Equine Science encompasses the study of horses and their management, health, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, genetics, nutrition, physiology, and veterinary medicine to understand and improve the well-being and capabilities of horses. Areas of focus include equine anatomy, reproduction, behavior, and disease prevention. Research in equine science aims to enhance horse care, optimize training and performance, and address health challenges. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine science, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the field.
Vanderwall DK.Tremendous progress has been made in the development of assisted reproductive techniques that may enhance the reproductive efficiency of the horse. However, techniques that involve the manipulation of oocytes and/or embryos may themselves be detrimental to embryo viability and subsequent development. Therefore, an objective method of assessing viability of embryos before and/or after oocyte/embryo manipulation is desirable. At this time, morphologic evaluation is the most widely used method of determining the viability of equine embryos. Although morphologic assessment of embryo quality will n...
Buonomo FC, Ruffin DS, Brendemeuhl JP, Veenhuizen JJ, Sartin JL.Effects of exogenous pST and bST on metabolic and growth factor variables were examined in three studies with lighthorse mares (455 to 545 kg). In Study 1, eight mares received five s.c. injections of bST or pST (30 mg/d). In Studies 2 and 3, five mares received one s.c. injection of a prolonged release formulation designed to deliver 500 mg of bST (Study 2) or pST (Study 3) over 14 d. Blood samples were collected for several days before injection to establish baseline values, at frequent intervals during treatment, and for several days thereafter. In all studies, blood urea nitrogen concentra...
Merkt H.A stallion got fatal injuries by kicks of a maiden mare because a so called "panic hook" untied spontaneously. The use of such hooks to secure mares during mating should therefore not be recommended.
Squires EL.Equine oocytes obtained either by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration or from slaughterhouse ovaries can be matured in vitro. This generally requires culture in TCM-199 containing serum and hormones for 30 to 36 hours. With this protocol, approximately 50% to 60% of the oocytes are at metaphase-II at the end of the culture period. At least some of these oocytes appear viable based on production of fertilized eggs either through in vitro fertilization or fertilization in vivo of a recipient mare. The success of producing equine embryos in vitro is still extremely low. More than...
Graham JK.The main advantage to using frozen semen in any breeding program is faster genetic gain for the inherited trait desired. Milk production of dairy cows doubled (from 26,000 to 52,000 kg of milk/cow per year) between 1950 and 1980, because the dairy industry was using semen only from bulls with the greatest genetic potential for milk production. This genetic gain could have been achieved without the use of frozen semen; however, the time required to achieve that same genetic progress would have been lengthened exceedingly. Fertility rates using frozen stallion spermatozoa are not equal to that o...
Otte K, Rozell B, Gessbo A, Engström W.A cDNA for equine insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) has been isolated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and subsequently sequenced. The sequenced fragment contained 465 bp including the coding regions for the signal peptide, the entire mature protein, and 4 amino acids into the E-peptide. Like its human counterpart, the mature equine IGF I peptide contains 70 amino acids and was 100% homologous between horse and man. The 49-amino-acid signal peptide had the threonine in position 26 of the human signal peptide substituted by isoleucine. The nucleotide homology across the ent...
Muylle S, Simoens P, Lauwers H.It is generally considered that the age of a horse can be determined by examining its incisor teeth. However, the criteria used to determine age from dental configurations differ widely. The existence of this variety of rules and guidelines was the challenge for the present examination. Detailed descriptions of the incisor teeth of 212 horses of registered age were recorded and the results were compared with the age criteria of various authors. The time at which teeth were shed and the appearance of dental stars seemed to be more reliable features than the disappearance of the cups. The disapp...
Pearson RA, Ouassat M.The age, sex, liveweight and body measurements (heart girth, umbilical girth, height, length from elbow to tuber ischii and circumference of the foreleg cannon bone) of 516 donkeys used to transport goods in Morocco were recorded. There were few donkeys over 12 years of age. For adult donkeys weighing from 74 to 252 kg, the best equation with only one variable for predicting liveweight was: liveweight (kg) = heart girth (cm)2.65/2188. The inclusion of two variables improved the prediction marginally, but the addition of further variables gave little further improvement. The best prediction equ...
Harkins JD, Mundy GD, Stanley S, Woods WE, Boyles J, Arthur RA, Sams RA, Tobin T.Plasma and urinary concentrations of procaine and the duration of response to procaine after its administration as a local anaesthetic to horses were studied. Following injection of a clinical dose of procaine HCl (80 mg), the concentration of procaine in plasma was less than the lower limit of quantitation and unsuitable for threshold determination. Therefore, the urinary concentration of procaine was determined after injection of a dose of 5 mg procaine HCl, the highest no-effect dose (HNED) of this agent. Free unconjugated procaine in equine urine reached a peak concentration of 23.7 ng/mL,...
Riemersma DJ, van den Bogert AJ, Jansen MO, Schamhardt HC.Strains in the tendons of the m. flexor digitalis superficialis (superficial digital flexor, SDFT) and m. flexor digitalis profundus (deep digital flexor, DDFT) tendons, the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor muscle (inferior check ligament, ICL) and the m. interosseus medius (suspensory ligament, SL) of 5 ponies were recorded at the walk and trot using mercury-in-silastic strain gauges (MISS), on a hard surface (brick pavement) and on sand. The horses were shod with normal, flat shoes. On pavement, strain in the SDFT, DDFT and SL increased significantly from the walk (2.19%, 1.15% ...
Tyler CM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ.The VO2(max) in racehorses is approximately double that of elite human athletes and the rate of increase in VO2 at the onset of high intensity exercise is much greater than in man. The kinetics of gas exchange are affected by a warm-up prior to exercise in humans, there being a greater aerobic contribution to high intensity exercise after warm-up. Our hypothesis was that a warm-up would increase aerobic energy delivery in racehorses during high intensity exercise. Thirteen fit Standardbred racehorses ran to fatigue at 115% of VO2(max) on a treadmill at 10% slope. Prior to acceleration, horses ...
Ito A, Imai S, Ogimoto K, Nakahara M.The composition of intestinal ciliates excreted in the feces of 20 Tokara native ponies kept in Iriki farm of Kagoshima University was surveyed. Eleven genera consisting of 18 species were identified based on the description of Strelkow. One new genus including a new species, Wolskana tokarensis n. gen., n. sp., of the family Buetschliidae was recognized and described. The average ciliate density of all horses was 13.8 x 10(3)/ml. Those of stallions (n = 5), mares (n = 11) and foals (n = 4) were 3.9, 16.1 and 43.3 x 10(3)/ml respectively. The value of stallions was significantly lower and that...
Sissener TR, Squires EL, Clay CM.Prostaglandin F2alpha secretion by the uterine endometrium between Days 13 and 14 postovulation causes luteal regression in mares. A mechanism involving interruption or suppression of this secretion causes pregnancy to be maintained. The present study was designed to determine the age of the conceptus when maximal suppression of PGF2alpha secretion occurs. Mares were examined daily during estrus with ultrasonography (day 0 = day of ovulation). Conceptus tissues were recovered nonsurgically on Days 9 (n = 7), 12 (n = 5), 13 (n = 5), and 16 (n = 7) and uterine biopsies on Day 14. Both uterine an...
Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD.Tracheal mucociliary clearance was determined in horses by measuring the rostrad transport of the radiopharmaceutical 99mtechnetium-sulphur colloid following deposition on the tracheal epithelium by intratracheal injection. The effects of head position (head elevated to normal standing position vs head lowered) and of accumulated purulent secretions on tracheal mucociliary clearance were evaluated for the first time in the horse. In normal horses tracheal mucociliary clearance was greatly accelerated by lowering the head so that the cranial trachea was lower than the caudal trachea. Horses con...
Williams D, Siock P, Stenn K.A major challenge to the study of hair follicle growth is an appropriate assay system. Because equine mane follicles are large and noncurved, enabling easy dissection; are readily accessible from a single defined source; and possess a long anagen growth phase, we initiated a study of them in culture. As in our previous studies of human and sheep follicles (Dev Biol 165:469, 1994), we found in this system that transection level dictates the pattern of follicle growth in vitro: follicles transected below the sebaceous gland show a type 1 growth pattern (the shaft grows out with an adherent sheat...
Pearson RA, Lawrence PR, Smith AJ.Draught animal research carried out by scientists at the Centre for Topical Veterinary Medicine (CTVM) in Edinburgh and overseas is reviewed and the major findings are reported. The remit for the work has been to provide basic information on draught animals which can be applied by researchers and extension workers to their own geographic situations. Instrumentation is described which has been designed and manufactured to assist in the measurement of draught animal performance, particularly work output and energy consumption. Energy requirements of cattle, buffaloes and equids for work and ways...
Chopineau M, Stewart F.Reverse transcription-PCR was used to clone the coding region of the donkey (Equus asinus) glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit transcript from pituitary gland RNA. The donkey alpha-subunit sequence demonstrated considerable identity with the horse (97% at the nucleotide level), confirming the very close evolutionary linkage between these two species. The predicted amino acid sequence revealed that the donkey alpha-subunit has the same unusual C-terminus as the horse alpha-subunit, when compared with all other mammalian alpha-subunits, including a Tyr-His transposition between positions 87 and 9...
Nouri-Sorkhabi MH, Agar NS, Sullivan DR, Gallagher C, Kuchel PW.The phospholipid classes of erythrocyte membranes and plasma from several domestic animals and marsupials were quantified by 31P NMR using detergents. Washed erythrocyte samples were thoroughly haemolysed by tip-sonication and dissolved in sodium cholate; plasma samples were dissolved in Triton X-100. The species studied were: common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), black-striped wallaby (Macropus dorsalis), bandicoot (Isoodon macrocarpus), Eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), Tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus), cattle (Bos taurus), horse (Equus caballu...
González G, Ventura R, Smith AK, de la Torre R, Segura J.A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) procedure for the detection of seventeen non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in equine plasma and urine samples is described. The extraction of the compounds from the biological matrix was performed at acidic pH (2-3) with diethyl ether. Ethereal extracts were washed with a saturated solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate (urine) or treated with a solid mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate (plasma). The ethereal extracts were dried and derivatized by incubation at 60 degrees C with methyl iodide in acetone in the pre...
Carmalt JL, Townsend HG, Janzen ED, Cymbaluk NE.To investigate the effect of routine dental floating on weight gain, body condition score, feed digestibility, and fecal particle size in pregnant mares fed various diets. Methods: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: 56 pregnant mares. Methods: Mares were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 feed groups (n = 14 mares/group). All horses were sedated and an oral examination was performed, after which dental floating was performed on 7 horses in each group. Body weight was measured, and a body condition score was assigned before and at various times for 24 weeks after dental floating. Feed dig...
Shirazi A, Gharagozloo F, Ghasemzadeh-Nava H.The Caspian breed of horses is believed to be the direct descendant of the earliest equine animals. Some special characteristics of Caspian horse differentiate this breed of horses from other breeds. In the current study the ultrasonically observed characteristics of a preovulatory dominant follicle and the lengths of estrus, diestrus as well as some related parameters were studied during 42 interovulatory intervals in 11 healthy Caspian mares. The preovulatory dominant follicle deviated from subordinate follicles and became the largest follicle in the ovaries at Day -8.7 +/- 0.53 (Day 0=ovula...
Hanson PD, Markel MD.As more sophisticated research is performed to refine fracture fixation techniques for horses, it is important that normal values for the geometric properties of the bones of the appendicular skeleton be determined and that suitable controls be available. We evaluated the geometric properties of total bone width, cortical bone width, and medullary canal/trabecular bone width measured from 2 radiographic projections of equine long bones (humerus, radius, third metacarpal bone, femur, tibia, and third metatarsal bone) obtained from a general population of horses. Measurements were performed on s...
Ball BA, Altschul M, McDowell KJ, Ignotz G, Currie WB.Research has indicated that trophoblastic vesicles (TV) formed from Day-14 equine conceptuses would prolong luteal maintenance in mares after surgical transfer to the uterus at Day 10 after ovulation. The current study assesses TV as a further model for maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares. The objectives of the study were to determine the ability of TV to prolong luteal maintenance in mares, their effect on endometrial production of prostaglandin F (PGF) in vitro, and their ability to secrete polypeptides in vitro. In contrast to our previous study (Ball et al., 1989b), transfer of TV f...
Pollard D, Furtado T.Real or perceived traffic risk is a significant barrier to walking and cycling. To understand whether similar barriers influence equestrians, this study obtained exercise behaviours, road use and experiences of road-related incidents from UK equestrians ( = 6390) via an online questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with road use and experiencing a near-miss or injury-causing incident in the previous year. Content analysis identified themes around equestrians' decisions not to use roads. Our results show that most equestrians (84%) use r...
Varner DD, Forrest DW, Fuentes F, Taylor TS, Hooper RN, Brinsko SP, Blanchard TL.Eighteen fertile mares were used to determine the effects of the oestrous cycle and location in the reproductive tract on the amount and concentration of glycosaminoglycans in luminal fluids. Ovariohysterectomies were performed in 3 groups of 6 mares on Day 3 of behavioural oestrus, within 6 h after ovulation or on Day 8 of dioestrus. The lumina of the uterine horns and oviducts ipsilateral and contralateral to the active ovary were flushed and fluid was aspirated from the dominant follicle in the oestrous preovulation group. Glycosaminoglycans and protein concentrations were measured in these...
Karakka Kal AK, Perwad Z, K Karatt T, Nalakath J, Subhahar M.Recently, an increased tendency to use various metals has been observed in the sports competition fields. Many of these metals and their organic complexes reportedly have good pharmacologic, therapeutic and performance-enhancement uses; they are banned or recommended as controlled medications in competitive sports. The objective of this research was to determine the concentration of pharmacologically relevant metals in urine samples collected from racehorses at various sport events, develop a method and assess the concentrations of above metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometr...
Stolz I, Tillmann V, Anneken V, Froboese I.Scientific investigation and documentation of equine-assisted therapy has increased over the past several years. Yet there are no standardized and validated tools for evidence-based measurement of processes and outcomes to assess equine-assisted interventions. Objective: The objective of this cross-sectional survey study was to develop a standardized assessment tool for the effective measurement of equine-assisted therapy based on the common language of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework of the World Health Organization (WHO). Methods: Cross-...
Oliveira SN, Segabinazzi LGTM, Canuto L, Lisboa FP, Medrado FE, Dell'Aqua JA, Aguiar AJA, Papa FO.The goal of this study was to compare the efficiency of histrelin acetate (GnRH analog) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to hasten ovulation in Brazilian Northeastern jennies (Equus africanus asinus). Thirty cycles of ten jennies were randomly assigned in one of the three groups: G0 (control group), saline; G1, 250 μg of histrelin acetate; G2, 2500 IU of hCG. Jennies were evaluated by transrectal palpation and ultrasonography, and had the administration of an ovulation-inducing agent when a follicle measuring between 29 and 32 mm of diameter was diagnosed. Jennies were monitored every...
Bastos FZ, Barussi FCM, Santi TF, Vieira BP, Senegaglia AC, Cruz FF, Michelotto PV.There is no consensus on aspects of equine bone marrow collection and processing. The study aimed to describe the collection of large volumes of bone marrow from horses of advanced age, with emphasis on bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) recovery and viability after cryopreservation. Fourteen horses, aged 3-24 years, were divided into three experiments. E1 studied the feasibility of collecting 200 mL from the sternums of horses of advanced age; E2 examined the number of cells obtained from the first and last syringe of each puncture; and E3 investigated the influence of heparin concentrati...
Santos VG, Bettencourt EM, Ginther OJ.Persistent CL (PCL; n = 10) in mares was studied daily from Day 20 (Day 0 = ovulation) to the ending ovulation. In addition, the 10 days before ovulation at the end of a PCL were compared with the end of an interovulatory interval (IOI; n = 28) during the same months. Concentration of P4, cross-sectional area of CL, and percentage of CL with Doppler signals of blood flow during PCLs remained constant from 64 to about 33 days before the end of luteolysis and then decreased linearly. Concentration of LH between Day 20 and beginning of the ovulatory LH surge increased linearly. A dominant follicl...
Gil L, Saura S, Echegaray A, Martinez F, de Blas I, Akourki A, Gonzalez N, Espinosa E, Josa A.The present study evaluated the effect of supplementing the medium used to mature equine oocytes in vitro with oestrous mare serum (EMS) or horse follicular fluid (HFF). To this end, 144 ovaries were obtained from mares aged 16-21 months and transported to the laboratory in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (D-PBS) at 30 degrees C. Oocytes were harvested from the ovaries by slicing, and then selected for in vitro maturation (IVM) according to the number of cumulus cell layers and the characteristics of the cytoplasm. The selected oocytes were washed three times in TCM199 medium plus HEPES (...
Kaneps AJ, O'Brien TR, Willits NH, Dykes JE, Stover SM.This study sought to determine if extensive trimming of the front hooves of foals results in a higher incidence of palmar process fractures compared to untrimmed foals, and to characterise the clinical course of foals with palmar process fractures with physical findings, hoof measurements and radiography. Twenty foals age 4-8 weeks of multiple breeds were examined every 2 weeks over a 12 week period. Ten foals had both front hooves extensively trimmed every 4 weeks, while 10 foals remained untrimmed. Palmar process fractures occurred in 4 trimmed and 3 untrimmed foals. Four foals with fracture...
Derrick D, Gick B.During locomotion, humans switch gaits from walking to running, and horses from walking to trotting to cantering to galloping, as they increase their movement rate. It is unknown whether gait change leading to a wider movement rate range is limited to locomotive-type behaviours, or instead is a general property of any rate-varying motor system. The tongue during speech provides a motor system that can address this gap. In controlled speech experiments, using phrases containing complex tongue-movement sequences, we demonstrate distinct gaits in tongue movement at different speech rates. As spea...
Bousfield GR, Ward DN.Ovine (o) and equine (e) LH alpha-subunits were reduced and reoxidized using conditions known to be effective for bovine and human alpha-subunits. The major product of oLH alpha refolding was alpha-subunit monomer. In contrast, eLH alpha formed a 121,000 mol wt aggregate. Monomeric eLH alpha was recovered, but in greatly reduced yield. To test the effects of carbohydrate variation on the aggregation of equine alpha-subunits, all of the equine gonadotropin alpha-subunits (eFSH alpha, eCG alpha, eLH alpha, and free alpha-subunit) were reduced and reoxidized. In each case, the major product was t...
Muylle S, Simoens P, Lauwers H.The objective of this study was to examine the diameter, extent, orientation and contents of dentinal tubules in order to validate the hypothesis of pigment penetration into the dental star of equine incisival occlusal surfaces. The time of appearance and the configuration of the dental star on the incisival occlusal surface are macroscopically visible features that, along with other more reliable parameters, are used for the determination of horses' age. Although dental stars are an integral part of the equine incisor occlusive surface, the exact nature and microstructure of the dental star a...
van Dorland HA, Zanoni R, Gerber V, Jeannerat E, Wiederkehr D, Burger D.Bio-Strath is a plasmolyzed yeast product enriched with herbs, malt, honey and orange juice. In this study, the effect of Equi-Strath , the adapted product for horses, on the equine immune system was evaluated. A routine influenza booster vaccination was used as a model to study the effects of Equi-Strath supplementation on the immune response. Twenty healthy Franches-Montagnes stallions with pre-existing antibody levels were randomly divided into a study group (SG, n = 10) receiving 0.06 mL/kg bodyweight of Equi-Strath , and a control group (CG, n = 10), receiving the same amount of plac...
Backman T, Bruemmer JE, Graham JK, Squires EL.The ability to ship cooled stallion sperm for subsequent freezing at a facility specializing in cryopreservation would be beneficial to the equine industry. Stallion sperm has been centrifuged, cooled to 5 degrees C for 12 h, and frozen without a detrimental effect on motility in a previous study; however, no fertility data were available. Experiment 1 compared the post-thaw motility of sperm cooled for 18 h at 15 or 5 degrees C at either 400 or 200 x 10(6) sperm/mL and then frozen. Storage temperature, sperm concentration, or the interaction of temperature and concentration had no effect on t...
Becker AC, Stock KF, Distl O.New movement traits reflecting unfavorable movement characteristics were defined on the basis of detailed movement evaluations (DME) of warmblood foals and mares performed in connection with regular breeding events of the Oldenburg horse breeding societies in 2009 and 2010. DME information was available for 3374 foals and 2844 mares and used for correlation analyses with conformation information on 1987 mares from studbook inspections (SBI) in 2009 and performance information on 2758 mares from mare performance tests (MPT) in 2000 to 2008. Analyses of variance revealed few significant differen...
Kaashoek M, Hobbs SJ, Clayton HM, Aerts P, Nauwelaerts S.To reduce anatomically unrealistic limb postures in a virtual musculoskeletal model of a horse's forelimb, accurate knowledge on forelimb joint constraints is essential. The aim of this cadaver study is to report all orientation and position changes of the finite helical axes (FHA) as a function of joint angle for different equine forelimb joints. Five horse cadaver forelimbs with standardized cuts at the midlevel of each segment were used. Bone pins with reflective marker triads were drilled into the forelimb bones. Unless joint angles were anatomically coupled, each joint was manually moved ...
Møller-Jensen M, Blomquist MH, Mortensen CL, Olsson IKC, Cuevas-Ramos G.The popliteal tendon and muscle are major stabilizers of the human and dog knee, more specifically the postero-lateral corner. Injury to this complex causes posterior knee pain, and it is generally associated with other injured structures such as the lateral collateral ligament, lateral meniscus, and/or the cranial cruciate ligament. The popliteal complex is poorly reported in the horse, and its specific function has not been determined. Nevertheless, it is likely that it is similar to that of other species, and that injury to it could have similar clinical repercussions. Lameness due to stifl...
McGree JM, Noble G, Schneiders F, Dunstan AJ, McKinney AR, Boston R, Sillence M.We describe the population pharmacokinetics of an acepromazine (ACP) metabolite (2-(1-hydroxyethyl)promazine) (HEPS) in horses for the estimation of likely detection times in plasma and urine. ACP (30 mg) was administered to 12 horses, and blood and urine samples were taken at frequent intervals for chemical analysis. A bayesian hierarchical model was fitted to describe concentration-time data and cumulative urine amounts for HEPS. The metabolite HEPS was modelled separately from the parent ACP as the half-life of the parent was considerably less than that of the metabolite. The clearance (Cl/...
Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Black J.In vitro local fatigue testing of the third metacarpal bone from Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses was performed, using fully reversed cyclic bending. Strain number of cycle data were accumulated and indicated that significant difference did not exist between the 2 breeds. It was concluded that the marked difference in the incidence of fatigue failure in the third metacarpal bone (bucked shins, dorsal metacarpal disease) seen in Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds was not related to any differences between the 2 breeds in mechanical properties of the bone.
Truax RE, Powell MD, Montelaro RC, Issel CJ, Newman MJ.A rapid and simple technique for the cryopreservation and recovery of equine mononuclear cells was developed. Buffy-coat leukocytes were frozen in autologous plasma containing 10% DMSO and mononuclear cells were recovered by gradient sedimentation using a standard Ficoll-Hypaque purification procedure. The total numbers of mononuclear cells recovered from cryopreserved samples were 94%-82% of those recovered from fresh blood samples. The functional capabilities of the mononuclear cells from cryopreserved buffy coat preparations were compared with those of mononuclear cells from fresh samples b...
Yu M, Wang Z, Robinson NE, Derksen FJ.The effects of furosemide on the responses of equine trachealis muscle with and without epithelium to electrical field stimulation (EFS) and exogenous acetylcholine (ACh) were investigated in organ baths. Tissues were pretreated with guanethidine and the parameters used for EFS were those previously demonstrated to activate postganglionic cholinergic neurons. In tissues with intact epithelium, furosemide (100 microM) shifted the frequency-response curve to the right. In the preparations without epithelium, furosemide did not affect the response to EFS. Neither in epithelium-on nor in epitheliu...
Bowker RM, Lancaster LS, Isbell DA.OBJECTIVE To examine the equine foot for the presence of sensory receptors including Merkel cells and small lamellated Pacinian-like corpuscles (SLPCs). SAMPLE Forefeet obtained from 7 horses following euthanasia for reasons other than foot disease. PROCEDURES Disarticulated feet were cut into either sagittal sections or cross sections and immersed in neutral-buffered 4% formalin. Following fixation, samples were obtained from the midline of the dorsal aspect of the hoof wall and from the frog (cuneus ungulae) between the apex and central sulcus. The formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded hoof wall...
Fitzharris LE, Hezzell MJ, McConnell AK, Allen KJ.Little is known about the response of the equine respiratory muscles to training. Objective: To measure an index of inspiratory muscle strength (IMSi) before and after a period of conventional exercise training (phase 1) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT), comparing high-load (treatment) and low-load (control) groups (phase 2). Methods: Prospective randomised controlled trial. Methods: Phase 1: Twenty National Hunt Thoroughbred racehorses performed an inspiratory muscle strength test (IMST) twice on two occasions; when unfit at timepoint A (July), and when race fit at timepoint B (October)....
Jaworski K, Pankiewicz A, Chrószcz A, Poradowski D.The following article concerns the functional use of horse bones in the early Middle Ages (mainly in the period from the mid of the 10th to the 12th/13th century). The authors try to explain how such remains were used and how common it was. It is also discussed whether the special role of the horse in medieval societies somehow restricted its post-mortem usage, or perhaps there was no difference between the skeletal remains of horses and other species in this regard. For this purpose, statistical calculations on the use of the bones of various mammals were made. Only the remains of the species...
Horan K, Price H, Day P, Mackechnie-Guire R, Pfau T.Injuries to racehorses and their jockeys are not limited to the racetrack and high-speed work. To optimise racehorse-jockey dyads' health, well-being, and safety, it is important to understand their kinematics under the various exercise conditions they are exposed to. This includes trot work on roads, turf and artificial surfaces when accessing gallop tracks and warming up. This study quantified the forelimb hoof kinematics of racehorses trotting over tarmac, turf and artificial surfaces as their jockey adopted rising and two-point seat positions. A convenience sample of six horses was recruit...
Künzel W, Forstenpointner G, Skolek-Winnisch R.The laterocranial fascia of the upper arm and forearm, as well as aponeurotic relationships of the Musculus biceps brachii were investigated on each of ten forelimbs from horses, cattle and swine. Ten canine biceps were also investigated. Equine and bovine fascia contain elastic components. An as-yet undescribed ligament-like aponeuroses of the laterocranial forearm fascia to the Fossa radialis humeri was seen in all three species studied. The laterocranial fascia of the upper and forearm form a common passage for the Musculi brachialis et extensor carpi radialis. In the case of the horse, the...
