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Topic:Equine Science
Equine Science encompasses the study of horses and their management, health, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, genetics, nutrition, physiology, and veterinary medicine to understand and improve the well-being and capabilities of horses. Areas of focus include equine anatomy, reproduction, behavior, and disease prevention. Research in equine science aims to enhance horse care, optimize training and performance, and address health challenges. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine science, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the field.
Isolation of bicarbonate from equine urine for isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Sodium bicarbonate administration to horses prior to competition in order to enhance the buffer capacity of the organism is considered as a doping offence. The analysis of the isotopic composition of urinary bicarbonate/CO(2) (TCO(2)) may help to identify an exogenous bicarbonate source, as technical sodium bicarbonate exhibits elevated delta(13)C values compared with urinary total carbon. The isolation of TCO(2) from 60 equine urine samples as BaCO(3) followed by an isotopic analysis shows a significant variability of delta(13)C for TCO(2) of more than 10 per thousand. The delta(13)C of total...
Commercial semen freezing: individual male variation in cryosurvival and the response of stallion sperm to customized freezing protocols. One of the challenges for those attempting to cryopreserve stallion spermatozoa is dealing with the stallion to stallion variability in the cryosurvival of their semen. In the dairy industry, each bull stud, essentially utilizes a single cryopreservation technique, and bulls that produce sperm that do not cryopreserve well using that technique are replaced by other bulls. However, replacing stallions is unlikely to prove acceptable to the equine industry, where specific genotypes are desired. Instead, to increase the number of stallions that can be effectively utilized for cryopreserved semen ...
Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration in warmblood horses with heart valve regurgitations. This study measured plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration in horses with heart valve regurgitations (HVR) with and without atrial and ventricular dilatation. Background: In humans and small animals, plasma ANP concentration is increased in heart disease and correlates with the severity of clinical signs and heart enlargement. Methods: Ten healthy horses (control) and 36 horses with HVR were evaluated by auscultation, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and determination of plasma ANP. Results: Control horses demonstrated mean plasma ANP concentration of 21+/-5.4 pg/mL. Of th...
Development of an in vitro three dimensional loading-measurement system for long bone fixation under multiple loading conditions: a technical description. The purpose of this investigation was to design and verify the capabilities of an in vitro loading-measurement system that mimics in vivo unconstrained three dimensional (3D) relative motion between long bone ends, applies uniform load components over the entire length of a test specimen, and measures 3D relative motion between test segment ends to directly determine test segment construct stiffness free of errors due to potting-fixture-test machine finite stiffness.Intact equine cadaveric radius bones, which were subsequently osteotomized/ostectomized and instrumented with bone plates were su...
The effect of hippotherapy on postural control in sitting for children with cerebral palsy. The purpose of this single subject research study was to examine the effects of a once weekly, 10-week hippotherapy program for three children, ages 27-54 months, with cerebral palsy. Participants were rated as Level V on the Gross Motor Function Classification System. The Sitting Dimension of the Gross Motor Function Measure was used to establish a baseline of sitting abilities, and was administered every 2 weeks during intervention. The Sitting Assessment Scale and the Gross Motor Function Measure were administered before, after, and 4 weeks postintervention. Parental perceptions of the hipp...
Cloning and structural analysis of equine platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM, CD31) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1, CD106). Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM, CD31) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1, CD106) are essential for leukocyte emigration and diapedesis. PECAM is an essential histologic marker of endothelial cells; VCAM-1 is a prototype marker for endothelial cell activation. In this study, equine PECAM and VCAM mRNA were cloned and sequenced. Both genes are highly conserved amongst several species. This study also revealed conserved structural and regulatory motifs, emphasizing the importance of these genes' physiological roles in immunological responses.
High prevalence of bovine papillomaviral DNA in the normal skin of equine sarcoid-affected and healthy horses. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV), the causative agent of papillomas in cattle, has been shown to play a major role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids in horses. BPV has also been detected occasionally in normal equine skin. In this study, presence and activity of BPV in normal skin and peripheral blood of 4 groups of horses were evaluated: sarcoid-affected horses, horses living in contact with sarcoid-affected horses, horses living in contact with papilloma-affected cattle and control horses. From each horse, 3 samples on 4 locations were collected: a swab of the intact skin surface and both a ...
Volume effects on yield strength of equine cortical bone. Volume effects are a fundamental determinant of structural failure. A material exhibits a volume effect if its failure properties are dependent on the specimen volume. Many brittle ceramics exhibit volume effects due to loading a structure in the presence of "critical" flaws. The number of flaws, their locations, and the effect of stress field within the stressed volume play a role in determining the structure's failure properties. Since real materials are imperfect, structures composed of large volumes of material have higher probabilities of containing a flaw than do small volumes. Consequen...
Comprehensive screening of acidic and neutral drugs in equine plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A multi-target high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for the detection of low ppt to low ppb levels of anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, anti-diabetics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in equine plasma was developed for the purpose of doping control. Plasma samples were first deproteinated by addition of trichloroacetic acid. Drugs were then extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Bond Elut Certify cartridges, and the extracts were analysed by a triple-quadrupole/linear ion trap LC-MS-MS instrument in positive electrospray...
Statistical analysis of QT/RR hysteresis in healthy horses. The paper describes experiments and their results that offered an insight to relationship between RR and QT intervals in equine ECG signals recorded under various conditions. In contrast to human heart in a great number of cases the QT intervals prolonged with a heart rate acceleration. Peak-to-peak differences between maximum and minimum RR intervals during the excitation response in non-standard responses were twice as smaller as in standard responses and the lengths of QT intervals were significantly longer in the non-standard records. This fact means that the electrical processes in equine...
Expression of cell-surface antigens and embryonic stem cell pluripotency genes in equine blastocysts. Embryonic stem-like (ES-like) cells have now been derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of horse embryos at the blastocyst stage. Because they have been shown to express cell-surface antigens found in both human and mouse ES cells, the present study investigated gene expression patterns in day-7 horse blastocysts from which the horse ES-like cells had been derived originally. The genes studied included Oct-4, stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), SSEA-3, SSEA-4, tumor rejection antigen-1-60 (TRA-1-60), TRA-1-81, and alkaline phosphatase activity, and whereas all three of the SSEA antig...
Allelic heterogeneity at the equine KIT locus in dominant white (W) horses. White coat color has been a highly valued trait in horses for at least 2,000 years. Dominant white (W) is one of several known depigmentation phenotypes in horses. It shows considerable phenotypic variation, ranging from approximately 50% depigmented areas up to a completely white coat. In the horse, the four depigmentation phenotypes roan, sabino, tobiano, and dominant white were independently mapped to a chromosomal region on ECA 3 harboring the KIT gene. KIT plays an important role in melanoblast survival during embryonic development. We determined the sequence and genomic organization of t...
IdeE reduces the bactericidal activity of equine neutrophils for Streptococcus equi. Streptococcus equi (S. equi) causes equine strangles, a highly contagious and widespread purulent lymphadenitis of the head and neck. Highly resistant to phagocytosis, it produces long extracellular chains in affected lymph nodes. In a screen of clones reactive with convalescent serum from a gene library of S. equi CF32 we identified IdeE, an IgG-endopeptidase and homologue of the leucocyte receptor Mac-1 (CD11b). IdeE is expressed during S. equi infection eliciting both serum and mucosal antibody responses which persisted at significant levels in serum for over 200 days. Release from S. equi ...
Effects of exercise on chondrocyte viability and subchondral bone sclerosis in the distal third metacarpal and metatarsal bones of young horses. The objective was to determine the effects of early exercise on the articular cartilage and subchondral bone at specific sites of the distal third metacarpal and metatarsal bones of 12 young Thoroughbred horses allowed free choice exercise at pasture. Six of the horses had additional controlled exercise 5 days per week from mean age of 21+/-20 days of age (range: 3-83 days) until 17.1 months of age. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to quantify viable and non-viable chondrocytes. Proteoglycan scoring and modified Mankin scoring was performed and subchondral bone mineral density measu...
Effect of show jumping training on the development of locomotory muscle in young horses. To investigate whether training for show jumping that is commenced early after birth affects the characteristics of equine locomotory muscle. Methods: 19 Dutch Warmblood horses. Methods: Horses were assigned to a trained or not trained (control) group. After weaning, training (free jumping [2 d/wk] that was alternated with a 20-minute period of exercise in a mechanical rotating walker [3 d/wk]) was started and continued until horses were 3 years old. Fiber type composition (determined from myosin heavy chain [MyHC] content), fiber area, diffusion index (area supplied by 1 capillary), citrate s...
Effect of exercise on development of capillary supply and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle of horses. To determine whether postnatal development of oxidative capacity and capillary supply of skeletal muscle is affected by various movement regimens in horses. Methods: 35 foals. Methods: Dutch Warmblood foals were allocated into 3 groups (box stall rest, box stall rest with training, and free pasture exercise). Training comprised an increasing number of gallop sprints from 1 week after birth to 22 weeks of age. From 22 to 48 weeks, the 3 groups were combined and allowed to exercise freely. Capillary supply (diffusion index [ie, area supplied by 1 capillary]), citrate synthase (CS) activity, and ...
Directional freezing of equine semen in large volumes. Despite its potential impact on the horse industry, sperm cryopreservation is not an established technology throughout the industry, for a number of reasons that include a reduction in pregnancy rate and increased cost per pregnancy. We have evaluated a novel directional freezing technique, based on a multi-thermal gradient (MTG), by comparing it with the conventional, controlled-rate cryopreservation method (CRCM). Ninety-seven ejaculates with > or =50% motility, collected from 31 stallions were each divided into two parts and subsequently frozen by either MTG or CRCM. Frozen samples were ...
Time budget-, behavioral synchrony- and body score development of a newly released Przewalski’s horse group Equus ferus przewalskii, in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area in SW Mongolia. The Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) became extinct in the wild in the 1960s, but survived as a species due to captive breeding. There have been several initiatives to re-introduce the species in central Asia, but until now only two projects in Mongolia establish free-ranging populations. Data on basic ecology and behavior of the species prior to extinction is largely lacking and a good documentation of the re-introduction process is essential. Between 13 May and 2 September 2003 we documented the time budget-, group synchrony and body score development of a newly released Przewals...
Hormonal responses to acute exercise, training and overtraining. A review with emphasis on the horse. Overtraining is an imbalance between training and recovery leading to symptoms associated with a neuroendocrine dysbalance called the overtraining syndrome, a disease characterized by behavioral, emotional and physical symptoms similar with depression. Although the prevalence of overtraining is high in human and equine athletes, at present no sensitive and specific test is available to prevent or diagnose overtraining. Nowadays, it is believed that combination of different (hormonal) parameters appear to be the best indicators of overtraining. Therefore, this review provides a summary of previ...
Don’t fence me in: managing psychological well being for elite performance horses. This article posits that stereotypical behavior patterns and the overall psychological well being of today's performance horse could be substantially enhanced with care that acknowledges the relationship between domesticated horses and their forerunners. Feral horses typically roam in stable, social groups over large grazing territories, spending 16-20 hr per day foraging on mid- to poor-quality roughage. In contrast, today's elite show horses live in relatively small stalls, eat a limited-but rich-diet at specific feedings, and typically live in social isolation. Although the horse has been d...
Immunohistochemical detection of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in the periodontal ligament of equine cheek teeth. The hypsodont equine cheek tooth erupts continuously throughout life. The collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament (PDL) have to remodel constantly to allow the tooth to move in an occlusal direction. Remodeling of the collagen fiber bundles needs to be well-coordinated in order to maintain functional tooth support. The aim of this study was to examine the role of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in the collagen remodeling of the equine PDL under physiological conditions. Specimens containing the PDL interposed between the dental cementum and the alveolar bone were taken from nine Warmblo...
Use of free text clinical records in identifying syndromes and analysing health data. The analysis of data in clinical records could be useful to epidemiologists in planning analytical studies and identifying new research initiatives. This paper describes the method used to develop a systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories on the basis of explicit rules of user-defined coding, and systematically sorting a large volume of records accurately and reliably. The method was used to categorise the reasons for retirement from racing in Hong Kong of 3727 thoroughbred racehorses between the 1992/93 and 2003/04 racing seasons into ...
The efficacy of different hCG dose rates and the effect of hCG treatment on ovarian activity: ovulation, multiple ovulation, pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, synchrony of multiple ovulation; in the mare. Despite the widespread use of hCG to advance ovulation in the mare there is little information on efficacy of dose rates and any contraindications of its use. This study aims to investigate the effect of dose of hCG on ovulation within 48h and the effect of hCG on: ovulation, multiple ovulation (MO), pregnancy, multiple pregnancy (MP) rates and synchrony of MO; additionally whether any seasonal effect is evident. Sequential ultrasonic scanning was used to monitor the occurrence of ovulation, within 48h of treatment, in 1291 Thoroughbred mares treated with either 750iu hCG or 1500iu hCG s.c. Ov...
