Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Pathogens
Pathogens are microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, that can cause disease in horses. These microorganisms interact with the equine immune system, often leading to a range of health issues that can affect individual horses or entire populations. Pathogens can be transmitted through various routes, including direct contact, vectors, or environmental exposure. Common equine pathogens include Streptococcus equi, Equine Herpesvirus, and Strongylus vulgaris. Understanding the interactions between equine hosts and pathogens is essential for disease prevention, management, and treatment. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the identification, transmission, and impact of pathogens on equine health.
Absence of Host-Specific Hemotropic Mycoplasmas in Horses and Donkeys from Croatia: First Systematic Survey in Southeastern Europe. Hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) are uncultivable, cell wall-less bacteria that parasitizeon the surface of red blood cells of mammals, potentially causing anemia and other systemic signs. While widely distributed among domestic and wild animals, their occurrence in equids remains poorly understood, and no species has been identified as host-specific to horses or donkeys. This study presents the first systematic survey of hemoplasmas in equids from southeastern Europe and only the second molecularly confirmed case in horses in Europe. A total of 843 equids (817 horses and 26 donkeys) from ...
Outbreak of equine botulism type C associated with consumption of baleage in Brazil. An outbreak of botulism occurred in March 2024 among horses at a Quarter Horse stud farm in Central-West Brazil. After ingesting baleage, 22 of 26 (85%) horses housed in stables and fed baleage became ill. The affected horses had dysphagia, muscular weakness, fasciculations, and progressive recumbency; 13 of 22 (59%) died within a few days. The diagnosis of type C botulism was established based on clinical and epidemiologic findings and confirmed by mouse bioassays, which indicated botulinum toxin type C in liver samples and intestinal contents. Furthermore, PCR testing identified toxigenic i...
Bacterial contamination of covered versus non-covered plates in a sterile operating room in an equine referral center. Surgical site infections (SSI) are a common postoperative complication of equine orthopedic surgery and often increase morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine if covering surgical instruments during surgery decreased bacterial environmental air contamination during early opening of surgical packs (EOSP). The authors hypothesized that covering instruments with sterile surgical towels would reduce the total number of bacterial colonies to which the instruments were exposed. Blood agar plates (BAP) were allocated into two groups (non-covered vs. covered with a sterile huck towel)...
Metagenomics insights into the effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculation on the microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes in mare milk. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging contaminants threatening public health, yet their transmission risk via mare milk products remains understudied. Using metagenomics, we analyzed lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-inoculated fermented, naturally fermented, raw, and pasteurized mare milk to investigate the effect of LAB inoculation on the distribution and transmission pathways of ARGs in mare milk. The results showed that naturally fermented, raw, and pasteurized mare milk had the highest number of pathogens, relative abundance of ARGs, and relative abundance of mobile genetic elements (M...
Abortive diseases in horses and donkeys in Algeria: a systematic review. Equine abortions can result from both infectious and non-infectious causes and pose significant economic losses to the global equine industry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Algeria that compiles and analyzes all published data on the etiology—bacterial, viral, parasitic, and mycotic—of abortions in horses and donkeys. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Data were extracted from 32 studies reported across 13 articles published between 2012 and 2020. The total sample included an average of 5928 horses and 397 donkeys. Most diagnoses were made using serologic...
Clostridioides difficile in equidae necropsied in Northwestern France, between 2019 and 2021. an anaerobic, spore-forming enteropathogen, is less studied in animals than in humans despite its importance in One Health. We evaluated occurrence, diversity, circulation, and virulence in French Equidae ( = 100) after their necropsy in northwestern France, from 2019 to 2021. We systematically recovered all cecal contents and any watery intestinal contents. We isolated strains, determined their toxin gene profile by PCR, and established their PCR-ribotype according to the WEBRIBO database. We also performed free toxin detection. Twenty-seven Equidae were positive for and 20 had a toxigeni...
Molecular Prevalence and Genotypic Diversity of Theileria equi in Xinjiang, China, Based on Three Genes. Equine theileriosis, caused by the protozoan parasite , represents a significant economic threat to the equine industry. In Xinjiang, China, an endemic area for this disease, systematic research on the genetic diversity of has been notably lacking. The aim of this study was to obtain molecular epidemiological data pertaining to the parasite in selected regions of Xinjiang, China, and analyze the genetic characteristics (including rRNA, , and genes) and genotype distribution patterns of isolates from these regions, providing a scientific basis for developing targeted prevention and control s...
Characterization of Staphylococci colonizing healthy equine skin: antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and biofilm formation. In order to develop non-antibiotic therapies to treat dermatological diseases it is urgent to spread knowledge on composition and properties of skin bacteria in healthy animals. Since horses are popular companions of humans, it is necessary to know what risk skin bacteria pose to humans. Therefore the aim of this work was to analyse species composition of staphylococci isolated from skin swabs of 50 healthy horses using MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight) spectrometry and to characterize their virulence properties. Swabs were collected from five body areas (n...
Identification of a novel equine rhinitis B virus detected in horse from Japan. Equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV), a member of the Picornaviridae family, is associated with mild to moderate respiratory illness in horses, yet its genomic diversity remains incompletely characterized. In this study, we performed metagenomic analysis on a rectal swab sample from a diarrheic foal confirmed to be positive for rotavirus A. Unexpectedly, we identified a highly divergent ERBV strain with a 9,448-nucleotide genome encoding a 2,721-amino-acid polyprotein. Sequence analysis revealed only 62.5-63.1% identity in the polyprotein and 47.1-49.8% in the VP1 region compared to known ERBV serot...
Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in equine-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The escalating issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), particularly in the equine context, poses a significant threat to veterinary and public health. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the current landscape of AMR in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from equine sources. Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted, and data from eligible studies were extracted and synthesized. The review included 10 articles reporting on 1624 P. aeruginosa isolates. High resistance rates were found for several...
Zoonotic aortic graft infection by Streptococcusequi. A 69-year-old woman with hypertension had undergone total arch replacement with an open stent graft 7 years prior. She was referred to our hospital for evaluation after experiencing fever (>38 °C) and cough. Chest radiography revealed a prominent aortic arch, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography demonstrated aortic arch enlargement and peri-graft fluid collection containing air. These findings indicated graft infection and prompted immediate intervention. Blood cultures grew Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, a zoonotic pathogen associated with horses. Notably, the patient ...
Ultraviolet C (UV-C) Light Therapy Inhibits Pathogens Associated With Equine Keratomycosis at Different Corneal Depths-An Ex Vivo Study. To assess if an inexpensive, commercially available ultraviolet C (UV-C) light device with a peak emission of 275 nm can inhibit equine keratomycosis-associated pathogens located at different corneal depths in an ex vivo model. Methods: A controlled, randomized experimental design. Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani isolates were inoculated in fresh bovine corneoscleral transplants, superficially or at 450 μm of stromal depth for the ulcerative keratomycosis or stromal abscess model, respectively. After a minimum of 18 h of incubation, treatment groups received 15 s of UV-C li...
A Rare Case of Streptococcus equi Infection: A Report and Brief Review of the Literature. We present a rare case of subspecies zooepidemicus (SEZ) bacteremia in a 73-year-old male with a history of Parkinson's disease, pulmonary embolism, and recent left knee total arthroplasty who developed fever and sepsis complicated by septic arthritis of a prosthetic knee and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Blood cultures grew in four out of four bottles, and history revealed frequent horse exposure, suggesting zoonotic transmission with hematogenous seeding of the prosthetic joint. The diagnosis was further challenged by systemic computed tomography (CT) abnormalities and the concurrent DVT, wh...
Unveiling Equine Abortion Pathogens: A One Health Perspective on Prevalence and Resistance in Northwest China. Equine bacterial abortion presents substantial economic and One Health challenges; however, comprehensive epidemiological data from China are limited. This study sought to ascertain the overall prevalence of key pathogens-namely, spp., , , and spp.-in equine populations in northwestern China. In this study, we aimed to further elucidate the characteristics of co-infections, profile antimicrobial resistance genes, and identify associated risk factors. Conducted as a cross-sectional analysis across four provinces, we collected 508 blood samples and 24 abortion tissue samples from 15 farms. Pat...
Genomic insights into the epidemiology of Contagious Equine Metritis in Germany. In Germany, Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) is a persistent problem in equine populations. The often subclinical nature of the disease, which is caused by the bacterium Taylorella equigenitalis, poses a problem for the breeding industry. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the genomic diversity of the pathogen in Germany, as studies on the genome level are lacking. Thus, in this study we sequenced 63 T. equigenitalis isolates from a strain collection and contemporary clinical isolates from before 2007-2024. Most of these isolates came from Icelandic horses in southern Germany. Based...
In vitro inhibitory effects of gentamicin and ceftiofur against Trypanosoma evansi: Promising antibiotic alternatives for equine trypanosomosis in Thailand. infection (Surra) remains a major constraint to equine health and productivity in Thailand. The only available trypanocidal drug, diminazene aceturate (DA), has limited efficacy, poor blood-brain barrier penetration, and toxicity in horses. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of commonly used equine antibiotics, gentamicin (GMC), ceftiofur (CTF), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TS), against (Thai strain isolated from dairy cattle number 953; TEDC 953) to identify potential therapeutic alternatives or adjuncts for equine trypanosomosis. Unassigned: An growth inhibition...
Detection and phylogenetic relationship of Neorickettsia risticii in horses from Southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Neorickettsia risticii, an obligate intracellular bacterium, is the causative agent of Potomac Horse Fever (PHF) - a systemic, acute, and potentially fatal diarrheal disease. This pathogen is an endosymbiont of digenetic trematodes, with freshwater snails playing a role in its biological cycle. The disease exhibits endemic and seasonal patterns, primarily affecting horses in wetlands during warmer months, and has been documented in the United States, Canada, Europe, and South America. Previous studies confirmed the pathogen's presence in herds from southern Brazil via serology and PCR; however...
Streptococcus equi Subspecies zooepidemicus Infective Endocarditis: A Case Report of a Rare Bacterium and Review of the Literature. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a dreaded disease with a high mortality rate. In Denmark, IE is most often caused by or species. We present a rare case of a 50-year-old woman with a history of a dual-chamber pacemaker due to third-degree atrioventricular block and a mechanical mitral valve inserted due to mitral stenosis. The patient was admitted to the hospital after she was found lying on the floor in her home. The patient was diagnosed with subspecies () prosthetic heart valve IE, which was complicated with meningitis, myocardial infarction, and an increasing vegetation load despite antib...
Spatiotemporal patterns in British racing and equestrian sports: Implications for pathogen transmission. The widespread assumption that there is minimal potential for pathogen transmission between British racehorse and sport horse populations remains unverified by empirical evidence. Objective: To characterise spatiotemporal patterns of horse attendance at racing and other sport events in Great Britain in 2018. Methods: Spatiotemporal analysis. Methods: Publicly available data from British Horseracing Authority, British Dressage, British Eventing, Endurance GB, and British Showjumping events in Great Britain during 2018 were analysed. Horse attendance was summarised by discipline, month, and seas...
Geographic diversity of the Streptococcus equi subsp. equi accessory genome: implications for vaccines and global surveillance. Strangles, caused by the host-adapted subsp. (. ), imposes significant welfare and economic losses on the equine industry worldwide. Understanding its genomic features, virulence-associated genes (VAGs), antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) is essential for disease control and vaccine development. This study aimed to characterize the accessory genome composition, geographic distribution of VAGs and MGEs, and AMR profiles of . by a large-scale genomic analysis of global publicly available . sequences. All publicly available . sequences in the Sequence Read Arch...
Tackling equine antimicrobial resistance: introducing REIN In AMR. Charlotte Barber, Abigail McGlennon, Fleur Whitlock, John Grewar, Sophie Spalding, Richard Newton and Tamsin Dewé introduce a new government-funded initiative to strengthen the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in the equine sector.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Salmonella in Asymptomatic Horses in Eastern Spain: A One Health Perspective. are zoonotic pathogens, and rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR) amplifies their public health impact. Asymptomatic horses can act as reservoirs, contributing to environmental contamination and interspecies transmission. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of and characterize AMR patterns in healthy horses from eastern Spain. Faecal samples from 95 asymptomatic horses were collected once daily over five consecutive days (475 samples in total) and processed under for detection. Epidemiological information was obtained through owner questionnaires, and associations with shedding we...
Characterization of surface properties and antimicrobial activity of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria isolated from the reproductive tract of healthy mares. Equine endometritis, a major cause of subfertility in mares, has a significant economic impact on horse breeding. In the face of rising antimicrobial resistance, the use of beneficial bacteria to prevent this disease is a non-antibiotic alternative which aligns with "One Health" principles. This study characterised vaginal autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from healthy mares. Out of the 25 presumptive LAB isolates obtained from 15 clinically healthy thoroughbred mares, 24 were confirmed. Surface properties were assessed (autoaggregation, hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, exopolysacchar...
Babesia spp. in Domestic Animals from Rural Areas of Cauca Department: Previous Exposure and Molecular Detection Among Canines, Bovines and Equines. Babesia species are tick-borne protozoan parasites which affect several animal species. Babesia spp. infections are significantly important for veterinary medicine, affecting a wide range of domestic animal species such as dogs, cattle, and horses. In Colombia, studies of Babesia spp. infections in domestic animals are scarce. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore the circulation of these parasites among domestic canines, bovines and equines from the department of Cauca. Methods: Between August and November, 2017, active domestic animal sampling of cattle was performed in eight rur...
Genomic epidemiology of strains currently and formerly classified as Enterobacter spp. recovered from equine necropsy samples. Enterobacteriaceae are opportunistic pathogens responsible for local or systemic infections in both human and veterinary medicine. To monitor circulating strains in stud farms in Normandy (France), we investigated a collection of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from necropsied equids performed in the region between 1997 and 2020. These strains were initially identified using MALDI-TOF; however, as this method failed to identify some isolates, whole genome sequencing followed by rMLST analysis was subsequently performed. Different genera were identified: Enterobacter spp., Huaxiibacter spp., Lellio...
Rapid and sensitive detection of Theileria equi using a novel integrated RPACRISPR/Cas13a lateral flow assay. Equine piroplasmosis (EP), caused by the intracellular protozoa Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and Theileria haneyi, represents a major health and economic threat to the equine industry worldwide. Existing diagnostic methods, including PCR, serology, and microscopy, are constrained by their dependence on specialized equipment, lengthy protocols, and the requirement for skilled personnel. Objective: This study aimed to develop a rapid, accurate, and field-deployable molecular diagnostic assay for T. equi. Methods: A nucleic acid-based diagnostic platform combining recombinase polymerase ampli...
Molecular detection and genotyping of Theileria equi infection within the equine population in Giza, Egypt, using real-time PCR as compared with conventional detection methods. Equine piroplasmosis represents one of the main and serious health problems affecting the equines industry globally, caused by a tick-borne protozoa called and . This study aimed to identify and genotype within the equine population from Giza Governorate, Egypt, by comparing the obtained results using the available diagnostic methods. Unassigned: We collected 116 apparently healthy horses from the study area during the first half of 2019 to identify using real-time PCR (qPCR), targeting the gene. The results were compared with those from microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood sme...
First molecular detection of Francisella tularensis and investigation of Coxiella burnetii in horse sera in Iran. Infections caused by and , as zoonotic diseases, pose a serious threat to the health of humans and animals. To date, there is limited information regarding these diseases in horses. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of and in the serum of racehorses in Iran (Golestan province). 350 blood samples were collected from racehorses in four regions of Golestan province, and demographic data (sex, age, and sampling location) were recorded. The collected serum samples were examined by PCR to identify the genomes of and . The results showed that 3.4 % (P < 0.05, 95 % CI: 1.97 % - 5.9 %)...
Serological evidence of Rickettsia in horses and survey of tick-borne agents in ticks from horses and wildlife in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Tick-borne diseases are among the most widespread vector-borne infections, including zoonoses caused by bacterial and protozoal microorganisms. This study consisted of a serosurvey for Rickettsia spp. in 270 horses from 11 farms in the coastal region of Pernambuco, Brazil. Through the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) based on antigens of five Rickettsia species, 164 (60.7%) horses were seroreactive to Rickettsia spp., with seroreactivity among farms ranging from 10 to 100%. Through molecular analysis, all 270 horse blood DNA samples tested negative by PCR assays targeting Anaplasmatacea...
