Immunization in horses involves the administration of vaccines to stimulate an immune response, thereby providing protection against specific infectious diseases. Vaccines commonly used in equine medicine include those for equine influenza, tetanus, and West Nile virus. The process of immunization aims to prepare the horse's immune system to recognize and combat pathogens upon exposure. Vaccination schedules and protocols may vary based on factors such as age, health status, and regional disease prevalence. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the mechanisms, efficacy, and considerations of immunization practices in equine health.
House JA.African horse sickness (AHS), which causes mortality up to 95%, is caused by orbiviruses and is transmitted by Culicoides. The goal of a control and eradication program for AHS is to prevent the spread of the virus via the biological vector. Control measures include slaughter of infected animals, housing of suspected infected animals in insect-proof stalls, and vaccination. Vaccination has played a key role in eradication when AHS occurred outside of Africa. Both modified live vaccines (MLV) and inactivated vaccines have been used to control AHS. An acceptable vaccine should be: safe, efficaci...
Chambers TM.A novel strain of equine influenza virus, influenza A/equine/Jilin (China)/1/89, has emerged which is genetically distinct from all earlier strains of equine influenza. It is therefore possible that the vaccines against equine influenza may be unable to protect horses against disease caused by this virus strain. In vitro serological assays established that there were low levels of immunological cross-reactivity between the new virus, the current vaccine strains and the strains of equine-2 influenza virus now in circulation.
Roth TL, White KL, Thompson DL, Rahmanian S, Horohov DW.The mechanism by which a horse conceptus-derived immunosuppressive factor (HCS) of M(r) > 100,000 inhibits lymphocyte proliferation was investigated. The factor was obtained from the culture supernatants of 20-day-old horse conceptuses; activity, identified by reduced uptake of [3H]thymidine by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, was greatest (P < 0.01) in cultures stimulated by mitogen from pokeweed. HCS also suppressed cell proliferation stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (P 0.05). Data from a fluorescence-activated cell sorter indicated that supplementation with HCS reduced the number of ...
Singh M, Charan S.To study the immunokinetics of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1), donkey mares were immunised with a laboratory strain of EHV1, or with recommended doses of Pneumabort-K vaccine (EHV1 Army 183 strain, formalin-inactivated, with an oil adjuvant) and a booster was given after three months. Humoral immune responses were studied by employing a virus neutralisation (VN) test. A leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) was employed for the assay of cellular immune responses. The VN antibody titre reached 1:64 or 1:128 after primary immunisation and showed a marginal increase (1:256) after secondary immu...
Issel CJ, Horohov DW, Lea DF, Adams WV, Hagius SD, McManus JM, Allison AC, Montelaro RC.We report here on a series of vaccine trials to evaluate the effectiveness of an inactivated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) whole-virus vaccine and of a subunit vaccine enriched in EIAV envelope glycoproteins. The inactivated vaccine protected 14 of 15 immunized ponies from infection after challenge with at least 10(5) 50% tissue culture-infective doses of the homologous prototype strain of EIAV. In contrast, it failed to prevent infection in any of 15 immunized ponies that were challenged with the heterologous PV strain. Levels of PV virus replication and the development of disease, ho...
Estrada R, Chaves F, Robles A, Rojas E, Segura E, Gutiérrez JM.Blood components were studied in six horses immunized with snake venoms for the production of polyvalent antivenom in Costa Rica. No significant changes in hemoglobin or hematocrit throughout the immunization period were observed, whereas a significant increment in total serum proteins occurred in the second half of the immunization process, probably due to an increased synthesis of immunoglobulins. There were no significant changes in creatine kinase, but a slight increment was detected in both transaminases, although they did not exceed normal limits. These findings suggest the absence of re...
McKinnon AO, Brown RW, Pashen RL, Greenwood PE, Vasey JR.THE name inhibin was first used around 60 years ago for a water-soluble. non-steroidal, gonadal factor that would regulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion through negative feedback McUullagh 1930. Inhihin is now defined as a glycoprotein hormone, consisting of two dissimilar, disulphide-linked, subunits termed at and 13 1 Burger and Igarashi 1988). Effective methods for blocking inhibin production could provide useful means by which FSH secretion, and therefore ovarian function and fertility, could be improved in the female. Increased ovulation rates have been demonstrated in shee...
Roth TL, White KL, Thompson DL, Horohov DW.It has been proposed that PGE2 is an important immunosuppressant acting at the fetal-maternal interface during pregnancy. We have previously shown that horse conceptus-conditioned medium suppresses lymphocyte proliferation. This experiment was designed to determine if horse conceptus-derived immunosuppressive activity could be attributed to PGE2 production by the trophoblast tissue. Trophoblast tissue from 21-day-old conceptuses was cut into equal sections and cultured in the presence or absence of the prostaglandin inhibitor, indomethacin. Following culture, immunosuppressive activity and the...
Hassanain MM.Investigation studies on inactivated African horsesickness vaccine using binary ethyleneimine were conducted. The inactivation process of virulent type-9 strain using the above inactivant revealed complete virus inactivation at 18, 48 and 84 h post-treatment with inactivant concentrations of 0.004, 0.003 and 0.002M, respectively, without detection of residual virus. An inactivant concentration of 0.003M is recommended and no changes in viral antigenic properties were noticed in complement fixation test. The physical parameters in oil-emulsion vaccine using the incomplete Freund's adjuvant, wer...
Mumford JA, Wood J.Shortcomings in the original methods (based on haemagglutination of erythrocytes) used to measure potency of equine influenza vaccines and antibody responses stimulated by vaccines, coupled with the lack of a reliable challenge system in the target species, has hindered progress in identifying the antigenic content required to provide protection. Reliable methods are now available for measuring the haemagglutinin (HA) content of vaccines and the antibody responses they elicit. The development of challenge systems in the target species has allowed antibody levels consistent with protection to b...
Jean-François MJ, Poskitt DC, Turnbull SJ, Macdonald LM, Yasmeen D.We have developed an in vivo passive transfer assay using mice to identify monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which offer protection against Streptococcus equi infection. The assay was developed using serum antibodies collected from horses convalescing from strangles. In this study, we show that a preparation of M-like protein, acid-extracted from S. equi, affords 80% protection to mice immunized with it. A number of mouse mAbs directed against a preparation of M-like protein were then assessed for their ability to passively protect mice against challenge with a lethal dose of the bacteria. Two mAbs...
Bürki F, Nowotny N, Oulehla J, Schmehlik O, Möstl K, Pallan C, Rossmanith E.In a project lasting 4 years more than 300 Lipizzans, around 180 of them adults, were vaccinated systematically against Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and representative groups thereof were serologically controlled for their antibody responses. In part, vaccination intervals recommended on packing slips were followed, in part other intervals, implicated by intermediary results, were used. A live virus vaccine proved ineffective if humoral antibodies were present. An oil-adjuvanted vaccine proved of highest antiviral immunogenicity, but after repeated revaccinations caused severe local reactions ...
Abdelkader SV, Gudding R, Nordstoga K.Serum activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and concentrations of total bilirubin and total bile acids were screened during a 5 year period in 27 horses used for production of hyperimmune serum. The horses investigated were regularly immunized with live cultures of the endotoxin-releasing bacteria Escherichia coli or Pasteurella multocida, the individual animals having undergone such treatment for periods varying from 2 weeks to 10 years. In a majority of the horses, GGT-activity had increased within 6 to 7 years of first h...
Van Oirschot JT, Bruin G, de Boer-Luytze E, Smolders G.Foals that were born to mares vaccinated twice a year against influenza had moderate to high haemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers at 24 hours after birth. The foals were vaccinated at six and ten weeks of age, and again at three to five months after birth. Four months after the third vaccination no antibodies against A/H7N7 and A/H3N8 influenza viruses were detected in these foals. Thus, maternal antibodies probably prevented the development of antibodies against equine influenza virus after vaccination. Foals born to the same mares one year later were monitored to determine the rate o...
Watson ED, Zanecosky HG.Immunosuppressive substances which interfere with lymphocyte blastogenesis are released in vitro by embryos and endometrium from mares in early pregnancy. Immunosuppression was not evident when tissues were cultured in the presence of indomethacin (a prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor). Various prostaglandins (PGs) were added to equine lymphocytes and lymphocyte proliferation was measured after the addition of concanavalin A (Con A) or phytohaemagglutinin A (PHA). PGE2 and PGF2 alpha inhibited Con A-induced blastogenesis down to final concentrations of 1.8 x 10(-9) M and 1.3 x 10(-6) M, respect...
Machang'u RS, Prescott JF.Rhodococcus equi produces two exoenzymes (REE), a cholesterol oxidase in large amounts and a phospholipase C, which cause lysis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) sensitized with Staphylococcus aureus beta toxin. Two immunization studies were done in foals to determine the role of antibody to REE in protection against R. equi pneumonia. In the first study, three foals (mean age 10 days) were vaccinated four times at 2-week intervals with over 1 million units of partially purified exoenzymes (PREE). In the second study, three foals (mean age 19 days) were administered plasma from an adult horse va...
Freitas TV, Fortes-Dias CL, Diniz CR, Velarde DT, Freitas CF.1. A comparative study was carried out on horses immunized with Crotalus durissus terrificus venom using four different inoculation procedures, which included the use of Freund's adjuvant, A1(OH)3 and liposomes as adjuvants. The antibody titer was assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the neutralizing potency by the neutralizing median effective dose (ED50). 2. The inoculation schedule used in horses to obtain antivenom serum consisted of sc injections of a 7.5 mg venom starting dose in 5.0 ml sterile saline emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant. One...
Madigan JE, Hietala S, Muller N.A 2-year field study was performed to determine the capability of increasing Rhodococcus equi specific antibody in foals via plasma transfusion or mare vaccination, to determine the kinetics of R. equi (ELISA) antibody decay and to assess the protective effects of these procedures in foals on a farm endemic for R. equi. Plasma donors were vaccinated with a killed R. equi bacterin and produced high levels of anti-R. equi antibodies, which were harvested by plasmapheresis. In Experiment 1, 68 foals were given 1 litre of hyperimmune plasma intravenously (i.v.) between 1-60 days of age. Foal plasm...
Kirkpatrick JF, Liu IM, Turner JW, Bernoco M.Twenty-six free-roaming feral mares were immunized against porcine zonae pellucidae (PZP) between February and May, 1988. Eight sexually mature mares received 2 inoculations 2 weeks apart, and 18 mares received 3 inoculations at intervals of 2 and 4 weeks. Analysis of urinary oestrone conjugates (E1C) and non-specific progesterone metabolites (iPdG) in samples collected in October, 1988, revealed that none of the 18 mares that received 3 and only 1 of the 6 mares that received two inoculations were pregnant, whereas 3 of 6 sham-injected control mares and 5 of 11 untreated mares were pregnant. ...
Dowsett KF, Pattie WA, Knott LM, Jackson AE, Hoskinson RM, Rigby RP, Moss BA.This study tested the effectiveness of a conjugated GnRH vaccine for stimulating antibody production, suppressing testosterone secretion and depressing testicular development in yearling colts. Two colts were allocated to each of three groups, (1) control, (2) subcutaneous and (3) intramuscular vaccinations. Two injections of the vaccine were given 11 weeks apart. Liveweight gain was not affected by vaccination but plasma testosterone concentrations in the treated colts were suppressed and their antibody titres to GnRH were greater than 1:1000. Testicular development in the treated colts also ...
Rabb MH, Thompson DL, Barry BE, Colborn DR, Hehnke KE, Garza F.Six pony geldings were actively immunized against GnRH conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) to study 1) the relative dependency of LH and FSH storage, secretion and response to GnRH analog on GnRH bioavailability and 2) the effects of reduced GnRH bioavailability on GnRH storage in the hypothalamus. Five geldings were immunized against BSA. Geldings were immunized in December and 4, 8, 14, 20, 26 and 32 wk later. Ponies immunized against GnRH had increased (P less than .01) GnRH binding in plasma within 6 wk. By June, plasma concentrations of LH and FSH in ponies immunized against GnRH had...
Sobel JH, Thibodeau CA, Kolks MA, Canfield RE.Immunochemical studies of equine fibrinogen were conducted to characterize the structural basis for the immunologic cross-reactivity observed between human and equine A alpha chains when employing an antiserum to the 26K, human cyanogen bromide (CNBr) fragment, A alpha 241-476 (CNBr VIII). A 38K, equine CNBr fragment that reacts with this antiserum was isolated from CNBr-digested equine fibrinogen by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. It was further purified by sequential hydrophobic chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, followed by reversed-phased (C-8) high-performance liquid chromatography ...
Groschup M, Müller HP, Weiss R, Schliesser T.For the determination of a species-specific antigen of Streptococcus (S.) equi, acid extracts of group C streptococcal strains from horses (S. equi, S. zooepidemicus, S. equisimilis) were investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the immunoblotting technique. Using sera of horses suffering from strangles as well as sera from horses with respiratory infection of unknown etiology, Western blotting yielded more or less multiple banding reactions with bands in the 70, 54, 42, 40, and 31-28 kd molecular weight ranges against extracts of all of the 3 different bacterial species. Howe...
Cornick J, Martens J, Martens R, Crandell R, McConnell S, Kit S.A drug induced equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) mutant lacking thymidine kinase inducing activity was developed and evaluated as a vaccine. The safety and effectiveness of the vaccine to protect against experimentally induced EHV-1 respiratory disease were evaluated in weanling horses free of EHV-1 neutralizing antibody. The vaccine was safe when administered either intramuscularly or intravenously, and EHV-1 was not shed intranasally during the 12 days following administration. Intranasal challenge with virulent EHV-1 was used to evaluate vaccine efficacy. Following challenge, there was a signifi...
Ungar-Waron H, Braverman Y, Gluckman A, Trainin Z.Summer seasonal recurrent dermatitis (SSRD) or "sweet itch" is a seasonally occurring allergic dermatitis of horses provoked by biting midges. The allergic skin reactions have been attributed to allergens present in various Culicoides species. C. imicola is the suspected etiological agent of SSRD in Israel. Whole body extracts of this midge induced hypersensitivity reactions upon injection into susceptible horses and in this study attempts were made to define components of C. imicola which have immunogenic and allergenic properties. Immunogenic potency was evaluated by raising antisera to whol...
Miranda ALS, Antunes BC, Minozzo JC, Lima SA, Botelho AFM, Campos MTG, Chávez-Olórtegui CD, Soto-Blanco B.Bites of brown spiders ( spp.) are responsible for dermonecrotic lesions and potentially systemic envenoming that can lead to death. The only effective therapy is the use of the antivenom, usually produced in horses. However, little is known about the consequences of the systematic use of the venom and adjuvants and of the bleedings on antivenom-producing horses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical changes in horses in their first immunization protocol for antivenom production. Eleven healthy horses, never immunized, were evaluated in three different periods: T0 (before ...
Kirkpatrick JF, Liu IM, Turner JW, Bernoco M.Twenty-six free-roaming feral mares were immunized against porcine zonae pellucidae (PZP) between February and May, 1988. Eight sexually mature mares received 2 inoculations 2 weeks apart, and 18 mares received 3 inoculations at intervals of 2 and 4 weeks. Analysis of urinary oestrone conjugates (E1C) and non-specific progesterone metabolites (iPdG) in samples collected in October, 1988, revealed that none of the 18 mares that received 3 and only 1 of the 6 mares that received two inoculations were pregnant, whereas 3 of 6 sham-injected control mares and 5 of 11 untreated mares were pregnant. ...
Hallamaa RE, Saario E, Tallberg T.Healing sarcoids were followed in 18 horses which had taken part in previous clinical studies on a total of 29 horses suffering from either primary or recurrent sarcoids, treated with bio-immunotherapy. In the present study, attention was paid to changes observed in these fibroblastic skin tumours during their regression. The tumours were surgically debulked leaving the base in the skin. The horses were immunized according to bio-immunotherapy at 2- to 4-week intervals with an autogenous vaccine made from the excised part of the tumour until the base had visibly regressed. Healing was followed...
Frayne J, Stokes CR.The use of tetanus toxoid as a recall antigen to investigate equine immune responses would be, in theory, a useful and cost-effective model in vitro. However, by using various regimens for culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells from horses previously immunised with toxoid no proliferative response to the antigen was obtained in vitro, whereas lymph node mononuclear cells from the same animals proliferated significantly in response to it. The lack of response by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was not due to the presence of a suppressive factor but to a lack of recognition of the a...
Fontanals AM, Becú T, Polledo G, Gaskin CK, Braun M.An R. equi vaccine, prepared under conditions which induce the expression of many antigens, and which has given encouraging results in field trials, was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblots and compared with other R. equi preparations: a preparation made in with the same technique from a nonvirulent isolate (virulence associated protein negative, VapA-negative); a whole cell preparation of a VapA-positive R. equi, prepared as a standard bacterin; and a semipurified VapA preparation (APTX). The antigens in these preparations were analyzed using hyperimmune sera (from adult horses vaccinated wit...
Thompson DL, Honey PG.Prepubertal Quarter horse colts were immunized at 6 mo of age with either estrone-17-oxime-bovine serum albumin (n = 4; treated) or with albumin only (n = 5; controls). All colts received booster injections of the appropriate antigen at 8, 10, 12, 16 and 20 mo of age. Blood samples were drawn every 20 d from 6 to 26 mo of age; body weights were determined monthly. Immunization against estrone-albumin resulted in increased binding of [3H]-estradiol in serum within 40 d that was maintained through 24 mo of age. Antisera from treated colts crossreacted equally well with estrone and estradiol and ...
Derar RI, Maeda Y, Hoque SM, Osawa T, Watanabe G, Taya K, Miyake Y.Two pony mares were immunized against recombinant porcine inhibin alpha subunit three times with 39 day intervals. Clinical findings and endocrinological changes before immunization were taken as the control. The first significant rise in the anti-inhibin titre (P<0.05) in the circulation was found 27 days after the first injection. Maximum binding activity was reached by the 12th day after the second booster dose. The number of small, medium and large sized follicles had increased significantly compared to before immunization (11.75 +/- 4.30, 2.75 +/- 0.69 and 2.51 +/- 0.63 vs 6.50 +/- 1.4...
Weerasinghe CU, Learmonth GS, Gilkerson JR, Foote CE, Wellington JE, Whalley JM.The envelope glycoprotein D of EHV-1 (EHV-1 gD) is essential for virus infectivity and entry of virus into cells and is a potent inducer of virus-neutralizing antibody. In this study, truncated EHV-1 gD (gDt) was expressed with a C-terminal hexahistidine tag in E. coli using a pET vector. Western blot analysis using an anti-gD monoclonal antibody demonstrated the presence of gDt bands at 37.5, 36, 29.5 and 28 kDa. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of partially purified gDt was compared with gD expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus (Bac gD) using a BALB/c mouse model o...
Pusterla N, Jackson R, Mapes SM, Noland J, Stenbom RM, Gebhart C.The humoral immune response and fecal shedding of Lawsonia intracellularis was investigated in 20 weanling foals following intra-rectal administration of frozen-thawed or lyophilized avirulent live L. intracellularis vaccine. Foals received either 30 mL frozen-thawed or lyophilized vaccine intra-rectally, given twice, 4 weeks apart. Serum samples from each foal were collected every 4 weeks for 16 weeks following the first vaccination and tested for anti-L. intracellularis specific IgG by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay. Rectal swabs were collected every other day following the first vaccinati...
Hashimoto Y, Ohki H, Sato F, Yanaihara N, Iwanaga T.Chromogranin A (CgA) is an acidic glycoprotein that is co-stored with hormones or neurotransmitters in granular components of endocrine cells and neurons, and released together with them in response to adequate stimulation. In addition to acting as a packaging protein, CgA functions as a precursor molecule that yields several bioactive peptides by proteolytic cleavage. The purpose of this study is to elucidate how different the processing of CgA is among endocrine tissues by immunostaining using multiple region-specific antisera, and to evaluate the availability of region-specific antisera. Wh...
Di Francesco CE, Smoglica C, De Amicis I, Cafini F, Carluccio A, Contri A.Eight Martina Franca pregnant jennies were selected in order to evaluate the transfer of colostral antibodies against equine herpesvirus type 1 in their relative foals after immunization with a commercial inactivated vaccine, compared with an unvaccinated group. Samples of serum and colostrums/milk were collected from jennies and foals under study starting from 10 min before and up to 21 days after the foaling. Specific anti-EHV-1 antibody titers were evaluated by means of a serum neutralization test, and the results obtained from both groups were analyzed. The serological titers in the vaccin...
Prutton JSW, Barnum S, Pusterla N.Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is considered an emerging enteric virus with reported morbidity rates ranging from 10 to 83% and fatality rates ranging from 7 to 27% in adult horses; a vaccine for ECoV is currently not available. This study investigated the safety, humoral response and viral shedding in horses inoculated with a commercially available modified-live bovine coronavirus (BCoV) vaccine. Twelve healthy adult horses were vaccinated twice, 3 weeks apart, either orally, intranasally or intrarectally. Two healthy unvaccinated horses served as sentinel controls. Following each vaccine adminis...
Estrada R, Gutiérrez JM, Alvarado J, Robles A, Avila C, González N.The development of antibody response against phospholipase A2 activity of Bothrops asper venom was studied in a group of adult and healthy horses used in the production of the polyvalent antivenom at the Instituto Clodomiro Picado. Simultaneously, the general condition of the animals during the immunization schedule was also studied. There was a great individual variability in the immune response, although most of the horses studied reached the highest neutralizing titer after injection of doses of venom of 30 mg and 50 mg. On the other hand, in horses that had been previously immunized and we...
Tong T, Bai Y, Liu G, Wang Q, Zhang W, Xiao Y, Xu S, Liu N, Yang T, Wu D.IL-18 is a cytokine originally discovered as an important modulator of immune responses and subsequently shown to be pleiotropic. In this report, we expressed the recombinant equine mature interleukin-18 (rEMIL-18) in E. coli and purified it by nickel affinity gel column chromatography. Purified rEMIL-18 had biological activity commensurate with recombinant human IL-18, as determined by its synergistic effect with recombinant human IL-12 (rhIL-12) on the induction of IFN-gamma gene expression in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Following intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization of ...
Arora S, Sharma S, Goel SK, Singh US.Implementation of the recommended post-exposure prophylaxis by vaccination and specific immunoglobulin therapy for rabies is largely hampered by its high cost and inadequate production. Therefore, the development and availability of an economic preparation of rabies immunoglobulin is a high priority for India, where rabies is a major cause of death. We studied the efficacy of four different adjuvants in raising antibodies to rabies antigen in older, discarded equines. Methods: Eleven equines, 23-26 years old, were divided into 4 groups to receive four different adjuvants in small amounts (1-2 ...
Frosth S, Morris ERA, Wilson H, Frykberg L, Jacobsson K, Parkhill J, Flock JI, Wood T, Guss B, Aanensen DM, Boyle AG, Riihimäki M, Cohen ND....Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S equi) is the cause of Strangles, one of the most prevalent diseases of horses worldwide. Variation within the immunodominant SeM protein has been documented, but a new eight-component fusion protein vaccine, Strangvac, does not contain live S equi or SeM and conservation of the antigens it contains have not been reported. Objective: To define the diversity of the eight Strangvac antigens across a diverse S equi population. Methods: Genomic description. Methods: Antigen sequences from the genomes of 759 S equi isolates from 19 countries, recovered between 1...
Morris DD, Harmon BG, Moore JN.A study was performed to determine whether equine antiserum to core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) would enhance phagocytosis of smooth gram-negative (GN) organisms by equine macrophages. Five healthy adult horses (group A) were immunized with a bacterin prepared from the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 and Salmonella minnesota R595 to produce antibodies to core LPS. Five horses (group B) served as nonimmunized controls and were given physiologic saline solution instead of the rough mutant bacterin. Serum antibody titers to core LPS and to smooth E coli 0111:B4 were determined by indirect ELI...
Olitsky PK, Long PH.The virus of vesicular stomatitis is not readily killed by formalin. This chemical is one of a group which coagulates the proteins of the medium in which the virus is usually contained. It has already been found(7) that other reagents of the protein-coagulating group are not actively virucidal) and the effect of formalin in this instance is therefore characteristic of the group. The so called formalinized vaccines which give rise to immunity can be shown to have done so because of the presence of living virus. A single injection of such so called "vaccine," or of other material containing livi...
AbdelKhalek A, Ostafe R, Olave C, HogenEsch H, Turner JW.Immunization with porcine zona pellucida (PZP) proteins is being used successfully to induce infertility in wildlife including horses. However, widespread adoption of this method to control the growth of horse populations requires further refinement in order to induce long-term infertility, reduce the frequency and severity of injection site reactions, and make the vaccines easier to administer. The next generation of PZP-based vaccines will likely be a controlled-release formulation with different adjuvants from the Freund's adjuvants used in existing vaccines. We evaluated the response of eq...
Wilson PJ, Clark KA.To determine whether postexposure rabies prophylaxis (PEP) in domestic animals, as mandated by the state of Texas, has continued to be effective and to evaluate PEP and preexposure rabies vaccination failures from 1995 through 1999. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 830 unvaccinated domestic animals (621 dogs, 78 horses, 71 cats, and 60 cattle) that received PEP and 4 animals (3 dogs and 1 horse) that had preexposure rabies vaccination failure. Methods: Zoonotic incident case reports from 1995 through 1999 were reviewed for information regarding unvaccinated domestic animals that received...
Pusterla N, Chaney KP, Maes R, Wise AG, Holland R, Schott HC.The objective of this study was to investigate whether intramuscular vaccination of healthy adult horses with a killed or a modified live equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine could induce transient positive PCR results in either blood or secretions collected on a nasopharyngeal swab. Four horses in each group received either a single killed or a modified-live vaccine intramuscularly. Two local commingled and 2 distant nonvaccinated controls were included for each group. All horses were observed daily for evidence of clinical abnormalities throughout the study periods. Blood and nasopharyn...
Sguazza GH, Fuentealba NA, Tizzano MA, Galosi CM, Pecoraro MR.Equine influenza virus is a leading cause of respiratory disease in horses worldwide. Disease prevention is by vaccination with inactivated whole virus vaccines. Most current influenza vaccines are generated in embryonated hens' eggs. Virions are harvested from allantoic fluid and chemically inactivated. Although this system has served well over the years, the use of eggs as the substrate for vaccine production has several well-recognized disadvantages (cost, egg supply, waste disposal and yield in eggs). The aim of this study was to evaluate a baculovirus system as a potential method for prod...
Mantovani A, Caporale V, Ciuchini F, Di Trani L, Irsara A, Prosperi S.The results of antibody titrations in different animal species vaccinated against rabies are reported. The following points are considered: (1) antibody titration may be used to detect an immunity status in dogs, (2) equines should be vaccinated in infected areas, (3) experiments in progress are comparing ERA vaccine and an inactivated vaccine in bovines, and (4) the vaccination of fallow deer (Dama dama) and moufflons (Ovis ammon musimon) produced results suggesting an extension of the experiment with the purpose of vaccinating wild ruminants whenever possible.
Soutullo A, García MI, Bailat A, Racca A, Tonarelli G, Malan Borel I.Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus causing a persistent infection in horses characterized by recurrent febrile episodes and high levels of viremia associated with a novel antigenic strain of the virus. The virus contains two envelope glycoproteins, gp90 and gp45, and four internal proteins, p26, p15, p11 and p9. Considering that the most infected horses are able to restrict EIAV replication to very low levels and that gp45 and p26 contain highly conserved epitopes among lentiviruses, it would be necessary to identify those conserved epitopes stimulating cellular and humoral ...
Sheoran AS, Timoney JF, Tinge SA, Sundaram P, Curtiss R.The aim of this study was to investigate the intranasal immunogenicity for the horse of a Deltacya Deltacrp-pabA mutant (MGN-707) of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. typhimurium). MGN-707 caused no sign of disease, was not detected in feces and a single administration induced strong Salmonella-specific serum and nasal mucosal antibody responses. All ponies had made strong salmonella specific serum IgGa, IgGb, IgA and IgM antibody responses by day 25 after the first immunization. IgM responses to salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were short lived whereas salmonella specific serum ...
Czernomysy-Furowicz D.In the springtime of 1995, 10 per cent of foals at a stud-farm died due to suppurative lesions. Three dead foals were examined. The manifestations of watery diarrhoea and pneumonia were observed. A profuse growth of an enterotoxigenic strain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was obtained from the internal organs of the foals. The foals with clinical symptoms of pneumonia and watery diarrhoea were immunized with Propionibacterium acnes t. II. All mares and their offspring from the stud were treated with an immunomodulator (Propionibacterium acnes t. II) and then vaccinated with a formalin-inactiva...
Chaiyabutr N, Wattanaphansak S, Tantilerdcharoen R, Akesowan S, Ouisuwan S, Naraporn D.African horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious, high mortality, and insect-borne disease caused by a double-stranded RNA virus from the genus Orbivirus. The study aimed to develop inactivated vaccines serotype 1 inactivated AHS vaccine (IAV) and to compare the effect of IAV on antibody responses in young naïve horses and adult horses pre-immunized with live-attenuated AHS virus (AHSV) serotypes 1, 3, and 4 live-attenuated vaccine (LAV). Unassigned: A total of 27 horses were vaccinated in two trials. Twelve AHS naïve young horses and 15 adult horses were divided into three groups of 4 and 5...
Hubbert WR.1. Better results in the production of diphtheria antitoxin can be obtained with greater experience in the selection of the most suitable type of horses to be used. Young animals are usually to be preferred. Over one-half of all such horses can be made to yield 300-unit serum, while a third will yield (5)oo-unit serum. 2. High-test horses require a shorter time to immunize and will yield a potent serum for a longer period than will low-test horses. 3. The period of usefulness of an antitoxin horse is short, and on an average endures only a few months. 4. A horse having attained a maximal antit...
Bergmann T, Lindvall M, Moore E, Moore E, Sidney J, Miller D, Tallmadge RL, Myers PT, Malaker SA, Shabanowitz J, Osterrieder N, Peters B, Hunt DF....Quantitative peptide-binding motifs of MHC class I alleles provide a valuable tool to efficiently identify putative T cell epitopes. Detailed information on equine MHC class I alleles is still very limited, and to date, only a single equine MHC class I allele, Eqca-1*00101 (ELA-A3 haplotype), has been characterized. The present study extends the number of characterized ELA class I specificities in two additional haplotypes found commonly in the Thoroughbred breed. Accordingly, we here report quantitative binding motifs for the ELA-A2 allele Eqca-16*00101 and the ELA-A9 allele Eqca-1*00201. Uti...
Santos AC, Nogueira CEW, Dos Santos Suñe Moraes B, Müller V, Mousquer MA, Leite FPL.Equine theileriosis, caused by the Theileria equi protozoan, is a disease of worldwide importance. T. equi expresses surface proteins, of which the EMA-2 protein is a promising antigen for vaccine use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response of adult horses, pregnant mares, and foals to an experimental EMA-2 protein of recombinant T. equi vaccine. A total of 46 horses were used in this study for vaccine trials and challenges. Twelve geldings, 14 pregnant mares, and 14 foals were divided into vaccinated and control groups. Total serum specific anti-rEMA-2 IgG, IgG subclasses, ...
