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Topic:Grazing
Grazing is a natural feeding behavior in horses, involving the consumption of grasses and other available forage. This activity is essential for their digestive health and provides necessary nutrients. Horses have evolved as continuous grazers, and their digestive systems are adapted to process fibrous plant material efficiently. The management of grazing involves considerations such as pasture quality, grazing time, and stocking density to ensure optimal health and nutrition. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the impact of grazing on equine health, pasture management practices, and the nutritional aspects of forage consumption in horses.
[Possibilities for the all-year free-range raising of horses]. The ethological concept concerning supply of needs an avoidance of damage is mentioned as a possibility for the evaluation of welfare aspects related to animal management. The 250 Dülmen horses kept on 300 ha by the Duke of Croy show what must be provided for horse-keeping in a semi-natural environment: Sufficient food and water, efficient shelter as well as adequate structures for the needs of horses concerning social and comfort behaviour. A catalogue of factors, functions and facilities for this kind of horse-keeping is presented.
Ivermectin treatment of horses: effect on the distribution of lawns and roughs in horse pastures. A study was carried out to assess the feasibility of determining the grazing patterns of horses bimonthly via aerial survey and standard cartographic techniques. The grazing patterns in pastures with equivalent stocking rates of horses treated bimonthly with 200 micrograms of ivermectin kg-1 or 10 mg of oxibendazole kg-1 was assessed using aerial survey mapping performed three times during a grazing season. The distribution patterns of lawns and roughs in pastures were similar at all times during the study. Aerial survey was determined to be a very efficient and objective method of determining...
Dung dispersal and grazing area following treatment of horses with a single dose of ivermectin. Environmental consequences of treating horses with recommended dosages of ivermectin paste were studied in two controlled experiments with 29 horses in Ohio. In 1988, dung dispersal rates were measured by changes in dry weight over time of 48 copromes (300 g) formed from feces taken from four treatment and four control horses 3 days post ivermectin treatment. There was delayed dispersal of copromes from horses treated with ivermectin in June, resulting in significantly heavier ivermectin copromes compared with those of control horses by September. There was no difference in ivermectin or contr...
A review of regional and temporal use of avermectins in cattle and horses worldwide. Ivermectin and abamectin are two members of the group of parasiticides known as the avermectins; ivermectin was first registered as an injectable treatment for cattle in 1981. Since then, abamectin has been registered for cattle and ivermectin for horses. The relative popularity of the avermectins amongst farmers and veterinarians can be attributed to their spectrum of activity, convenience, wide margin of safety and the improved health and performance of stock following their use. Patterns of use in grazing animals apply equally to the avermectins as to other antiparasitics, particularly anth...
Mal seco, a grass sickness-like syndrome of horses in Argentina. Mal seco is a grass sickness-like syndrome of horses which has mainly been observed in Patagonia, Argentina, although some reports indicate that the disease may exist in other Argentinian provinces and in the south of Chile. The aetiology of mal seco remains unknown but the disease seems to be restricted to animals grazing on natural pastures and not receiving supplementary feeding. Mal seco is clinically characterized by total or partial bowel stasis and the main findings at post-mortem examination are almost exclusively restricted to the bowel. The most striking histopathological changes fou...
The development of naturally acquired cyathostome infection in ponies. Groups of animals of different ages and experience of previous parasite exposure were allowed to graze a single pasture for 5 weeks in autumn (7 October to 11 November). There was evidence that previous exposure modified cyathostome development, as acquired burdens in foals which had previously grazed were smaller and developed more slowly than those of helminth-naive animals of the same age. The burdens acquired by yearling and adult ponies were of a similar size to those of the previously grazed foals, but the incidence of arrested development was higher in the younger groups of foals and ye...
Systemic granulomatous disease in a horse grazing pasture containing vetch (Vicia sp.). No abstract available
Milk and water intakes of foals sucking grazing mares. Intakes of milk and milk nutrients were determined for 8 foals at 11-18 days of age and for 10 foals at 30-44 days and 60-74 days of age while sucking grazing mares. Water intakes (sources other than milk) of the foals were determined at 30-44 days and 60-74 days of age. Five of the 10 mares were fed a protein supplement (24% crude protein) in addition to grazing during the stud season. The protein supplement did not influence foal intakes of milk and milk nutrients, milk composition, weight gains of the mares or the growth rate of the foals. Foal milk intakes increased (P less than 0.05) from...
Influence of endophyte-infected tall fescue on serum prolactin and progesterone in gravid mares. Thirty mares in late gestation were used in a 3-yr study to assess effects of the tall fescue endophyte Acremonium coenophialum on serum prolactin (PRL) and progesterone. Two paddocks of each treatment, 0 or 100% infected 'Kentucky 31' tall fescue, were grazed by the mares for 21 d. Blood was collected three times per week until parturition. At 7-d intervals, mares were challenged with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) while grazing and blood was collected postinjection. Mares grazing 100% infected tall fescue (E+) had decreased serum PRL compared with mares grazing the 0% infected tall fesc...
Evaluation of exclusive use of ivermectin vs alternation of antiparasitic compounds for control of internal parasites of horses. A study for about a 30-month period was done to compare strongyle control programs, using per os treatments of ivermectin (IVE) paste exclusively or alternation of 4 antiparasitic paste compounds: IVE, oxfendazole (OFZ), oxibendazole (OBZ), or pyrantel pamoate (PRT). Every 8 weeks, 1 group of horses (barn C; n = 14 to 16) was given IVE paste exclusively, and a second group (barn E; n = 16) was given the 4 antiparasitic pastes on an alternating schedule. Worm eggs and larvae per gram of feces (epg and lpg, respectively) values were determined every 2 weeks during the investigation. This study i...
Effects of the fungal endophyte Acremonium coenophialum in fescue on pregnant mares and foal viability. Effects of the endophyte Acremonium coenophialum in tall fescue on pregnant mares and foal viability were evaluated. Twenty-two mature pregnant mares were randomly chosen to graze either Kentucky-31 tall fescue that was free from A coenophialum (endophyte-free, EF) or tall fescue infected with A coenophialum (endophyte-present, EP) after the first 90 days of pregnancy through parturition. Concentrations of pyrrolizidine and ergopeptine alkaloids were significantly greater in EP grass, compared with EF pasture. Ten of 11 mares grazing EP pasture had obvious dystocia. Mean duration of gestation ...
Clinical and biochemical features of grass sickness (equine dysautonomia). An attempt has been made to assess the diagnostic value of clinical features seen at initial examination of horses with grass sickness, colic cases and cases submitted as possible grass sickness but diagnosed subsequently as some other condition. There appears to be no single pathognomonic sign for grass sickness. A range of signs has been associated with grass sickness but these are of value only when related to the length of illness and the history. Biochemical tests related to intestinal tissue damage, stress and dehydration were evaluated and most were found to be of value in diagnosing ac...
A comparative study of normal equine populations and those with grass sickness (dysautonomia) in eastern Scotland. A retrospective survey was made of premises in eastern Scotland on which at least two cases of grass sickness had occurred between 1970 and 1987. For comparison, a further survey of 49 equine establishments, on which no grass sickness had been recorded, was conducted from 1986 to 1988. The results indicated that younger animals are more susceptible, especially those in good physical condition grazing full-time in the spring or early summer. Movement to new grazing increases the risk of grass sickness and identifiable stress may contribute. The nature of the establishment governed the animals' ...
[Possibilities and limits of immunodiagnosis of strongyle infections in horses]. In an investigation period over 8 months the natural course of infection was studied by means of coproscopic and serological methods in 27 mares and 29 foals. The examination of the stool showed in mares, before the beginning of the grazing season, an infection rate of 100% with small and a rate of 7.4% with large strongyles (Str. vulgaris). Serologically the ELISA showed in foals only a distinct increase of antibody activity with the somatic antigen. The mares retained the high IgG-values of activity, which were already found at the beginning of the investigations. Even though the agglutinati...
Effect of early season ivermectin and pyrantel treatments on strongylid infections in young Shetland ponies in The Netherlands. Two groups of three ponies were used to study the effect of three ivermectin or pyrantel treatments given at intervals of 5 weeks at the beginning of the grazing season. Although each pyrantel treatment resulted in a greater than 95% reduction in faecal egg counts during the first 3 weeks, high pasture larval counts were seen from the beginning of August onwards and substantial cyathostomine burdens were found at necropsy in December. The ivermectin treatments resulted in an even more pronounced reduction in faecal egg output, and the pasture larval counts and cyathostomine burdens at necropsy...
[Epidemiology, chemotherapy, anthelmintics-resistance and prevention of Strongylidae infections in horses]. The epidemiology, chemotherapy and control of strongylus infections in the horse are discussed. The annual cycle of various species are stated. In addition the anthelmintics available for treatment and control and the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance are referred to. Finally the options for control under various management conditions (little if any grazing; extensive grazing; intensive grazing) are discussed.
Feeding and digestive problems in horses. Physiologic responses to a concentrated meal. The association of feeding practices with the development of digestive disorders in horses has long been recognized, although the underlying mechanisms had been barely considered. The physiologic consequences of meal frequency may help to explain the relationship and prove to be of major significance in the induction of many conditions. Many Equidae kept for performance and leisure activities are fed high-energy, low-forage rations twice daily, with limited access to hay or grazing. Rapid ingestion of such meals stimulates a copious outpouring of upper alimentary secretions and results in tran...
Ingestive behavior. In summary, horses spend 60% or more of their time eating when grazing or when feed is available free choice. Grasses are their preferred food, but they supplement the grass with herbs and woody plants. Sweetened mixtures of oats and corn are the most preferred concentrate. Horses can increase or decrease the time spent eating and amount eaten to maintain caloric intake. Their intake is stimulated by drugs such as diazepam and by the presence of other horses. Horses stop eating when gastric osmolality increases; increases in plasma osmolality, protein, and glucose accompany digestion. Foals ea...
Seasonally inhibited development of cyathostomine nematodes in Shetland ponies in The Netherlands. Two groups of three yearling Shetland ponies were used in 1988 to study the epidemiological significance of inhibited development of the Cyathostomine nematodes. In Group 1, acquisition of infections was prevented throughout the grazing season whereas in Group 2 strongylid infections were acquired from the beginning of July until the end of September. Worm counts showed that the Cyathostomine nematode populations of Group 1 ponies mainly consisted of adult worms and those of Group 2 ponies of inhibited early third stage larvae (L3). These results indicate that a large proportion of Cyathostomi...
Serum IgG antibody concentrations against environmental microbes in mares and foals during different seasons and effect of stabling practices. Over periods of 22 and 14 months, IgG antibody concentrations in serum samples obtained monthly from 14 mares and 19 foals, respectively, were measured by use of ELISA against antigens of the following environmental microbes: Aspergillus umbrosus, Penicillium brevicompactum, Rhodotorula glutinis, Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus fumigatus, Humicola grisea, Micropolyspora faeni, and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. The mares and foals were on pasture from early June until early October, then were stabled during the winter season until the following June. In the mares, increased antibody concentratio...
Equine urine pH: normal population distributions and methods of acidification. Our investigation of the urine of grazing horses at the University of Kentucky shows that the mean pH level is about 7.9, and if their diet is supplemented with grain, it is about 7.4. There appears to be no significant effect of time of day or year on urine pH levels in horses. However, horses taken from pasture and supplemented with grain in a stalled environment show a slight decrease in urine pH. Additionally, we investigated the effects of storage on pH levels. Equine urine samples appear to be quite stable with regard to pH for 48h, but then show a marked increase. Urine pH can have a gr...
Field efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole and pyrantel embonate paste anthelmintics in horses. Three anthelmintic pastes were compared in terms of their ability to suppress the output of parasite eggs in the faeces of 108 grazing horses at four sites in Britain; the horses were treated once with either ivermectin, fenbendazole or pyrantel. At each site, the horses grazed together throughout the trials which took place during the summers of 1985 and 1986. The median periods before parasite eggs reappeared in faeces were 70 days for ivermectin, 14 days for fenbendazole and 39 days for pyrantel embonate. Geometric mean faecal egg counts in the groups treated with ivermectin and pyrantel we...
Internal parasites of horses on mixed grassveld and bushveld in Transvaal, Republic of South Africa. Between 1980 and 1982, the gastrointestinal tracts of 17 horses which had been grazing on mixed grassveld at Potchefstroom and bushveld at Onderstepoort in the province of Transvaal, Republic of South Africa, were examined at necropsy and processed for parasite recovery. The large strongyles and their prevalences were as follows: Strongylus vulgaris and associated lesions (88-94%), Strongylus edentatus (24%), Strongylus equinus (30%), Triodontophorus nipponicus (35%) and Craterostomum acuticaudatum (18%). The seven most prevalent and abundant cyathostomes collected were Cylicostephanus longibu...
Growth performance of yearling horses grazing bermudagrass pastures at different grazing pressures. Body weight gains and height at the withers were measured in yearling geldings grazing bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) pastures with neither energy nor protein feed supplementation at stocking rates of 6.7, 8.0, 9.5 and 12.4 yearlings per hectare. Weekly forage samples were taken to estimate the quantity and quality of available forage. These samples were clipped and separated into three equal lengths to characterize upper, middle and lower thirds of the canopy and to determine relationships between available forage and yearling growth rate. Average daily gain was influenced by stoc...
A field evaluation of anthelmintics in horses in Sweden. A field evaluation of anthelmintics in 336 horses on 37 farms was conducted between February and May 1986 in Sweden. The herds, each comprising at least eight horses, had histories of grazing on permanent pastures and receiving regular treatments against parasites at least three times a year. Small strongyles were refractory to (pro)-benzimidazole drugs in all but one of 23 herds examined. There was an average reduction in egg output of approximately 60%, and approximately 30% of 205 horses examined were shedding less than 100 eggs g-1 7 days after treatment. There was great between-herd varia...
Tremorgenic syndromes in livestock. Grasses that are essential components of livestock grazing programs sometimes are the source of tremorgenic toxicants to the animals consuming them. Morbidity can be high but mortality need not be if management closely observes the cattle daily and removes them at first sign of trouble. Specific treatment generally is not available nor needed. Survivors recover completely within a few days or weeks, except in chronic phalaris poisoning, where sheep and cattle may die after prolonged illness--or at least not make an economical recovery. Certain poisonous plants are responsible for tremorgenic s...
Effect of repeated oxfendazole treatments on small strongyle infections in Shetland ponies. Overwintering of horse cyathostomes as inhibited third stage larvae (L3) and the effect of repeated oxfendazole (OFZ) treatment on strongyle infections were studied in an experiment with two groups of three Shetland ponies. Both groups were grazed together from May 28 to November 11, 1986 and subsequently housed. Treatments with 10 mg OFZ kg-1 were given on May 26, July 1 and July 28 and again one week before each group was necropsied in December and April, respectively. Worm populations of both groups were dominated by inhibited early L3. The proportion of fourth stage larvae (L4) was signifi...
The nutritional status of pregnant and non-pregnant mares grazing South East Queensland pastures. It has been reported that the increasing nutritional demands from mid to late pregnancy of grazing mares may not be met when these stages of gestation coincide with pastures being affected by frost. It was established in this study that grass/legume pastures could support the nutritional requirements of brood mares by providing digestible energy intakes of 68.0 and 91.7 MJ/day and digestible nitrogen intake of 91.2 and 138 g/day during mid and late pregnancy, respectively.
Prevalence of Eimeria leuckarti (Flesch, 1883) and intensity of faecal oocyst output in a herd of horses during a summer grazing season. The prevalence of Eimeria leuckarti infection and the intensity of faecal oocyst output were determined in a herd of 14 mares and their foals in northwest Germany using a sedimentation technique at weekly intervals during a summer grazing season from May to September. None of the mares, but all foals shed oocysts on at least one occasion. The patent periods lasted up to 16 weeks. The mean intensity of oocyst output (0.1-33 o.p.g.) was very low. No clinical signs of gastrointestinal disorder were noticed in any of the foals during this study.
