Analyze Diet

Topic:Noninvasive Procedures

Noninvasive procedures in horses refer to diagnostic and therapeutic techniques that do not require incision into the body or removal of tissue. These procedures are designed to minimize discomfort and risk to the animal while providing valuable information for veterinary care. Common noninvasive methods include ultrasonography, thermography, and endoscopy, which allow for the examination of internal structures without surgery. Additionally, techniques such as laser therapy and extracorporeal shock wave therapy are employed for treatment purposes. These procedures are beneficial for assessing and managing a variety of conditions, including musculoskeletal disorders and soft tissue injuries. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the application, effectiveness, and advancements of noninvasive procedures in equine medicine.
The Enrichment of Specific Hair Follicle-Associated Cell Populations in Plucked Hairs Offers an Opportunity to Study Gene Expression Underlying Hair Traits.
International journal of molecular sciences    December 29, 2022   Volume 24, Issue 1 561 doi: 10.3390/ijms24010561
Naboulsi R, Cieślak J, Headon D, Jouni A, Negro JJ, Andersson G, Lindgren G.Gene expression differences can assist in characterizing important underlying genetic mechanisms between different phenotypic traits. However, when population-dense tissues are studied, the signals from scarce populations are diluted. Therefore, appropriately choosing a sample collection method that enriches a particular type of effector cells might yield more specific results. To address this issue, we performed a polyA-selected RNA-seq experiment of domestic horse () plucked-hair samples and skin biopsies. Then, we layered the horse gene abundance results against cell type-specific marker ge...
Non-surgical correction of nephrosplenic entrapment and colitis in a Quarter Horse.
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne    December 6, 2022   Volume 63, Issue 12 1255-1257 
Normandeau J.A 16-year-old Quarter Horse was examined and observed to have acute signs of colic, pyrexia, and diarrhea. A nephrosplenic entrapment was detected via rectal palpation and confirmed with abdominal ultrasound. The nephrosplenic entrapment was resolved non-surgically with jogging and anti-inflammatory medication. Concurrent colitis, toxic laminitis, and inappetence were managed and the horse made a full recovery. Correction non chirurgicale d’emprisonnement néphro-splénique et de la colite chez un Quarter Horse. Un Quarter Horse âgé de 16 ans a été examiné et on a observé des signes ai...
The use of percutaneous thermal sensing microchips for non-invasive measurement of body temperature in foals during summer seasons in a subtropical region.
Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience    August 19, 2022   Volume 16, Issue 9 100620 doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100620
Kang H, Sole-Guitart A, Mellor VA, Gaughan JB, Zsoldos RR.Continuous accurate attainment of the body temperature of foals is important to detect early stages of severe heat stress or fever due to a systemic illness. Among a number of methods to measure body temperature, measuring rectal temperature with a digital thermometer is most frequently used due to being relatively fast and simple method. It is also comparatively accurate and correlates well with the core body temperature. However, this method requires restraining the foal for a few seconds to obtain the temperature, and it can be dangerous for the handling person. Percutaneous thermal sensing...
Biomarkers for monitoring the equine large intestinal inflammatory response to stress-induced dysbiosis and probiotic supplementation.
Journal of animal science    August 19, 2022   Volume 100, Issue 10 skac268 doi: 10.1093/jas/skac268
Collinet A, Grimm P, Jacotot E, Julliand V.Large intestine barrier disturbances can have serious consequences for the health of horses. The loss of mucosal integrity that leads to increased intestinal permeability may result from a local inflammatory immune response following alterations of the microbiota, known as dysbiosis. Therefore, our research aimed to identify noninvasive biomarkers for studying the intestinal permeability and the local inflammatory immune response in horses. Regarding the biomarkers used in other mammalian species, we measured the concentrations of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), reflected by 3-OH C14, C16, and C18 ...
Non-contact respiratory measurement in a horse in standing position using millimeter-wave array radar.
The Journal of veterinary medical science    August 9, 2022   Volume 84, Issue 10 1340-1344 doi: 10.1292/jvms.22-0238
Matsumoto T, Okumura S, Hirata S.This study aimed to apply radar technology to a large quadruped animal. We first developed a non-contact respiration measurement system using millimeter-wave array radar for a horse in standing position. Specifically, we measured the respiration of a stationary domestic horse in stables. Simultaneously, we measured the respiration rate using infrared thermography and developed a method for analyzing the radar information while verifying the rate of agreement. Our results suggested that the radar technology detected breathing and accurately measured the respiration of a horse, despite variation...
Noninvasive diode laser-an effective and safe treatment of iris cysts in 46 eyes of 35 horses.
Equine veterinary journal    July 11, 2022   Volume 55, Issue 2 205-213 doi: 10.1111/evj.13590
Stas EKL, Hermans H, Slenter IJM, Veraa S, Ensink JM.Iris cysts in horses are often asymptomatic and noticed incidentally. However, cysts can cause local corneal oedema and erratic behaviour like shying, decreased performance and head-shaking. Objective: To describe the use of diode laser as a noninvasive treatment option for iris cysts in the horse and to document factors influencing its efficacy, associated complications, long-term outcome and rate of recurrence. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Case records of horses treated for iris cysts by diode laser at the Utrecht University Equine Clinic were reviewed between 2008 and 2020. ...
Detection of Horse Locomotion Modifications Due to Training with Inertial Measurement Units: A Proof-of-Concept.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)    July 1, 2022   Volume 22, Issue 13 4981 doi: 10.3390/s22134981
Pasquiet B, Biau S, Trébot Q, Debril JF, Durand F, Fradet L.Detecting fatigue during training sessions would help riders and trainers to optimize their training. It has been shown that fatigue could affect movement patterns. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are wearable sensors that measure linear accelerations and angular velocities, and can also provide orientation estimates. These sensors offer the possibility of a non-invasive and continuous monitoring of locomotion during training sessions. However, the indicators extracted from IMUs and their ability to show these locomotion changes are not known. The present study aims at defining which kinemat...
Assessment of Fetal Aortic, Thoracic, and Heartbeat in Healthy Donkey Pregnancies.
Journal of equine veterinary science    June 9, 2022   Volume 115 104038 doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104038
Magalhaes HB, Canisso IF.Practitioners are frequently requested to diagnose and stage pregnancy in donkeys with unknown breeding dates; however, scant work has been done to stage pregnancy in the species. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between measurements of fetal aortic, thoracic, and heartbeat with gestational age in donkeys carrying and delivering healthy foals. Multiparous Dezhou donkeys (n = 50) ranging from 4 to 16 years were enrolled in the study by 150 days of gestation. Transabdominal ultrasonography coupled with a 3.5 MHz sectorial convex transducer was performed at 30 day-interv...
Applicability of the auricular temperature for the assessment of body temperature in healthy large and small domestic species, in a normal metabolic state and in controlled environmental conditions.
Journal of thermal biology    June 9, 2022   Volume 108 103281 doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103281
Giannetto C, Di Pietro S, Pennisi M, Acri G, Piccione G, Giudice E.In clinical practice, an important aspect of animal health status evaluation is the body temperature recording obtained using different methods. Within them, the non-contact and non-invasive infrared thermometer can provide an accurate estimation of body temperature improving the quality of care and medical decision. To evaluate the use of the monitoring of auricular temperature to improve the quality of care and medical decision. To evaluate the use of the monitoring of auricular temperature as indices of body temperature, as well as rectal temperature in eleven clinically healthy mixed bred ...
A Descriptive Study of the Carpal Joint of Healthy Donkeys Using Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Veterinary sciences    May 23, 2022   Volume 9, Issue 5 249 doi: 10.3390/vetsci9050249
Salem M, El-Shafaey ES, Farag AMM, El-Khodery S, Al Mohamad Z, Abass M.This study was conducted to establish a detailed anatomic reference for the carpal joint of apparently healthy donkeys using ultrasonography (US), computed tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten orthopedically sound adult donkeys were used for US examination of the carpal joint in each forelimb. Additionally, the carpi of ten donkey cadavers were subjected to CT and MRI examinations. The carpal joint was divided into four zones to simplify examination. US assessment of the carpal joint included transverse and longitudinal sonograms. CT was performed using three planes: axi...
Investigation of the Use of Non-Invasive Samples for the Molecular Detection of EHV-1 in Horses with and without Clinical Infection.
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)    May 13, 2022   Volume 11, Issue 5 574 doi: 10.3390/pathogens11050574
Price D, Barnum S, Mize J, Pusterla N.The purpose of this study was to explore sampling options for a reliable and logistically more feasible protocol during a large EHV-1 outbreak. Seventeen horses with clinical infection as well as nineteen healthy herdmates, all part of an EHM outbreak, were enrolled in the study. Each horse was sampled two-four times at intervals of 2-6 days during the outbreak. All samples were collected using 6'' rayon-tipped swabs. Nasal secretions were used as the diagnostic sample of choice. Additional samples, including swabs from the muzzle/nares, swabs from the front limbs, rectal swabs, swabs of the f...
Cortisol Concentration in Horsehair and its Relationship to Body Location, Coat Colour, and Gender.
Journal of equine veterinary science    May 13, 2022   Volume 115 104010 doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104010
Lelláková M, Lešková L, Florián M, Mesarčová L, Skurková L, Peťková B, Takáčová D, Kottferová J.The determination of cortisol concentrations in animal hair appears to be a relatively simple and non-invasive method of assessing chronic stress. This method has advantages but it also has some drawbacks. We discovered that there are specific coat properties and individual factors in animlas that can affect corisol levels and skew the interpretation of results. We removed horsehair from 8 different areas of the body (chest, left saddle, right saddle, right thoracic fetlock, and left thoracic fetlock, the mane was also sampled at the withers, just behind the ears, and the tail strand) in 31 ho...
Who Is Healthy? A Review of How Equine Control Groups Are Defined in Clinical Orthopaedic Research 1999-2021.
Veterinary and comparative orthopaedics and traumatology : V.C.O.T    May 5, 2022   Volume 35, Issue 4 213-219 doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1745756
Wrangberg T, Kendall A. Proper identification of healthy subjects is essential in case-control studies. However, standardized definitions of healthy controls are lacking in equine orthopaedic research. Objective:  The aim of this study was to define the non-invasive methods used for selecting healthy control horses in osteoarthritis (OA), desmitis and tendinitis research. Methods:  Systematic review. Case-control studies with a healthy control group and longitudinal studies where horses had to be healthy at the start were included. Studies where joints were visualized by arthroscopy or post-mortem examination ...
A Preliminary Study on the Use of HD-sEMG for the Functional Imaging of Equine Superficial Muscle Activation during Dynamic Mobilization Exercises.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI    March 20, 2022   Volume 12, Issue 6 785 doi: 10.3390/ani12060785
Gamucci F, Pallante M, Molle S, Merlo E, Bertuglia A.Superficial skeletal muscle activation is associated with an electric activity. Bidimensional High-Density Surface Electromyography (HD-sEMG) is a non-invasive technique that uses a grid of equally spaced electrodes applied on the skin surface to detect and portray superficial skeletal muscle activation. The goal of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of HD-sEMG to detect electrical activation of skeletal muscle and its application during rehabilitation exercises in horses. To fulfil this aim, activation of the superficial descending pectoral and external abdominal oblique core muscles w...
Targeted genome-wide SNP genotyping in feral horses using non-invasive fecal swabs.
Conservation genetics resources    March 16, 2022   Volume 14, Issue 2 203-213 doi: 10.1007/s12686-022-01259-2
Gavriliuc S, Reza S, Jeong C, Getachew F, McLoughlin PD, Poissant J.The development of high-throughput sequencing has prompted a transition in wildlife genetics from using microsatellites toward sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, genotyping large numbers of targeted SNPs using non-invasive samples remains challenging due to relatively large DNA input requirements. Recently, target enrichment has emerged as a promising approach requiring little template DNA. We assessed the efficacy of Tecan Genomics' Allegro Targeted Genotyping (ATG) for generating genome-wide SNP data in feral horses using DNA isolated from fecal swabs. Total and host-sp...
A portable fan-based device for evaluating lung function in horses by the forced oscillation technique.
Physiological measurement    March 7, 2022   Volume 43, Issue 2 doi: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac522e
Bizzotto D, Paganini S, Stucchi L, Avallone MP, Ramirez EM, Pompilio PP, Ferrucci F, Lavoie JP, Dellacà RL.. The assessment of lung mechanics in horses is nowadays based on invasive methods that may require sedation. The forced oscillation technique (FOT) allows the non-invasive assessment of respiratory mechanics during spontaneous breathing, but current devices are complex, cumbersome, expensive, and difficult to be applied in horses.. We developed a portable FOT device based on a novel approach in which the pressure waveforms are generated by a servo-controlled ducted fan. This new approach allows the design of devices that are more sturdy, compact, and portable compared to already existing appr...
Bias Associated with Peripheral Non-Invasive Compared to Invasive Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring in Healthy Anaesthetised and Standing Horses Using the Bionet BM7Vet.
Veterinary sciences    January 28, 2022   Volume 9, Issue 2 52 doi: 10.3390/vetsci9020052
Pratt S, Barnes TS, Cowling N, de Klerk K, Rainger J, Sole-Guitart A, Woldeyohannes S, Goodwin W.To compare arterial blood pressure (ABP) measured invasively (IBP) to ABP measured non-invasively (NIBP) via oscillometry in healthy anaesthetised and standing horses using the Bionet BM7Vet. Fourteen horses were anaesthetised for elective procedures (anaesthetised group) and 10 horses were enrolled for standing blood pressure manipulation (standing group). In both groups, IBP and NIBP-corrected to heart level were measured every 3 min using the Bionet BM7Vet. The overall mean difference (bias), standard deviation and limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated for paired IBP and NIBP systolic (...
Use of the SpO2/FiO2 Diagram to Assess Gas Exchange in Horses Under General Anaesthesia.
Journal of equine veterinary science    January 21, 2022   Volume 111 103874 doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103874
Scardia A, Mariani Pimenta EL, Ross Russell RI, Jones GJ, Staffieri F.The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of the SpO/FiO diagram in estimating gas exchange in horses under general anaesthesia. In this prospective, controlled clinical study were included 10 horses under general anaesthesia. FiO was progressively reduced with the following steps: 0.6, 0.4, 0.3 and 0.21; SpO was recorded at each step. An arterial blood sample was collected at the steps of 1.0 and 0.21, to calculate intrapulmonary shunt with the Fshunt formula. The Fshunt value calculated at 0.21 FiO was defined as "Fshunt 0.21", the one calculated at 1.0 FiO as "Fshunt 1.0". The FiO ...
Monitoring Blinks And Eyelid Twitches In Horses To Assess Stress During The Samples Collection Process.
Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS    December 13, 2021   Volume 26, Issue 4 530-539 doi: 10.1080/10888705.2021.2008249
Lelláková M, Pavľak A, Lešková L, Florián M, Skurková L, Mesarčová L, Kottferová L, Takáčová D, Kottferová J.To assess stress in horses, a method of monitoring eye blinks (full and half) and eyelid twitches while collecting saliva and blood samples before and after annual intensive police training was carried out. This noninvasive monitoring method was used to determine whether blood collection, which is considered invasive, is more stressful for horses than saliva collection. We discovered no significant difference in stress related manifestations between saliva sampling and blood collection in our study. In both cases, sampling (blood and saliva) reduced the number of full and half eye blinks. Base...
Nasal high flow oxygen therapy in hospitalised neonatal foals.
Equine veterinary journal    October 13, 2021   Volume 54, Issue 5 946-951 doi: 10.1111/evj.13515
Floyd E, Danks S, Comyn I, Mackenzie C, Marr CM.Respiratory disease is common in critically ill neonatal foals. Traditional oxygen therapy (TOT) with nasal insufflation of oxygen is often used to provide first-line respiratory support. Mechanical ventilation is used in foals which require a greater level of support but requires specialist expertise and can be associated with significant complications. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) enables a greater level of respiratory support without the need for intubation. High flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) is a mode of NIV commonly used in human intensive care. Objective: To describe the use of HFOT in ho...
Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure for Non-invasive Respiratory Support of Foals.
Frontiers in veterinary science    September 29, 2021   Volume 8 741720 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.741720
Raidal SL, Catanchin CSM, Burgmeestre L, Quinn CT.Respiratory insufficiency and pulmonary health are important considerations in equine neonatal care. As the majority of foals are bred for athletic pursuits, strategies for respiratory support of compromised foals are of particular importance. The administration of supplementary oxygen is readily implemented in equine practice settings, but does not address respiratory insufficiency due to inadequate ventilation and is no longer considered optimal care for hypoxia in critical care settings. Non-invasive ventilatory strategies including continuous or bi-level positive airway pressure are effect...
Measurement of Tissue Oximetry in Standing Unsedated and Sedated Horses.
Veterinary sciences    September 22, 2021   Volume 8, Issue 10 202 doi: 10.3390/vetsci8100202
Cowling N, Woldeyohannes S, Sole Guitart A, Goodwin W.Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) noninvasively measures peripheral tissue oxygen saturation (StO) and may be useful to detect early changes in StO in anaesthetized and critically ill horses. This study aimed to identify the muscle belly that provided the highest percentage of successful StO readings and the highest mean StO value. Fifty adult horses were enrolled in a prospective controlled study. StO was measured at six different muscles in each horse, for each intervention: hair overlying the muscle was clipped (post clipping: PC), clipped skin was cleaned with chlorhexidine (post-surgical ...
Accuracy and trending capability of haemoglobin measurement by noninvasive pulse co-oximetry in anaesthetized horses.
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia    September 9, 2021   Volume 49, Issue 1 76-84 doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.06.017
Tayari H, Flaherty D, Schauvliege S, La Rosa L, Auckburally A.To assess the accuracy and trending capability of continuous measurement of haemoglobin concentration [Hb], haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO) and oxygen content (CaO) measured by the Masimo Radical-7 pulse co-oximeter in horses undergoing inhalational anaesthesia. Methods: Prospective observational clinical study. Methods: A group of 23 anaesthetized adult horses. Methods: In 23 healthy adult horses undergoing elective surgical procedures, paired measurements of pulse co-oximetry-based haemoglobin concentration (SpHb), SaO (SpO), and CaO (SpOC) and simultaneous arterial blood samples were co...
Evaluation of noninvasive blood pressure in anesthetized horses: Bias, limits of agreement, and comparative detection of a predetermined mean blood pressure warranting treatment.
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne    September 4, 2021   Volume 62, Issue 9 994-998 
Radhakrishnan S, Lorenzutti AM, Araos JD, Martin-Flores M.Oscillometric blood pressure monitoring may be a practical tool for short procedures or those performed outside of the operating room. Oscillometric and direct blood pressure values in 30 juvenile and adult horses in a clinical setting using mixed effect models were compared. The limits of agreement and percentage errors were also calculated. We evaluated the sensitivity and false positive rate for the oscillometric method to trigger an intervention for treating blood pressure [direct mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 70 mmHg]. Oscillometric MAP and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) differed f...
Thermal features, ambient temperature and hair coat lengths: Limitations of infrared imaging in pregnant primitive breed mares within a year.
Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene    August 16, 2021   Volume 56, Issue 10 1315-1328 doi: 10.1111/rda.13994
Maśko M, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Jasiński T, Domino M.Infrared thermography is a non-invasive technique which allows to distinguish between pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Detecting accurate body surface temperatures can be challenging due to external factors altering thermograph measurements. This study aimed to determine the associations between the ambient temperature, the hair coat features and the temperatures of mares' abdomens. It compared pregnant and non-pregnant mares throughout 11 months. The research was carried out on 40 Konik Polski mares, which were divided into pregnant and non-pregnant groups. The temperature (Tmax, maximal; ...
Transrectal three-dimensional fetal volumetry in early pregnant mares: Relationships between maternal factors and equine fetal volume measurements.
Theriogenology    August 6, 2021   Volume 174 20-26 doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.003
Becsek A, Tzanidakis N, Blanco M, Schmicke M, Bollwein H.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal, hormonal, and fetal factors on early fetal volume (FV) measurements in mares obtained by three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound. Furthermore, postpartum parameters were explored in regard to their association with early FV. For this purpose, 149 German warmblood mares that were artificially inseminated and confirmed to be pregnant between days 14-16 of gestation, were examined transrectally at day 45 ± 1 of gestation with the portable 3D ultrasound device Voluson® i (GE, Zipf, Austria). FV was calculated by using the extension so...
Agreement of Bioreactance Cardiac Output Monitoring With Thermodilution in Healthy Standing Horses.
Frontiers in veterinary science    August 3, 2021   Volume 8 701339 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.701339
Hopster K, Hurcombe SDA.Bioreactance is the continuous analysis of transthoracic voltage variation in response to an applied high frequency transthoracic current and was recently introduced for non-invasive cardiac output measurement (NICOM). We evaluated NICOM compared to thermodilution (TD) in adult horses. Six healthy horses were used for this prospective, blinded, experimental study. Cardiac output (CO) measurements were performed simultaneously using TD and the bioreactance method. Different cardiac output scenarios were established using xylazine (0.5 mg/kg IV) and dobutamine (1.5-3 mcg/kg/min). Statistical ana...
A Systematic Approach to Comparing Thermal Activity of the Thoracic Region and Saddle Pressure Distribution beneath the Saddle in a Group of Non-Lame Sports Horses.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI    April 13, 2021   Volume 11, Issue 4 1105 doi: 10.3390/ani11041105
MacKechnie-Guire R, Fisher M, Mathie H, Kuczynska K, Fairfax V, Fisher D, Pfau T.Thermography is a non-invasive method for measuring surface temperatures and may be a convenient way of identifying hypo/hyperthermic areas under a saddle that may be related to saddle pressures. A thermal camera quantified minimum/maximum/mean temperatures at specific locations (left/right) of the thoracic region at three-time points: (1) baseline; (2) post lunging; (3) post ridden exercise in eight non-lame sports horses ridden by the same rider. A Pliance (Novel) pressure mat determined the mean/peak saddle pressures (kPa) in the cranial and caudal regions. General linear mixed models with ...
Administration of pilocarpine by microneedle patch as a novel method for cystic fibrosis sweat testing.
Bioengineering & translational medicine    April 3, 2021   Volume 6, Issue 3 e10222 doi: 10.1002/btm2.10222
Li S, Hart K, Norton N, Ryan CA, Guglani L, Prausnitz MR.The sweat test is the gold standard for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). The test utilizes iontophoresis to administer pilocarpine to the skin to induce sweating for measurement of chloride concentration in sweat. However, the sweat test procedure needs to be conducted in an accredited lab with dedicated instrumentation, and it can lead to inadequate sweat samples being collected in newborn babies and young children due to variable sweat production with pilocarpine iontophoresis. We tested the feasibility of using microneedle (MN) patches as an alternative to iontophoresis to administer ...
The Dynamics of Circulating Immune Complexes in Horses with Severe Equine Asthma.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI    April 2, 2021   Volume 11, Issue 4 1001 doi: 10.3390/ani11041001
Slowikowska M, Bajzert J, Miller J, Stefaniak T, Niedzwiedz A.Non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers of equine asthma syndrome (EAS) from blood or urine are sought. The aim of this study was to assess the absorbance of circulating immune complexes (CICs) during the exacerbation, remission, and treatment of an asthma episode and assess the potential usefulness of CIC levels in the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. The control group, asthma group, and treated asthma group each contained six horses. Following an initial examination and group classification, the horses were kept in a dusty environment for seven days and then moved to an asthma-friendly en...