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Topic:Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a laboratory technique used to visualize specific antigens in tissue sections of horses through the application of antibodies. This method allows for the detailed examination of the distribution and localization of proteins within equine tissues, providing insights into various physiological and pathological processes. IHC is employed in equine research to study a range of conditions, including infectious diseases, inflammatory responses, and neoplastic disorders. By utilizing specific antibodies that bind to target antigens, researchers can identify cellular and tissue changes, contributing to a better understanding of equine health and disease mechanisms. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the applications, methodologies, and findings of immunohistochemistry in the field of equine research.
Effect of Myostatin SNP on muscle fiber properties in male Thoroughbred horses during training period. Variants of the Myostatin gene have been shown to have an influence on muscle hypertrophy phenotypes in a wide range of mammalian species. Recently, a Thoroughbred horse with a C-Allele at the g.66493737C/T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been reported to be suited to short-distance racing. In this study, we examined the effect of the Myostatin SNP on muscle fiber properties in young Thoroughbred horses during a training period. To investigate the effect of the Myostatin SNP on muscle fiber before training, several mRNA expressions were relatively quantified in biopsy samples from the...
Reliability of histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry of a single biopsy for evaluation of endometrial health in Icelandic mares. Endometritis and endometrosis have been and still are the major reasons for infertility in mares. The diagnosis of endometritis can be based on cytology and microbiology, but endometrial biopsy is still the only way to diagnose endometrosis in the mare. Our study attempted to determine if a single biopsy using his-topathology and immunohistochemistry is sufficient to ascertain reasons for infertility in Icelandic mares. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between deviations in endometrial biopsies in terms of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PTGS-2) and fibronec...
Isolation of equine papillomavirus type 1 from racing horse in Japan. Although many studies have been conducted worldwide for Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPV), limited information is available on the virus in Japan. We recently collected one classical viral papillomatosis sample (E150904) from a racing horse in Japan. Papillomavirus infection was confirmed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and PCR assays, and the sample was diagnosed as epithelial papilloma. Full-length genome of the virus was cloned and sequenced. It was 7,613 bp in length and had the same genome organization with reported EcPV-1. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis based on L1 gene revea...
Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) effects on developmental competence of equine preantral follicles in short-term culture. The effect of different concentrations of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on the development and morphology of preantral follicles, as well as the proliferative activity of granulosa cells, was assessed after short-term culture. Ovaries (n = 5) of five seasonal anestrous mares were harvested in a local abattoir. At the laboratory, nine ovarian fragments (5 × 5 × 1 mm) from each animal were used. One fragment was immediately fixed in Bouin and subjected to histological and immunohistochemistry (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA) analyses (noncultured group; D0 = day 0). The other eigh...
Histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation of biocompatibility of castor oil polyurethane polymer with calcium carbonate in equine bone tissue. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of castor oil polyurethane polymer with calcium carbonate for use in a unicortical ostectomy on the dorsal surface of the third metacarpal bone of horses. ANIMALS 6 adult horses. PROCEDURES A unicortical ostectomy was created on the dorsal surface of both third metacarpal bones of each horse. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) oil polyurethane polymer with calcium carbonate was implanted into the ostectomy on 1 limb, and the ostectomy of the contralateral limb was left unfilled and served as a control sample. Ostectomy sites were evaluated histologically 120 days...
Renal neoplasia in horses – a retrospective study. Being confronted with a case series of renal neoplasia in several horses which was in striking divergence to literature data, we recognized the need of a retrospective study to assess the presence of renal neoplasms in horses. Methods: Anamnestic animal data, necropsy findings and results of histological and immunohistochemical examinations from 2010 through 2015 were collected and evaluated regarding renal neoplasia. Results: Data from postmortem examinations of 1069 horses revealed 20 horses with renal tumors constituting a prevalence of 1.87 %. Primary renal neoplasms built the majority o...
Elastin is Localised to the Interfascicular Matrix of Energy Storing Tendons and Becomes Increasingly Disorganised With Ageing. Tendon is composed of fascicles bound together by the interfascicular matrix (IFM). Energy storing tendons are more elastic and extensible than positional tendons; behaviour provided by specialisation of the IFM to enable repeated interfascicular sliding and recoil. With ageing, the IFM becomes stiffer and less fatigue resistant, potentially explaining why older tendons become more injury-prone. Recent data indicates enrichment of elastin within the IFM, but this has yet to be quantified. We hypothesised that elastin is more prevalent in energy storing than positional tendons, and is mainly lo...
Small sarcocysts can be a feature of experimental infections with Sarcocystis neurona merozoites. Several reports indicate the presence of small tissue cysts associated with Sarcocystis neurona infections. Several failed attempts to develop tissue cysts in potential intermediate host using in vitro derived parasites originally isolated from horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis suggest that the experimental methods to achieve bradyzoites with those isolates was not possible. Those prior studies reported the lack of detectable sarcocysts based on histology and in vivo feeding trials. A recent report of successful production and detection of small sarcocysts triggered us to review a...
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated equine influenza (H3N8) virus vaccine in murine model. Equine influenza viruses (EIVs) are responsible for acute contagious respiratory infection in equines and the disease remains a major threat for equine population throughout the world despite vaccination strategies in place. The present study was aimed to assess the suitability of BALB/c mice as a potential small animal model for preliminary screening of EI vaccine candidates. For this, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an inactivated EIV (H3N8) vaccine in BALB/c mouse model after challenge with homologous H3N8 virus (Clade 2 virus, Florida sublineage) through serology...
Generalized papillomatosis in three horses associated with a novel equine papillomavirus (EcPV8). Currently, seven equine papillomaviruses (PV) are known and are associated with one of three different and distinct clinical presentations. Objective: To report the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in horses with generalized papillomatosis associated with a novel equine PV, Equus caballus papillomavirus 8 (EcPV8). Methods: Three client-owned quarter horses. Methods: Case report, retrospective. Results: Dozens to thousands of papillomas involved the axilla, inguinal area and proximal limbs as well as the ventral and lateral neck, thorax and abdomen. Lesions were some...
Histological assessment of β-amyloid precursor protein immunolabelled rectal biopsies aids diagnosis of equine grass sickness. An accurate, minimally invasive, ante-mortem diagnostic test for equine grass sickness (EGS) is currently lacking. Although histological examination of haematoxylin and eosin-stained rectal biopsies for chromatolytic neurons is insensitive as a diagnostic test for EGS, we hypothesised that its diagnostic accuracy could be improved by immunolabelling for β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP), which has increased expression in cranial cervical ganglia (CCG) neuronal perikarya in EGS. Objective: To develop a grading scheme for assessing the distribution and intensity of β-APP immunoreactivity wi...
The vacuolar H+ ATPase V0 subunit d2 is associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and supports chondrocyte differentiation. Chondrocyte hypertrophy makes important contributions to bone development and growth. We have investigated a number of novel cartilage genes identified in a recent transcriptomic study to determine whether they are differentially expressed between different zones of equine foetal growth cartilage. Twelve genes (, , , , , , , , , , and ) were found to be more highly expressed in the zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes than in the reserve or proliferative zones, whereas and were expressed at lower levels in the hypertrophic zone than in the reserve zone. , which encodes vacuolar H ATPase (V-ATP...
Acute Leukemia in Horses. Leukemia is broadly divided into acute and chronic lymphocytic and myeloid types based on the proportion of blasts, morphology of cells, and expression of specific antigens on neoplastic cells. Classifying leukemia in horses can be challenging if blasts predominate and since few antibodies to identify cell types are available. The objective of this study was to describe in detail the clinical and pathologic features of acute leukemia in horses. Twelve horses ranging from 0.2 to 25.9 years of age were diagnosed with acute leukemia. Six cases were classified as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) b...
Differential Expression of Tubulin Acetylase and Deacetylase Between the Damaged Central and Peripheral Branch of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. BACKGROUND The differences between the peripheral and central branches of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore the expression of tubulin post-translational modifications (acetylation and deacetylation) between damaged peripheral and central branches of DRG neurons. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups with 10 rats in each group. These five groups consisted of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) at 24 hour and 48 hour, and cauda equina compression (CEC) at 24 hour and 48 hour, and a sham group. SNL inj...
Inflammatory Myopathy in Horses With Chronic Piroplasmosis. Horses affected by chronic piroplasmosis may develop poor performance and muscle atrophy. Here we investigate the pathological and immunopathological aspects of myopathy occurring in chronic equine piroplasmosis. The study included 16 horses serologically positive for equine piroplasms presenting with clinical signs and supporting serum biochemical evidence of a myopathy. Skeletal muscle was evaluated by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, indirect immunofluorescence, and molecular detection of piroplasms and inflammatory cytokines in skeletal muscle. Histologic lesions included muscle fiber...
Isolation and characterization of equine endometrial mesenchymal stromal cells. Equine mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are most commonly harvested from bone marrow (BM) or adipose tissue, requiring the use of surgical procedures. By contrast, the uterus can be accessed nonsurgically, and may provide a more readily available cell source. While human endometrium is known to harbor mesenchymal precursor cells, MSCs have not been identified in equine endometrium. This study reports the isolation, culture, and characterization of MSCs from equine endometrium. The presence of MSC and pericyte markers in endometrial sections was determined using immunohistochemistry. Strom...
Seasonal or pathological findings? Morphofunctional characteristics of the equine endometrium during the autumn and spring transition. The deep anoestrous phase in winter is part of the anovulatory season in mares and is bordered by the autumn and spring transitional periods (ATP/STP). To define an annual time span for effective prognostic biopsy sampling, the aim of this study was to provide a morphofunctional characterization of the endometrium during ATP and STP. To outline both transitional periods, endometrial specimens were taken in September, October and November (n = 76) as well as February, March and April (n = 184) with the requirement of a detailed clinical documentation. Tissue samples were examined histologic...
Does the injection of platelet-rich plasma induce changes in the gene expression and morphology of intact Thoroughbred skeletal muscle? Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy is promising for treating skeletal muscle injuries in human athletes by promoting muscle regeneration. It might also be useful for treating muscle injuries in equine athletes. In the present study, muscle regeneration induced by injection of PRP into intact muscle of Thoroughbred was investigated. Autologous PRP and saline were injected twice into intact left and right gluteus medius muscles of seven clinically healthy Thoroughbreds. Muscle samples were collected from the injection sites by needle biopsy at 2 and 7 days after PRP injection. Immunohistochemica...
Metastatic myxosarcoma in a Quarter Horse gelding. A 22-y-old Quarter Horse gelding was presented to the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of increased heart rate and mild colic signs. Rectal examination revealed a large left perirenal mass. Abdominal ultrasonography further confirmed this finding. Thoracic ultrasonography indicated multifocal irregularities on the pleural surface suggestive of consolidation and possibly masses in the lungs. The animal was euthanized. Autopsy findings included a large, firm, expansile, gelatinous retroperitoneal mass that surrounded both kidneys, as well as nodules with similar...
Infections of horses and shrews with Bornaviruses in Upper Austria: a novel endemic area of Borna disease. Borna disease, a lethal infection with Borna disease virus-1 (BoDV-1), was diagnosed in four horses from Upper Austria in 2015 and 2016. All cases occurred in winter (two cases in February 2015 and two cases in December 2016), and the maximal distance of the affected stables was 17 km. To demonstrate whether the causative agent was also harbored by its reservoir host, the bicolored white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon), 28 shrews from this geographic area were collected in 2015 and investigated for the presence of BoDV-1. The shrew species were identified according to taxonomic clues and ...
Cartilage canals in the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia of fetuses and foals are surrounded by different types of collagen. Some epiphyseal growth cartilage canals are surrounded by a ring of hypereosinophilic matrix consisting of collagen type I. Absence of the collagen type I ring may predispose canal vessels to failure and osteochondrosis, which can lead to fragments in joints (osteochondrosis dissecans). It is not known whether the ring develops in response to programming or biomechanical force. The distribution that may reveal the function of the ring has only been described in the distal femur of a limited number of foals. It is also not known which cells are responsible for producing the collagen ring. The a...
The deep fascia and retinacula of the equine forelimb – structure and innervation. Recent advances in human fascia research have shed new light on the role of the fascial network in movement perception and coordination, transmission of muscle force, and integrative function in body biomechanics. Evolutionary adaptations of equine musculoskeletal apparatus that assure effective terrestrial locomotion are employed in equestrianism, resulting in the wide variety of movements in performing horses, from sophisticated dressage to jumping and high-speed racing. The high importance of horse motion efficiency in the present-day equine industry indicates the significance of scientific...
Phenotypic characterisation of cell populations in the brains of horses experimentally infected with West Nile virus. West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito borne member of the Flaviviridae, is one of the most commonly diagnosed agents of viral encephalitis in horses and people worldwide. Objective: A cassette of markers for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and an archive of tissues from experimental infections in the horse were used to investigate the equine neuroimmune response to WNV meningoencephalomyelitis to phenotype the early response to WNV infection in the horse. Methods: Quantitative analysis using archived tissue from experimentally infected horses. Methods: The thalamus and hindbrain from 2 gro...
Morphological evaluation of Merkel cells and small lamellated sensory receptors in the equine foot. OBJECTIVE To examine the equine foot for the presence of sensory receptors including Merkel cells and small lamellated Pacinian-like corpuscles (SLPCs). SAMPLE Forefeet obtained from 7 horses following euthanasia for reasons other than foot disease. PROCEDURES Disarticulated feet were cut into either sagittal sections or cross sections and immersed in neutral-buffered 4% formalin. Following fixation, samples were obtained from the midline of the dorsal aspect of the hoof wall and from the frog (cuneus ungulae) between the apex and central sulcus. The formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded hoof wall...
Administration of 2.5 mg of estradiol followed by 1,500 mg of progesterone to anovulatory mares promote similar uterine morphology, hormone concentrations and molecular dynamics to those observed in cyclic mares. To test the hypothesis that the administration of 2.5 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) followed by 1500 mg of long acting progesterone (LA P4) causes similar uterine changes and molecular dynamics in anovulatory mares to those observed in cyclic ones, we evaluated the changes of estrogen (ERα and ERβ) and progesterone receptors (PR) in anestrous, transitional and cyclic mares by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. In addition, we evaluated uterine edema, tonus and estrogens and progesterone plasma profile. Endometrial biopsies were taken from anestrous and transitional mares immediately before ...
Isolation and characterization of equine native MSC populations. In contrast to humans in which mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) therapies are still largely in the clinical trial phase, MSCs have been used therapeutically in horses for over 15Â years, thus constituting a valuable preclinical model for humans. In human tissues, MSCs have been shown to originate from perivascular cells, namely pericytes and adventitial cells, which are identified by the presence of the cell surface markers CD146 and CD34, respectively. In contrast, the origin of MSCs in equine tissues has not been established, preventing the isolation and culture of defined cell population...
Equine Hoof Canker: Cell Proliferation and Morphology. Hoof canker is described as progressive pododermatitis of the equine hoof with absent epidermal cornification and extensive proliferation of the dermal papillary body; however, in-depth research on the type of proliferative activity has not yet been reported. The aim of the present study was to determine cell-specific proliferation patterns together with morphological analysis of hoof canker tissue. Tissues removed during surgery from 19 horses presented for treatment of canker were compared with similar postmortem tissues of healthy hooves of 10 horses. Morphological alterations visible in li...
Localization of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor in equine enteric neurons and extrinsic sensory fibers. Serotonin plays a pivotal role in regulating gut motility, visceral sensitivity, and fluid secretion via specific receptors. Among these receptors, 5-HT exerts a prominent control on gut motor function. Although the prokinetic effect exerted by 5-HT agonists is well known, the cellular sites of 5-HT expression remain poorly understood in large mammals, e.g., horses. In this study, we evaluated the distribution of 5-HT in the horse intestine and in foals with enteric aganglionosis, reminiscent of human Hirschsprung's disease. Methods: The intestine and spinal ganglia were obtained from three he...
Necrotizing hepatitis associated with Clostridium novyi in a pony in western Canada. Severe icterus, peritoneal effusion, localized fibrinous peritonitis, and necrotizing hepatitis were found at necropsy of a 20-year-old female pony with a history of acute onset depression, inappetence, fever, and marked elevation in hepatic enzymes. Gross pathology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry were compatible with a diagnosis of clostridial hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi-group bacteria. This is believed to be the first reported case of clostridial hepatitis in an equid in Canada, and only the third report of this rare disease in North America. Hépatite nécrosante associÃ...
Blindness associated with nasal/paranasal lymphoma in a stallion. A 29-year-old stallion presented with bilateral blindness following the chronic purulent nasal drainage. The mass occupied the right caudal nasal cavity and right paranasal sinuses including maxillary, palatine and sphenoidal sinuses, and the right-side turbinal and paranasal septal bones, and cribriform plate of ethmoid bone were destructively replaced by the mass growth. The right optic nerve was invaded and involved by the mass, and the left optic nerve and optic chiasm were compressed by the mass which was extended and invaded the skull base. Histologically, the optic nerves and optic chia...
