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Topic:Public Health
The topic of Public Health and horses encompasses the study of interactions between equine populations and human health systems. It involves examining the transmission of zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can be transferred between animals and humans, as well as the role of horses in the epidemiology of such diseases. This field also considers the impact of equine-related activities on public health, including injuries and environmental effects. Research in this area often explores preventive measures, management strategies, and policies to mitigate health risks associated with horses. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that investigate the intersection of equine and public health, focusing on disease transmission, risk assessment, and health management strategies.
An empirical study of the impact of complexity on participation in horserace betting. The aim of the research reported in this paper was to explore empirically whether levels of participation in horserace betting are affected by the complexity of the betting task. The study employed a systematic random sample of 1161 betting decisions made in UK offcourse betting offices during 1987. The research was conducted in a naturalistic setting where it was possible to grade complexity and to measure levels of participation. Complexity was defined in terms of both the number of alternatives in the decision-maker's choice set (number of horses in a race) and the complexity of the attribu...
Utilization of both phenotypic and molecular analyses to investigate an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella anatum in horses. Phenotypic and molecular techniques, including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, plasmid analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to characterize 15 isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella anatum cultured during a 16 mo period from horses and a veterinary clinic environment. The isolates were resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents and could be placed into 4 groups based on their antimicrobial resistance patterns. The isolates contained multiple plasmids ranging in size from 2 to > 100 kb that could be grouped into 3 different plasmid profile patterns;...
Pathogenesis and virulence of Rhodococcus equi. Inhalation of the soil-borne organism, Rhodococcus equi, can lead to a chronic and severe pyogranulomatous pneumonia in young horses and immunocompromised people. In addition, ulcerative colitis is a common sequela to infection in foals, and dissemination from the lung to other body sites is not uncommon in either the horse or man. Although the facultative intracellular bacterium is susceptible to neutrophil-mediated killing, it is able to resist innate macrophage defenses and establish residence within the intracellular environment of that phagocyte. Definitive virulence factors of R. equi ha...
Epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi infections: a review. An overview of epidemiology of R. equi infection in foals is presented, emphasizing the importance of the virulence-associated antigens and plasmids as epidemiological markers. The monoclonal antibody-based colony blot test has been developed to identify rapidly and accurately virulent R. equi. Epidemiological studies conducted during the recent 5 years have revealed that: (1) avirulent R. equi are widespread in the feces of horses and their environment on every farm; (2) the feces of horses and the environment of the horse farms having endemic R. equi infections demonstrated heavy contaminati...
[Borna disease virus. An etiological agent in neuropsychiatric diseases?]. Borna disease virus has long been recognized as a cause of sporadic cases and epidemics of meningoencephalomyelitis in horses and sheep in southern parts of Germany. however, sero-epidemiological surveillances indicate that Borna disease virus has a global distribution in horses, without the recognition of clinical manifestations associated with the infection, in other parts of the world. During the past five years evidence has been presented suggesting that humans also can become infected with this virus or a closely related virus. A significantly increased sero-prevalence is seen in patient ...
Immunoprophylaxis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. An immunoprophylaxis program for R. equi infection of foals has been established on a number of thoroughbred breeding farms in Argentina over the past 4 years. Nearly 800 mares annually were immunized subcutaneously during the last 2 months of pregnancy with 2-3 doses of a vaccine containing soluble antigens of R. equi, including the virulence associated protein (VapA) and 'equi factors' exoenzymes. The mortality from R. equi pneumonia in the foals from vaccinated dams dropped from an average of 3% in the 5 years before the vaccination program was initiated to an average of 1.2% in the 4 years...
Antibodies against some viruses of domestic animals in southern African wild animals. Twenty-four species of South African wild animals were tested for the presence of antibodies against the viruses of 16 common diseases of domestic animals. Positive results were obtained for African horsesickness, equine encephalosis, equid herpes virus-1, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Allerton disease (Herpes mammillitis), lumpy skin disease, parainfluenza, encephalomyocarditis, bluetongue, Wesselsbron disease, bovine ephemeral fever, and Akabane disease complex. No antibodies could be demonstrated against the viruses of equine influenza, equine infectious anaemia, equine viral arteritis...
Cortisol concentrations in post competition horse urine: a French and British survey. The purpose of the present report was to estimate the population parameters of cortisol concentrations in urine, an endogenous hormone used as a 'doping' agent and for which an international threshold (1.0 micrograms/ml) has been proposed. Two data bases (French and UK) corresponding to 112 and 142 samples, respectively were considered. Urine was collected under specific post competition conditions. Cortisol concentrations were obtained by validated methods (HPLC for the French samples, and GC-MS for UK samples). No difference was observed between the 2 data sets and statistical analyses were ...
Purification and characterization of a hemolysin produced by Vibrio mimicus. Vibrio mimicus is a causative agent of human gastroenteritis. This pathogen secretes a pore-forming toxin, V. mimicus hemolysin (VMH), which causes hemolysis by three sequential steps: binding to an erythrocyte membrane, formation of a transmembrane pore, and disruption of the cell membrane. VMH with a molecular mass of 63 kDa was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography with phenyl Sepharose HP and Superose 6 HR. The hemolytic reaction induced by VMH continued up to disruption of all erythrocytes in the assay system. Moreover, VMH that bound preliminarily to erythr...
Importance of sphingolipids and inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism as components of animal diets. Sphingolipids are highly bioactive compounds that participate in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, diverse cell functions, and apoptosis. They are present in both plant and animal foods in appreciable amounts, but little is known about their nutritional significance. Recent studies have shown that feeding sphingomyelin to female CF1 mice treated with a colon carcinogen (1,2-dimethylhydrazine) reduced the number of aberrant colonic crypt foci; longer-term feeding also affected the appearance of colonic adenocarcinomas. Therefore, dietary sphingolipids should be considered in studi...
Simulation studies of vaccination strategies in African horse sickness. A simulation model including two hosts (horses and donkeys) and one vector (Culicoides imicola) for African horse sickness in Spain is extended to consider vaccination strategies. If hosts were protected prior to virus introduction, elimination of simulated epidemics was related nonlinearly to the fraction protected. Protecting donkeys as well as horses increased the effectiveness of vaccination. Prevention of 50% of epidemics required 75% coverage of horses and donkeys or 90% coverage of horses only. Protection after the introduction of the virus was rarely successful in preventing outbreaks....
Anthelmintic resistance in human helminths: Learning from the problems with worm control in livestock. During the past decade, the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in some economically important helminths of sheep, goats and horses has increased dramatically. In some regions of Australia, South America and South Africa, anthelmintic resistance has become a serious threat to the survival of the sheep industry. Mass treatment programmes and exclusive reliance on anthelmintics for worm control in livestock are amongst the most important reasons for the development of anthelmintic resistance. In this article, Stanny Geerts, Gerald Coles and Bruno Gryseels draw the attention to a number of erro...
Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in La Guajira, Colombia, 1995. In 1995, the first Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) outbreak in Colombia in 22 years caused an estimated 75,000 human cases, 3000 with neurologic complications and 300 fatal, in La Guajira State. Of the state's estimated 50,000 equines, 8% may have died. An epizootic IC virus, probably introduced from Venezuela, was rapidly amplified among unvaccinated equines. Record high rainfall, producing high densities of vector Aedes taeniorhynchus, led to extensive epidemic transmission (30% attack rate) in the four affected municipalities. Native Wayuu Indians, constituting 24% of the state's popul...
Antigenic polymorphism of the lipopolysaccharides from human and animal isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica. Six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Bordetella pertussis (P1P3, 60.5), B. parapertussis (PP2, PP6, PPB) and B. bronchiseptica (BRg1) were used to examine the presence of antigenic determinants of LPS on B. bronchiseptica cells. Forty-eight clinical isolates of this Gram-negative bacterium (4 canine, 3 equine, 6 porcine, 4 rabbit and 31 human) were examined. Significant cross-reactivities with the heterologous anti-pertussis and anti-parapertussis mAbs were observed. The isolates also exhibited marked antigenic polymorphism. The 48 isolates could be classifie...
Economics of health management in the Michigan, USA equine industry. A study was developed to describe direct expenses, labor use, and performance days lost associated with health management in the Michigan equine industry. A prospective design with stratified, random sampling, was employed involving 77 operations from February 1992 through January 1993, and 61 different operations from May 1993 through April 1994. Data on the cost of health management were collected during monthly visits, and included monetary expenditures, death losses, days lost, and labor use. Median health care costs (when they were incurred) were $4.84 per horse per month for monetary exp...
Swabbing protocols in screening for contagious equine metritis. Outbreaks of contagious equine metritis in Britain during 1996 emphasised the importance of preventing the disease through full and widespread implementation of the Horserace Betting Levy Board's code of practice. The provision of satisfactory samples for testing represents an integral part of applying the code. Here, in an article commissioned by the British Equine Veterinary Association, Dr Elaine Watson describes the techniques involved.
Restriction enzyme analysis of the virulence plasmids of VapA-positive Rhodococcus equi strains isolated from humans and horses. Restriction enzyme digestion patterns of the large virulence plasmids of 8 human and 37 foal isolates of virulence-associated protein (VapA)-positive Rhodococcus equi strains from different sources were compared. Foal isolates came from five continents. Digestion with EcoRI divided these plasmids into three closely related types, and digestion with BamHI divided them into three major types which corresponded to the EcoRI types. The only EcoRI and BamHI type 3 plasmid was from a single foal isolate obtained from Japan. There are thus two major but related virulence plasmids in isolates from foa...
Fumonisins – Importance and occurence of a new group of mycotoxins. This paper describes the importance of fumonisins for human beings and animals and shows data for the occurence in food. Corn-based food samples (n = 299) purchased in the area of munich were analyzed for fumonisin content using an enzyme immunoassay.Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced byFusarium species, especially byFusarium moniliforme andFusarium proliferatum. Occurrence of fumonisins in corn and in cornbased foods and feeds has been reported from almost all over the world. In several animal species different diseases are traced back to fumonisin toxicosis. Fumonisin levels of 5-10 ppm inho...
Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Canadian farm animals. Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are commonly identified intestinal pathogens in humans and animals. In light of the clinical disease, production losses and zoonotic potential of both Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections, a study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of these parasites in cattle, sheep, pigs and horses in Canadian farms at different geographical locations. A total of 104 cattle, 89 sheep, 236 pigs and 35 horses were sampled from 15 different Canadian geographical locations. Fecal samples were examined after concentration and immunofluorescent staining. Gi...
Amantadine in man and horse–can we learn from each other? The research examines the impact of administering amantadine to horses and humans to combat influenza A, speculating on potential benefits of dual-field research between human and animal health. The study […]
Pasteurella caballi infection following a horse bite. The isolation of Pasteurella caballi from an horse-bite wound in a 56-year-old man is reported. Biochemical characteristics are described and compared with the other species representing the genus Pasteurella. This strain probably represents the first human isolate of P. caballi in France.
Fatal encephalitis due to novel paramyxovirus transmitted from horses. In September, 1994, an outbreak of severe respiratory disease affected 18 horses, their trainer, and a stablehand in Queensland, Australia. Fourteen horses and one human being died. A novel virus was isolated from those affected and named equine morbillivirus (EMV). We report a case of encephalitis caused by this virus. Results: A 35-year-old man from Queensland had a brief aseptic meningitic illness in August, 1994, shortly after caring for two horses that died from EMV infection and then assisting at their necropsies. He then suffered severe encephalitis 13 months later, characterised by unc...
[Re-emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in French Guiana. Apropos of 1 confirmed case]. Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that occurs in equine species and in man. The strains can be grouped epidemiologically into two major categories: enzootic and epizootic. Enzootic strains cause sporadic human disease and are not associated with disease among equines. These strains are found throughout Florida. Central America, northern South America and Brazil. Epizootic strains are associated with enormous morbidity and mortality in equine species. In man, VEE virus infections are largely asymptomatic and in children and young adults there is an increased...
