y genes and subthreshold expression of H-Y antigen could account for a failure of testicular differentiation, thereby allowing a measure of ovarian development in an XY embryo.
[Rhinosporidiosis in the horse. Histological and electron microscopic study of a case]. No abstract available
Bioavailability of bromhexine in the horse. Bromhexine was administered orally (2 mg./kg.) and intravenously (i. v.) (1 mg./kg.) in 3 horses. Plasma levels were measured and the pharmacokinetic behaviour and bioavailability were estimated. The half-life of elimination after i. v. administration ranged from 3.1 to 4.4 hours. The mean values of the apparent volume of distribution and the volume of distribution of the central compartment amounted to 16.2 and 3.3 1./kg., respectively. A very high plasma clearance, ranging from 49.8 to 59 ml./kg./min., was found.
One hour after oral administration, a mean peak plasma level of about 14 ng....
Quantitative comparisons of acidic prealbumin (PR) phenotypes in horses. Comparisons of Pr protein amounts in horse sera have been performed using .’s (1965) immunodiffusion technique. Relative values against a chosen standard of 100 % were determined for a total of 435 horses. There was considerable variation between horses, the highest Pr value being 125 and the lowest 50 % of the standard. In animals of the same Pr phenotype the mean Pr values were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in foals than in mares. In Norwegian Trotter horses the Pr value of Pr NN animals was significantly higher than that of Pr SS phenotypes, whereas the mean Pr values of Pr SS was sig...
The origin of nuclear bodies: a study of the undifferentiated epithelial cells of the equine small intestine. During an electron and light microscopic study of the equine intestinal epithelium, it was observed that some secretory granules of the undifferentiated crypt epithelium were incorporated into the nucleus during mitosis. A study was made of the chemical nature of the granules, using standard histochemical techniques: PAS-Alcian blue, Deamination-PAS, and Ninhydrin-Schiff reactions. The granules contained a neutral protein-polysaccharide complex with many terminal amino groups, possibly an antibody (IgA). The intranuclear granules underwent coalescence and degeneration during differentiation. T...
Irregular transmissions in the acidic prealbumin (Pr) system of the horse. During the routine parentage control of Norwegian Trotter horses with 10 000 parent offspring combinations two irregular transmissions of Pr alleles were found. The allele products were provisionally named D1 and D2. They appeared in two stallions which were typed as D1I and D2N respectively. The first stallion transmitted PrD1 to seven out of 10 offspring and the second stallion PrD2 to two of four offspring. Photographs of seven new Pr phenotypes are presented.
[Estimation of milk production in the nursing mare by labeling the body water of the foal]. Female milk production was related to offspring water turnover, estimated by a tracer method (fig. 1). After deuterium oxide was injected into the blood of the offspring, we measured the decrease of its concentration in time. Milk intake was calculated by equations taking into account the weight gain of the offspring. The reliability of this method was checked in 28 bottle-fed lambs with known milk intake; the correlation between the actual intakes and our estimates was 0.98 with an error means of 5.6 p. 100. The error on the mean of 28 lambs was 0.5 p. 100 (table 1). The milk production of 6 ...
Postural effects on lung volumes and asynchronous ventilation in anesthetized horses. Quasi-static pressure-volume curves and single-breath nitrogen washouts were performed simultaneously on eight anesthetized horses (average body wt = 485 kg) in left lateral, right lateral, prone, and supine postures (sequence randomized). The shift from prone to lateral or supine posture decreased expiratory reserve volume (ERV), vital capacity (VC), residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC), and total lung capacity (TLC); RV and FRC expressed as %TLC were unchanged, suggesting that in the lateral and supine postures a significant portion of the lung volume was not recruited by...
A new method for the isolation of aminoacylase from mammalian kidneys. Aminoacylase (E.C. 3.5.1.14) was isolated from the kidneys of different mammalian species (horse, cattle, rabbit and pig) by extracting the organ with water and subjecting the extract to heat treatment at 70 degrees C for 10 min, then, after having removed denatured proteins by fractionating those remaining in the solution by ammonium sulfate. The enzyme obtained in this way can either be used directly for practical purposes (e.g. preparation of immobilized aminoacylase) or further purified by chromatography. For the further purification of porcine kidney aminoacylase we applied a combination ...
An examination of chromosomes in the stallion (Equus caballus) during meiosis. Meiotic preparations were made from testicular material obtained after surgical castration of eight stallions (Equus caballus) with normal spermatogenesis. The material was examined after conventional Giemsa staining and C-banding. C-banding demonstrated that the Y chromosome at diakinesis associated with the short arm of the X chromosome. In 315 cells at diplotene or diakinesis, 56 (17.7%) had univalents and 51 (16.1%) of these involved the sex chromosomes. The overall mean chiasma number was 54.4 +/- 1.8 SD, and the mean calculated nondisjunction (ND) frequency was 3.4%. These results are di...
Simultaneous preparation of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leucocytes from horse blood on Ficoll-Hypaque medium. Results presented show that highly purified populations of mononuclear (MN) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes can be obtained from horse blood by a procedure similar to that previously described for the separation of these leucocytes from human blood. This involved centrifugation of horse blood on a Ficoll-Hypaque medium with a density of 1.095 g/ml. The procedure required approximately 1 h for completion and resulted in the simultaneous preparation of MN (greater than 98% purity) and PMN (greater than 96% purity) leucocytes. Cell viability exceeded 95% and cells retained immunological fu...
Hematology and biochemistry reference values for the light horse. Reference hematology and biochemistry intervals are presented for a number of variables of clinical interest determined for blood samples obtained from 60 thoroughbred mares, 12 thoroughbred foals and 50 standardbred horses in training. The observations for each variable were examined for outliers and Gaussian distribution. Parametric analysis was used where the observations were Gaussian initially or after any of four transformations, otherwise nonparametric analysis was required for estimation of the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. Description of the sample collection procedures, laboratory method...
