Genomics in horses involves the study and analysis of the horse genome to understand genetic variations and their implications for equine health, performance, and breeding. This field encompasses the identification and mapping of genes associated with specific traits, diseases, and conditions in horses. Techniques such as whole-genome sequencing and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are employed to explore genetic diversity and inheritance patterns among different horse breeds. Genomics provides insights into hereditary disorders, informs selective breeding practices, and aids in the development of personalized veterinary care. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the applications, methodologies, and findings of genomic research in equine science.
Oakenfull EA, Buckle VJ, Clegg JB.The alpha-globin gene complex in Equus caballus has been mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization to the telomeric region of the long arm of chromosome 13. This is the first equine gene to be mapped to this chromosome.
Otten N, von Tscharner C, Lazary S, Antczak DF, Gerber H.Nucleotide sequences of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from samples of equine sarcoid skin tumours were determined. All naturally occurring sarcoids (n = 58 tumours from 32 horses and 2 donkeys) contained BPV-DNA. All but 3 of the genome fragments belonged to the BPV type 1 strain (BPV-1); the remaining were BPV type 2. Similar results were obtained with cutaneous bovine papillomas used as controls (n = 20). One of the horses, carrying 2 sarcoids, was particularly interesting; one tumour contained BPV-1 DNA whilst the other sarcoid yielded BPV-...
Home WA, Ford JE, Gibson DM.Analysis of 10 cDNA encoding lambda L chains of horse Ig indicated that this species may employ a relatively small number of variable region (V lambda) genes in the splenic B cell population. The V lambda sequences of all of the cDNA analyzed were closely related (> 88% identity at the nucleotide level) and were characterized by a deletion of the amino acid residue at position 3 compared with V lambda sequences so far described in other species. The 10 V lambda sequences could be grouped into three groups, V lambda 1 to V lambda 3, on the basis of a number of linked substitutions. Sequences...
Su X, Morris DD, Crowe NA, Moore JN, Fischer KJ, McGraw RA.We describe the production and purification of recombinant equine tumor necrosis factor alpha (rETNF alpha), generation and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) and rabbit polyclonal antibodies (Pabs) against ETNF alpha, and development of a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Genomic-derived DNA sequences encoding mature ETNF alpha were reconstructed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis and were cloned into the vector pFLAG-1 for expression in Escherichia coli. rETNF alpha was purified by anti-FLAG immunoaffinity c...
Ambros'eva ED, Khokhriakova ZhA, Glazko VI.The genetic structures of Orlov's and Russian trotters for 16 biochemical systems have been comparatively analyzed. Polymorphism of 6 systems of these horse groups is revealed. The main genetic differentiation between Orlov's and Russian trotters is observed on the transferrin and phosphoglucomutase loci.
Murphy TW, McCollum WH, Timoney PJ, Klingeborn BW, Hyllseth B, Golnik W, Erasmus B.Equine arteritis virus (EAV), a non-arthropod borne togavirus, has been shown to have a global distribution. To date, no major antigenic variation has been demonstrated between EAV isolates from different geographic origins. In this study, the genomic RNA of EAV isolates obtained from horses of different breeds in various countries around the world was oligonucleotide fingerprinted. Comparisons of these fingerprints were used to determine the extent of genomic variation among such isolates. Comparisons among isolates from North American horses revealed, for the most part, oligonucleotide homol...
Sheppard M, Drysdale SM, Studdert MJ.Physical maps were constructed for the genome of equine adenovirus 1 (EAV1) using the restriction enzymes; DraI, EcoRV, NotI and SfiI. The total size of the EAV1 genome was 34.4 kb estimated by comparison with known DNA standards and the polarity of the fragment order, with respect to the left and right molecular ends, was determined by hybridization with known regions of the human adenovirus 2 (HAV2) genome.
Kim CH, Casey JW.Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus that infects and persists in the monocyte/macrophage populations of blood and tissues. We employed polymerase chain reaction to investigate the distribution and the level of genome variability of EIAV DNA in different tissues of a horse infected with a highly virulent variant of the Wyoming strain of the virus. Long terminal repeat, gag, and pol primer pairs were used to direct the amplification of EIAV DNA from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and from cells, presumably the macrophage subtypes, of the kidney, spleen, liver, lymph nod...
Kerfelec B, Foglizzo E, Bonicel J, Bougis PE, Chapus C.The complete sequence of the horse pancreatic lipase was elucidated by combining polypeptide chain and cDNA sequencing. Among the structural features of horse lipase, it is worth mentioning that Lys373 is not conserved. This residue, which is present in human, porcine and canine lipases, has been assumed to be involved in p-nitrophenyl acetate hydrolysis by pancreatic lipases. Kinetic investigation of the p-nitrophenyl acetate hydrolysis by the various pancreatic lipases and by the C-terminal domain (336-449) of human lipase reveals that this hydrolysis is the result of the superimposition of ...
Studdert MJ, Crabb BS, Ficorilli N.The restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprints of 57 isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1; equine abortion virus) from abortion, perinatal foal mortalities and encephalitis from 15 epidemics that occurred in Australasia between 1975 and 1989 were examined using the enzymes Bam HI, EcoRI and Bgl II. There was a remarkable degree of uniformity in the restriction patterns; mobility differences were observed in only 14 of 52 (27%) of the fragments. Twelve of these 14 fragments were located within the repeat structures that bracket the unique short region of the genome or were located at the left ...
Legrottaglie R, Agrimi P.Electrophoretic analysis in polyacrylamide gel (PAGE) of the equine rotavirus 106/88/LI/EQ, isolated from the diarrhea of an 18 day old foal was compared to the bovine strain NCDV. There was a notable difference in the migration of some segments of the viral RNA. Bands 2 and 3 of the equine rotavirus comigrated while there was a clear separation of segments 7, 8 and 9. Moreover, the migration of segments 1, 4 and 5 revealed a lower molecular weight than the corresponding segments of NCDV.
Hormanski CE, Truax R, Pourciau SS, Folsom RW, Horohov DW.The in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with interleukin 2 (IL-2) results in the development of potent cytotoxic effector cells, referred to as lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. LAK cells are capable of lysing a wide variety of autologous, allogeneic and xenogeneic tumor cells. The exact mechanism of target cell recognition by LAK cells remains unknown. LAK cell activity has been reported for a variety of domesticated species except the horse. We report here that IL-2-stimulated equine PBMC, which fail to lyse either human or murine tumor cell lines, exhibi...
Gibson CA, Daniels RS, Oxford JS, McCauley JW.The nucleotide sequences of ten haemagglutinin genes of representative H7N7 equine influenza viruses isolated between 1956 and 1977 have been determined by primer extension sequencing. Their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences demonstrate a high degree of homology. These equine viruses can be divided into two distinct subgroups, the prototype-like, and a group comprising the early American isolates and the remaining equine viruses. The equine H7 haemagglutinins form a quite distinct group compared to H7 haemagglutinins isolated from other species. Each of these equine H7 haemagglutinin...
Holden VR, Harty RN, Yalamanchili RR, O'Callaghan DJ.The complete nucleotide sequence of the inverted repeat component (IR; 12,776 bp each) of the genome of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) has been determined. Transcription analyses have revealed that the EHV-1 IR sequence encodes at least 6 genes. In this report, we present the DNA sequence and transcriptional characterization of a gene (IR3) that maps entirely within the IR sequences. The IR3 open reading frame (ORF) is located between nucleotides (nt) 6123-6411 of the IR sequence and possesses an ORF of 95 amino acids. Interestingly, this ORF does not show homology to any known herpesvirus ...
Rønne M.After fluorouracil/5-bromodeoxyuridine synchronization and subsequent FPG-staining, the karyotype of 15 phenotypically normal horses displayed several breaks and gaps. Twelve bands 1q24, 4p12, 8q23, 11p12, 16q21, 17q21, 23q31, 23q32, Xp21, Xq22, Xq25 and Xq27 showed relatively frequent fragility. After thymidine/cytidine synchronization and subsequent GWL-banding the same horses display karyotypes without any fragility. Hence it is suggested that the above listed bands harbour folate and/or 5-bromodeoxyuridine sensitive fragile sites.
Zurkowski M, Kuryl J.A new genetic variant in the horse Pi system, designated Z2, was reported in Polish Arabs by using two-dimensional agarose polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The frequencies of Pi alleles F, G, L, L2, N, S, U, W, Z and Z2 were found to be 0.036, 0.005, 0.171, 0.013, 0.008, 0.237, 0.416, 0.003, 0.107 and 0.004 respectively.
Ellegren H, Johansson M, Sandberg K, Andersson L.We have isolated equine microsatellites by screening a genomic library with (TG)n and (TC)n probes. TG microsatellites were found to be more abundant than TC repeats, with an estimated frequency of one per 100,000bp. Sequence analysis of eight TG-positive clones revealed varying structures of the repeat regions; perfect stretches of TG repeats, imperfect stretches of TG repeats and compound regions of TG and TC repeats. Five loci were analysed by PCR and showed extensive polymorphism; three to seven alleles and heterozygosities of 0.40-0.76 were observed when screening 20-30 unrelated individu...
Lear TL, Trembicki KA, Ennis RB.Giemsa-11 (G-11) staining and in situ hybridization were used to identify the equine chromosome complement of horse x mouse somatic cell hybrids. The presence of horse chromosomes in somatic cell hybrids was determined by differential G-11 staining. The slides were then destained and hybridized with biotinylated total horse (Equus caballus) genomic DNA without suppression. Fluorescence detection permitted rapid confirmation of horse chromosomal DNA in the hybrid cells.
Chowdhary BP, Harbitz I, Davies W, Gustavsson I.In situ hybridization techniques were used to localize regionally the calcium release channel (CRC) gene on cattle and horse chromosomes, using a porcine CRC cDNA probe. In cattle, the hybridization signal peaked on the 18q23-q26 bands and in horse on the 10pter region. Previous studies have shown that the glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) gene localizes at the same site in both species, indicating that the two loci are syntenic. As CRC and GPI are syntenic in human, pig and mouse, the present results in cattle and horse represent another example of synteny conservation in the evolution of mam...
Livesey JH, Carne A, Irvine CH, Ellis J, Evans MJ, Smith R, Donald RA.A 41 amino acid peptide, probably identical in structure to human corticotropin releasing factor, was isolated from 70 equine hypothalami by methanol extraction, immunoaffinity chromatography and single step of reverse phase HPLC. The amino acid sequence was determined by gas phase sequence analysis. Probable carboxyl terminal amidation was demonstrated by similar retention times for equine and human corticotropin releasing factor on reverse phase HPLC at pH 8. The likely structure of equine corticotropin releasing factor is: Ser-Glu-Glu-Pro-Pro- Ile-Ser-Leu-Asp-Leu-Thr-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu...
Biswas B, Mukherjee D, Mattingly-Napier BL, Dutta SK.Genomic amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify a unique genomic sequence of Ehrlichia risticii directly in DNA isolated from peripheral-blood buffy coat cells of E. risticii-infected horses (Potomac horse fever) and from infected cell cultures. A specific primer pair, selected from a cloned, species-specific, 1-kb DNA fragment of the E. risticii genome as a template, was used for the amplification of the target DNA of 247 bp. The optimal number of 40 PCR cycles, determined by analyzing an amplification profile obtained with a constant Taq polymerase concentra...
Whalley M, Robertson G, Bell C, Love D, Elphinstone M, Wiley L, Craven D.A homologue of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D gene has been identified in the genome of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1, equine abortion virus). An open reading frame in the middle of the short unique (US) region is capable of encoding a polypeptide of 402 amino acids that has 26% and 20% of its residues matching pseudorabies virus (PRV) gp50 and HSV-1 gD, respectively. Despite this low level of similarity, the positional identity of six cysteine residues and certain motifs, and the location of the EHV-1 gene, clearly define the EHV-1 polypeptide as one of a family of "gD-like" prot...
Lapan G, Awad-Masalmeh M, Hartig A, Silber R.In this study 55 strains of Taylorella equigenitalis isolated from horses of four different studs in Austria, and a comparative strain from the Federal Republic of Germany were investigated by different methods. These investigations were carried out with the help of SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, the analyses of genomes and by proof of plasmids. Furthermore, pathogenic mechanisms such as adhesion or the formation of toxins were investigated in vitro. On the basis of the results carried out by means of SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting all tested strains of Taylorella equigenitalis were alike, whereas by ...
Browning GF, Fitzgerald TA, Chalmers RM, Snodgrass DR.Equine rotavirus FI23 was shown to be prototypic of a novel G serotype, provisionally G14, by cross-neutralization and VP7 sequence determination. Although distinct, there are as few as six differing amino acid residues (92, 94, 96, 146, 147, and 221) in the VP7 antigenic regions of FI23 and G3 rotaviruses.
The Journal of hereditySeptember 1, 1991
Volume 82, Issue 5 369-377 doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111106
Wichman HA, Payne CT, Ryder OA, Hamilton MJ, Maltbie M, Baker RJ.We describe a molecular model for rapid chromosomal evolution that proposes tandemly repeated DNA sequences as a driving force. A prediction of this model is that when extensive rearrangements of euchromatin have been facilitated by heterochromatin, genomes will be characterized by tandemly repeated sequences that have actively changed chromosomal fields by intragenomic movement. Alternatively, it is proposed that in conservative chromosomal lineage each class of tandemly repeated sequences will be restricted to a specific chromosomal field. To provide baseline data to test this model we exami...
Alexandersen S, Carpenter S.The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify and clone parts of the envelope gene and overlapping S3 open reading frame, thought to encode rev, of the virulent in vivo-derived Th-1 isolate of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The results indicated that EIAV consists of a heterogeneous mixture of genotypes present at the first febrile cycle after initial infection. We showed that the Th-1 isolate apparently contains nondefective genotypes as well as types which have transmembrane protein truncations or are rev deficient. Furthermore, we could confirm the presence of a hypervariable re...
Stewart DR, Nevins B, Hadas E, Vandlen R.Relaxin, a polypeptide hormone normally associated with pregnancy, has been purified from many species, and the sequence determined for a growing number. Equine relaxin has been previously purified by acetone extraction, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatographies. In an attempt to develop a more rapid and efficient method for relaxin purification, the use of affinity chromatography coupled with HPLC was explored. Monoclonal antibodies were raised against highly purified equine relaxin; large quantities of antibody were obtained by ascites production and attached to a solid phase support...
Posnett ES, Ambrosio RE.A genomic library of Babesia caballi DNA was constructed in the plasmid vector pUC13. The specificity of the clones for B. caballi was established by the lack of hybridization to Babesia equi, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and equine DNA. Two probes, pBC11 and pBC191, were isolated that could detect 0.25 ng and 0.125 ng of B. caballi DNA, corresponding to a parasitaemia of 0.12% and 0.06% respectively. pBC191 could detect B. caballi parasites in the blood of an experimentally infected horse as well as in naturally infected horses.
den Boon JA, Snijder EJ, Chirnside ED, de Vries AA, Horzinek MC, Spaan WJ.The nucleotide sequence of the genome of equine arteritis virus (EAV) was determined from a set of overlapping cDNA clones and was found to contain eight open reading frames (ORFs). ORFs 2 through 7 are expressed from six 3'-coterminal subgenomic mRNAs, which are transcribed from the 3'-terminal quarter of the viral genome. A number of these ORFs are predicted to encode structural EAV proteins. The organization and expression of the 3' part of the EAV genome are remarkably similar to those of coronaviruses and toroviruses. The 5'-terminal three-quarters of the genome contain the putative EAV p...
Browning GF, Chalmers RM, Fitzgerald TA, Snodgrass DR.A group A rotavirus designated L338 was isolated from the faeces of a diarrhoeic foal and was compared to 11 standard G serotype strains of group A rotaviruses by cross-neutralization. It was clearly distinct from serotypes G1 to G11 and thus representative of a novel rotavirus G serotype tentatively designated G13. The nucleic acid sequence of the virion protein 7 (VP7) coding region was determined and the deduced amino acid sequence compared to published sequences. Within VP7 regions A and B, L338 was clearly distinct from serotypes G1 to G12 (excluding G7 which has not been sequenced), but ...
Steward KF, Harrison T, Robinson C, Slater J, Maskell DJ, Harris SR, Holden MTG, Waller AS.Opportunistic pathogens must adapt to and survive in a wide range of complex ecosystems. Streptococcus zooepidemicus is an opportunistic pathogen of horses and many other animals, including humans. The assembly of different surface architecture phenotypes from one genotype is likely to be crucial to the successful exploitation of such an opportunistic lifestyle. Construction of a series of mutants revealed that a serine recombinase, PinR, inverts 114 bp of the promoter of SZO_08560, which is bordered by GTAGACTTTA and TAAAGTCTAC inverted repeats. Inversion acts as a switch, controlling the tra...
Lee J, Shin D, Kim H.Thoroughbred horses have been bred exclusively for racing in England for a long time. Additionally, because horse racing is a global sport, a healthy leisure activity for ordinary citizens, and a high-value business, systematic racehorse breeding at the population level is a requirement for continuous industrial development. Therefore, we established genomic evaluation system (using prize money as horse racing traits) to produce spirited, agile, and strong racing horse population. Methods: We used phenotypic data from 25,061 Thoroughbred horses (all registered individuals in Korea) that compet...
Singh S, Kumar B, Dilbaghi N, Devi N, Prasad M, Manuja A.Isometamidium chloride (ISM) is a trypanocide for the prophylactic and therapeutic use against vector-borne animal trypanosomosis (mainly Surra caused by ) and African animal trypanosomosis caused by //). ISM was found to be an efficient trypanocide for therapeutic/prophylactic use against trypanosomosis; however, it produces some local and systemic detrimental effects in animals. We synthesized isometamidium chloride-loaded alginate gum acacia nanoformulation (ISM SANPS) to lessen the detrimental side effects of isometamidium chloride (ISM) while treating trypanosomal diseases. We intended to...
Schaefer RJ, Cullen J, Manfredi J, McCue M.A gene's response to an environment is tightly bound to the underlying genetic variation present in an individual's genome and varies greatly depending on the tissue it is being expressed in. Gene co-expression networks provide a mechanism to understand and interpret the collective transcriptional responses of genes. Here, we use the Camoco co-expression network framework to characterize the transcriptional landscape of adipose and gluteal muscle tissue in 83 domestic horses (Equus caballus) representing 5 different breeds. In each tissue, gene expression profiles, capturing transcriptional re...
Reubel GH, Studdert MJ.We report the first nucleotide sequence data on equine adenovirus 2 (EAdV2) which corroborate on the molecular level that EAdV2 is distinct from equine adenovirus 1 (EAdV1). Based on sequence homology with Eadv1 the hexon gene of Eadv2 was identified. HindIII restriction fragments containing the hexon and eight other viral genes were cloned into the plasmid pUC19 and the nucleotide sequence of the hexon and the 23K proteinase genes completely determined. Amino acid (aa) comparison of sequence fragments with published adenovirus (AdV) proteins identified the genes for the E1B/19K, IVa2, DNA pol...
Meier H.Both a mandate of the Bernese Government (1705) and statements in the Georgica Helvetica of 1706 prove that Swiss horse breeding was lucrative and of good quality at that time. However, the political turmoil at the transition from the 18th to 19th century and excessive sales to France and Italy led to a severe drop in quantity as well in quality. The exhibition of horses in Aarau in 1865 showed a wretched state of the material. In the same year, Rudolf Zangger wrote a guide for the discussion of horse breeding in Switzerland. In the following year (1866), Johann Jakob Rychner published a repor...
Data in briefSeptember 23, 2021
Volume 38 107402 doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107402
Lee H, Yun SH, Hyon JY, Lee SY, Yi YS, Choi CW, Jun S, Park EC, Kim SI. subspecies () is an opportunistic pathogen and a major causative agent of equine strangles, a contagious respiratory infection in horses and other equines. In this study, we provide the dataset associated with our research publication "-derived extracellular vesicles as a vaccine candidate against infections" [1]. We describe the genomic differences between 4047 and ATCC 39506 and outline the comprehensive proteome information of various fractions, including the whole cell lysate, membrane proteome, secretory proteome, and extracellular vesicle proteome. In addition, we included a dataset...
Bailey E, Lear TL.We compared pools of DNA from 10 Thoroughbred horses and 10 Arabian horses for the presence of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers which might be useful in distinguishing between the breeds. Using 212 decamer oligonucleotides and our polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions, 173 of the primers produced scoreable bands. The number of bands ranged from 0 to 9 with an average of 3.6. In family studies using 11 arbitrarily selected primers, five of the 11 primers produced polymorphic bands which exhibited Mendelian inheritance as dominant markers. When comparing the pooled DNA from...
Holl HM, Armstrong C, Galantino-Homer H, Brooks SA.Laminitis results in impaired tissue integrity and Inflammation of the epidermal and dermal lamellae connecting the hoof capsule to the underlying distal phalanx and causes loss-of-use, poor quality of life and euthanasia in horses. Historically, studies to better understand the etiology of laminitis by documenting changes in gene expression were hampered by the paucity of gene annotation specific to hoof tissues. Next-generation sequencing enables improvements to annotation by incorporating equine- and hoof-specific transcripts. Here we characterize the hoof lamellar tissue transcriptome of n...
Poyato-Bonilla J, Anaya-Calvo G, Molina A, Valera M, Moreno-Millán M, Dorado J, Demyda-Peyrás S.Chromosomal abnormalities are a major cause of infertility and reproductive problems in equids. Nowadays, their detection is rising due to the use of new diagnostic tools based on molecular markers instead of karyotyping. Reports of this kind of genetic aberrations in domestic donkeys (Equus asinus) are extremely scarce, despite their importance in human activities. In the present study, we analysed the implementation of a short-tandem-repeat (STR)-based molecular method initially developed for horses, as a diagnostic tool to detect chromosomal abnormalities in donkeys. The frequency of five X...
Chen J, Wang H, Li J, Liu S, Li B, Sun Y, Wang H, Manglai D.To date, the origins, domestication, and genetic structure of Chinese Mongolian horses (CMH) are poorly understood. Furthermore, there have been sparse reports on the genetic differences between CMH and Thoroughbred. In order to determine their genetic structure, understand their genetic relationships, and explore their domestication processes, we performed an extensive survey of creatine kinase (muscle isoenzyme; variations among six populations of indigenous CMH, cultivated Sanhe horses, and imported Thoroughbred. Twenty-three single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found among the 343 horse s...
Leeb T.The growing knowledge on physiology, cell biology and biochemistry of the reproductive organs has provided many insights into molecular mechanisms that are required for successful reproduction. Research directed at the investigation of reproduction physiology in domestic animals was hampered in the past by a lack of species-specific genomic information. The genome sequences of dog, cattle and horse have become publicly available in 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. Although the gene content of mammalian genomes is generally very similar, genes involved in reproduction tend to be less conserved...
Ellerbrock RE, Podico G, Scoggin KE, Ball BA, Carossino M, Canisso IF.The expression pattern and distribution of sex steroid receptors and steroidogenic enzymes during development of the equine accessory sex glands has not previously been described. We hypothesized that equine steroidogenic enzyme and sex steroid receptor expression is dependent on reproductive status. Accessory sex glands were harvested from mature stallions, pre-pubertal colts, geldings, and fetuses. Expression of mRNA for estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2), androgen receptor (AR), 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase (3βHSD), P450,17α hydroxylase, 17-20 lyase...
Ou J, Li J, Wang X, Zhong L, Xu L, Xie J, Lu G, Li S.The family comprises many major viral pathogens that can infect humans and multiple other species, causing severe diseases. However, knowledge of parvoviruses that infect equids is limited. In the present study, we found that three equine parvoviruses (EqPVs), namely, equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H), equine parvovirus-cerebrospinal fluid (EqPV-CSF) and equine copivirus (EqCoPV) cocirculated among horses in China. We examined the prevalence of these three EqPVs in 225 horse serum samples in China and found EqPV-H, EqPV-CSF and EqCoPV viremia in 7.6% (17/225), 2.7% (6/225) and 2.2% of samp...
Kikuchi K, Sasaki K, Akizawa H, Tsukahara H, Bai H, Takahashi M, Nambo Y, Hata H, Kawahara M.Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is responsible for a broad range of physiological processes during fetal development and adulthood, but genomic analyses of IGF2 containing the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) in equines have been limited. In this study, we characterized the IGF2 mRNA containing the UTRs, and determined its expression pattern in the fetal tissues of horses. The complete equine IGF2 mRNA sequence harboring another exon approximately 2.8 kb upstream from the canonical transcription start site was identified as a new transcript variant. As this upstream exon did not cont...
Watson JL, Jackson KA, King DP, Stott JL.Expression of the low-affinity IgE receptor (CD23) on the surface of mononuclear cells is a critical event in the development of IgE-mediated immunologic responses. Using PCR and cDNA library screening, a 2.7kb cDNA encoding equine CD23 and a 627bp PCR fragment of cattle CD23 were sequenced and characterized. The equine CD23 sequence encodes a complete and continuous open reading frame of 327 amino acids, while the shorter cattle fragment encodes 209 amino acids corresponding to nucleotides 325-1098 of the equine CD23 transcript. In addition to high identities in their nucleotides and translat...
Hisey EA, Ross PJ, Meyers S.As standard in vitro fertilization is not a viable technique in horses yet, many different techniques have been used to create equine embryos for research purposes. One such method is parthenogenesis in which an oocyte is induced to mature into an embryo-like state without the introduction of a spermatozoon, and thus they are not considered true embryos. Another method is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), in which a somatic cell nucleus from an extant horse is inserted into an enucleated oocyte, creating a genetic clone of the donor horse. Due to limited availability of equine oocytes in t...
Tomić S, Sesartić L, Tomasić J.1. 14C-labelled methyl 2,6-di-O-pivaloyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (1) was used as a substrate for esterases from rabbit, guinea pig, mouse, donkey, pig, horse, sheep and human sera. 2. Stepwise de-esterification of the diester substrate 1 occurred with rabbit, guinea pig and mouse serum. Data on time-course experiments and kinetic data are reported. 3. The use of donkey, pig, horse, sheep and human serum led to the migration of the 2-O-pivaloyl group in substrate 1 to the position 4- in the sugar molecule, followed by stepwise de-esterifications of both 1 and the newly formed methyl 4,6-di-O-pi...
Cappelli K, Porceddu A, Verini-Supplizi A, Capomaccio S, Marchis FD, Falcinelli M, Gaiti A, Silvestrelli M.The identification of differentially expressed genes is a fundamental prerequisite for understanding the molecular regulation of most physiological and pathological processes. Among the procedures employed to compare mRNA populations, those that are gel-based appear to hold great promise and are considered excellent tools for studying gene expression in species, such as the equine one, for which little genomic information is available. In the present study, we evaluated two techniques for studying mRNA profiles in horse tissue, one referred to the cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (A...
Alim S, Laitaoja M, Pawar SS, Talluri TR, Jänis J, Swamy MJ.Major proteins of the seminal plasma in a variety of mammals such as bovine PDC-109, equine HSP-1/2, and donkey DSP-1 contain fibronectin type-II (FnII) domains and are referred to as FnII family proteins. To further our understanding on these proteins, we carried out detailed studies on DSP-3, another FnII protein of donkey seminal plasma. High-resolution mass-spectrometric studies revealed that DSP-3 contains 106 amino acid residues and is heterogeneously glycosylated with multiple acetylations on the glycans. Interestingly, high homology was observed between DSP-1 and HSP-1 (118 identical r...
Curi RA, Pereira GL, Alvarez MVN, Baldassini WA, Machado Neto OR, Chardulo LAL.The main objectives of this study were to identify and functionally classify SNPs and indels by exome sequencing of animals of the racing line of Quarter Horses. Based on the individual genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for maximum speed index (SImax) obtained for 349 animals, two groups of 20 extreme animals were formed. Of these individuals, 20 animals with high GEBVs for SImax and 19 with low GEBVs for SImax had their exons and 5' and 3' UTRs sequenced. Considering SNPs and indels, 105 182 variants were identified in the expressed regions of the Quarter Horse genome. Of these, 72 ...
Lapan G, Awad-Masalmeh M, Hartig A, Silber R.In this study 55 strains of Taylorella equigenitalis isolated from horses of four different studs in Austria, and a comparative strain from the Federal Republic of Germany were investigated by different methods. These investigations were carried out with the help of SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, the analyses of genomes and by proof of plasmids. Furthermore, pathogenic mechanisms such as adhesion or the formation of toxins were investigated in vitro. On the basis of the results carried out by means of SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting all tested strains of Taylorella equigenitalis were alike, whereas by ...
Rückert C, Kriete M, Jaenicke S, Winkler A, Tauch A.The complete genome sequence of the type strain Corynebacterium uterequi DSM 45634 from an equine urogenital tract specimen comprises 2,419,437 bp and 2,163 protein-coding genes. Candidate virulence factors are homologs of DIP0733, DIP1281, and DIP1621 from Corynebacterium diphtheriae and of sialidase precursors from Trueperella pyogenes and Chlamydia trachomatis.
Rich T, Henderson LB, Becker DL, Cornell H, Patterson-Kane JC.Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries of horses usually follow cumulative matrix microdamage; it is not known why the reparative abilities of tendon fibroblasts are overwhelmed or subverted. Relevant in vitro studies of this process require fibroblasts not already responding to stresses caused by the cell culture protocols. We investigated indicators of replicative damage in SDFT fibroblast monolayers, effects of this on their reparative ability, and measures that can be taken to reduce it. Results: We found significant evidence of replicative stress, initially observing consistent...
Sato F, Hasegawa T, Katayama Y, Ishida N.Complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding equine dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was amplified with a combination of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method, and their nucleotide sequences (Accession No. AB029430: the DDBJ nucleotide sequence database) was determined. A total of 3842 bp cDNA sequence was consisted with 5 bp of 5' flanking untranslated sequence, 1833 bp of open reading frame encoding 610 amino acids, and 2004 bp of 3' flanking untranslated sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence of equine DBH was very similar to the ...
Kniazev SP, Reissmann M, Wagner HJ, Kuraĭ MV, Samovolov NV.Results of the first in Russia survey of the gene pool of the breeding nucleus of the Russian population of thoroughbred horses by means of PCR analysis of the E (Extension) locus MC1R gene mutations are presented. The data on the structure of breeding populations from the leading stud farms Voskhod and Oros with regard to color phenotypes as well as genotype and allele frequencies are presented. The population structure parameters are discussed with respect to possible specific features of microevolution processes.
Stratil A, Tomásek V, Bobák P, Glasnák V.Homozygous horse transferrin (Tf O) is highly heterogeneous. In starch gel electrophoresis it gives at least 9 zones. Two main components (2a and 4b) were purified by rivanol and ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and SP-Sephadex chromatography. Molecular weights of 75 200 and 80 500 for components 2a and 4b, respectively, were determined by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Amino acid compositions of the two components were similar, and there were no differences in the N-terminus (glutamic acid followed by glutamine) and the C-terminus (valine). Differe...
Lee W, Mun S, Choi SY, Oh DY, Park YS, Han K.The Jeju horse is a native Korean species that has been breeding on Jeju Island since the 13th century. Their shape has a distinct appearance from the representative species, Thoroughbred. Here, we performed a comparison of the Jeju horse and Thoroughbred horse for the identification of genome-wide structure variation by using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique. We generated an average of 95.59 Gb of the DNA sequence, resulting in an average of 33.74 X sequence coverage from five Jeju horses. In addition, reads obtained from WGRS data almost covered the horse reference genome (mapp...
Dimsoski P.To show that application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method modified for amplification of a low-copy number DNA samples, ie, the isolation of PCR products (IPCRp), would represent improvement in obtaining genotypes from a fecal DNA compared with previously used genotyping methods. Methods: The DNA from the horse fecal matter was extracted by modified Qiagen DNA Stool Mini Kit protocol. Following the extraction, the DNA genotypes from fecal samples were obtained by the most powerful PCR amplification method, the IPCRp. The IPCRp-based multiplex kit amplified biotin-labeled strands we...
Yordanov G, Zlatanovic N, Palova N, Mehandjyiski I, Neov B, Radoslavov G, Hristov P.The objective of our study was to investigate the genetic structure of yet uninvestigated populations of three closely related horse breeds - the Danubian Horse, the Hungarian Nonius and the Serbian Nonius - in order to clarify their origin and genetic diversity. A 640-bp-long fragment of the mtDNA D-loop region was amplified and sequenced. The results showed that the investigated breeds have different genetic profiles although they share some common characteristics. We identified nine of the 17 haplogroups described in modern horses. Most of the obtained sequences fall into the M, L, G, and O...
