Tissue in horses refers to the various types of biological material that make up the body of the animal, including muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues. Each type of tissue has specific functions and characteristics, contributing to the overall physiology and health of the horse. Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and locomotion, connective tissue provides structural support and protection, epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities, and nervous tissue is involved in transmitting signals for communication and coordination within the body. The study of equine tissue encompasses aspects such as growth, repair, and response to injury or disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and pathology of different tissue types in horses, offering insights into their role in equine health and disease management.
Kydd JH, Butcher GW, Antczak DF, Allen WR.The expression of class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules by early trophoblast of intraspecific horse and donkey, interspecific mule and extraspecific donkey-in-horse conceptuses was determined using a rat monoclonal antibody (MAC 291) in a peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. Most non-invasive allantochorion of horse, donkey and mule conceptuses did not express class I MHC molecules at any stage of gestation except in small isolated patches of pseudostratified trophoblast lying adjacent to the openings of endometrial glands. In contrast, MHC class I molec...
Oriol JG, Donaldson WL, Dougherty DA, Antczak DF.Three monoclonal antibodies raised against equine trophoblast cells were tested to determine the characteristics of the identified molecules. First, the antibodies were used to precipitate molecules from radiolabelled equine trophoblast cells of the chorionic girdle. Antibody F71.1 precipitated a molecule of 115 kDa, whereas antibodies 71.8 and 71.10 precipitated a molecule of 66 kDa. Second, 2 of the antibodies were used in an indirect immunoperoxidase assay on frozen sections of equine conceptuses of different gestational ages beginning at Day 8. Antibody F71.1 labelled trophoblast cells fro...
Fowden AL, Mundy L, Ousey JC, McGladdery A, Silver M.Glycogen and glucose 6-phosphatase levels were measured in a variety of tissues from fetal, newborn and adult pregnant mares. Hepatic and renal glucose 6-phosphatase activities increased with increasing gestational age and rose further in the 24 h after birth to values similar to those observed in maternal tissues. The glycogen content of fetal liver and skeletal muscle also increased in late gestation, whereas that of fetal lung and cardiac muscle decreased toward term. No significant change in renal glycogen content with fetal age was observed. The values of hepatic glycogen and glucose 6-ph...
Winder NC, Pellegrini A, von Fellenberg R.Alpha 2-beta 1-glycoprotein may be found free in horse serum or complexed with alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor to form pre-alpha 2-elastase inhibitor. There has been little information published concerning alpha 2-beta 1-glycoprotein and its possible tissue sources in horses. A peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique was used to identify alpha 2-beta 1-glycoprotein in buffy coat and bone marrow neutrophils of healthy horses. Macrophages and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage samples from clinically normal horses and from horses with chronic pulmonary disease also were positive for alpha 2-beta 1-g...
Vachon AM, Keeley FW, McIlwraith CW, Chapman P.Articular cartilage specimens from the distal articular surface of 32 radiocarpal bones from 24 2- to 5-year-old horses were analyzed. The total collagen content was determined on the basis of the 4-hydroxyproline content, using a colorimetric method. A method for estimating the proportions of types-I and -II collagen by measuring spectrophotometric densities of specific cyanogen bromide peptide bands from mixtures of types-I and -II collagen on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels was used. The cyanogen bromide peptides representative of each collagen types-I and -II were identified. Th...
Ekfalck A, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Obel N.Explants from the matrix of the stratum medium of the wall of the equine and bovine hoof each were cultured on a microporous membrane, using a standard culture medium. After incubation at 37 C, the outgrowth was a mixture of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, with predominance of the latter. After incubation at 34 C, the keratinocytes dominated, covering the lateral surfaces of the explant as well as the basal surface. Lateral outgrowth of keratinocytes was observed at the borderline of the original epidermis and at the borderline of the explant's contact with the membrane. Epithelial outgrowth fr...
Ekfalck A, Appelgren LE, Funkquist B, Jones B, Obel N.The distribution of 35-S-labelled cysteine and methionine in the epidermis of the equine hoof following 2 hours of intra-arterial injection was studied by microautoradiography. Material for autoradiography was obtained by biopsy about 1 hour after termination of the intra-arterial injection and also 10 and 40 days later. In the specimens obtained one hour after the injection of labelled cysteine and methionine, the amount of radioactivity in the matrix and in the most proximal part of the laminar layer was very high. There was a clear difference between the distribution of the two labelled ami...
Hago BE, Plummer JM, Vaughan LC.The structure of equine synovial tendon sheaths and bursae has been examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Tissue samples were obtained from horses of various types and ages with no clinical evidence of sheath or bursal disorders. The interior of both structures was lined by a cellular layer superimposed on a vascular zone supported by a fibrous layer. The pattern of cell distribution of the lining varied from site to site within the same structure depending on the nature of the underlying tissue and on the amount of movement to which the structure was subjected. The cellular laye...
Nishita T, Matsushita H.A sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for measuring equine carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III) was established using a microplate as a solid-phase and peroxidase as a labelling enzyme. The assay can detect concentrations as low as 5 ng/ml using 20 microliters of sample sera. Within-run coefficients of variation obtained using standard equine CA-III were less than 5 per cent. CA-III levels in equine serum ranged from 5 to 50 ng/ml (n = 370), and apparently abnormal levels of CA-III from 100 to 1900 ng/ml (n = 27) were observed. The concentrations of immunoreactive CA-III in the extracts of ...
Firth EC, Nouws JF, Klein WR, Driessens F.A pilot study in two ponies showed that the plasma concentrations of intramuscularly administered procaine penicillin were higher if phenylbutazone was administered concurrently. In two other trials, each involving five horses, intravenous sodium penicillin was administered with and without concurrent intravenously injected phenylbutazone, and procaine penicillin was injected intramuscularly with and without oral phenylbutazone. In both cases the plasma concentrations of penicillin were higher when phenylbutazone was given. The pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that the effect was probably ...
Johnson L, Hardy VB, Martin MT.Nomarski optics were used to identify stages of the spermatogenic cycle of seminiferous tubules in sectioned tissue or in whole dispersed tubules and to characterize the equine spermatogenic wave. Embedded tissues were sectioned at 20 microns. Whole dispersed tubules were obtained by enzymatic digestion of thin slices of fresh testis. Dispersed tubules were fixed, dehydrated in graded levels of alcohol, infiltrated with Epon, and mounted in toto on glass slides. Stages of the spermatogenic cycle could be identified under Nomarski optics in both histologic sections and tubules mounted in toto. ...
Hamada M, Oyamada T, Yoshikawa H, Yoshikawa T, Itakura C.The histopathological development of equine cutaneous papillomas was studied in 78 warts naturally occurring in 50 one to 3-year-old Thoroughbred or Arab horses and in 54 warts experimentally induced in three 2-year-old Thoroughbreds. Lesions in the natural cases were categorized into three phases, growth, development and regression. Main lesions of the growing phase were marked hyperplasia of the basal cells and mild to moderate acanthosis, hyper- and parakeratosis with a few intranuclear inclusion bodies (IIB) which were positive with anti-bovine papillomavirus serum. In the developing phase...
Reznik GK.The anatomical characteristics of the upper respiratory tract of various experimental animals and man are described. There are a number of differences and similarities macroscopically and microscopically between the species. Perhaps one of the most obvious examples of anatomical differences is in the structure of the turbinates. Some of the differences could affect deposition and clearance of particles in the nasal cavities. Effects of compounds in the nasal cavity, larynx, and trachea can differ depending on the cellular composition of the mucosa.
Bertone AL.Wound healing can be divided into immediate (zero to 1 hour), early (1 to 24 hours), intermediate (1 to 7 days), and late (greater than 7 days) stages. Many physical and physiologic events occur simultaneously and sequentially during these stages to produce the final wound scar. The processes of skin retraction, scab formation, would debridement, wound contraction, epithelial migration and proliferation, fibroplasia, and collagen maturation all must occur for healing to be successful. Many factors affect the size and shape of the resulting scar, including anatomic location and skin tension for...
Booth LC.Delayed closure is an underutilized technique that can produce a good cosmetic result in lower leg wounds and can significantly shorten the healing time. To be successful, the surgeon should be able to utilize tension-relieving techniques and manage dead space. Scar revision should be limited to simple elliptical excision or modifications thereof until experience is developed. Sliding skin flaps, Z-plasties, and W-plasties are used infrequently and require adequate preoperative planning.
Bertone AL.Exuberant granulation tissue is common in large, lower limb wounds of horses, particularly horses of large body size. Methods of control include chemical cautery, cryogenic surgery, and surgical resection. Surgical resection is preferred because it is easy to perform, provides tissue for histologic evaluation, and preserves the epithelial margin. Effective treatments to prevent the formation of granulation tissue include leaving granulating wounds open to the air or, possibly, bandaging with topical steroids. Bandaging or casting may promote exuberant granulation tissue in wounds in which it h...
Freeman DE, Kleinzeller A, Donawick WJ, Topkis VA.When sheets of mucosa from the cecum of clinically normal horses were incubated in vitro with radiolabeled L-alanine, they could accumulate this amino acid against an apparent concentration gradient after 60 to 150 minutes of incubation. The active transport system for L-alanine was on the serosal surface of the mucosal sheet only. L-Alanine accumulation at 60 minutes was partly inhibited by 20 mM glycine (P less than 0.01), 0.5 mM ouabain (P less than 0.05), and Na deprivation (P less than 0.02). Anoxia for 60 minutes increased L-alanine accumulation, but had adverse effects on cell structure...
Winder NC, Pellegrini A, von Fellenberg R.A peroxidase antiperoxidase technique was used to identify alpha 2-macroglobulin in formalin-fixed sections of normal equine lung and liver and in tissue sections and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with various lung diseases. Equine peripheral blood leucocytes and bronchoalveolar lavage samples from clinically normal horses were negative for alpha 2-macroglobulin. It was concluded that liver and pulmonary macrophages may be potential sources of alpha 2-macroglobulin. Although alpha 2-macroglobulin may play a role in various chronic bronchointerstitial pneumonias of the horse, it is d...
Matthews AG.Distribution of the immunoglobulin (Ig) classes G, A and M within the anterior uvea of eight clinically normal equine eyes was examined using indirect immunoperoxidase labelling. Increased staining intensity of stromal IgG and IgA was observed within the ciliary processes, the iris stroma being relatively free of immunoglobulin. This may reflect anatomical variation in the permeability of the uveal microvasculature to lipid insoluble plasma macro-molecules. Intracellular IgG and IgA were observed within the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium in seven and four of the eight eyes respectively, alth...
Palmer SE.A verrucous sarcoid was removed from the ear of a horse, using a carbon dioxide laser. The use of carbon dioxide laser excision and ablation enabled complete removal of tumor cells, with minimal damage to underlying normal cartilage. Cosmetic healing was observed with minimal disfigurement. Recurrence of the tumor was not observed after 11 months.
Bochsler PN, Slauson DO, Chandler SK, Suyemoto MM.The use of cultured tissue has not yet become widespread in research involving equine disease, and this may be attributable in part to the scarcity of published reports concerning tissue culture methods for this species. We report here the isolation of equine microvascular endothelium (EMVE) from fresh omental tissue of horses and ponies. Fresh donor tissue was minced, subjected to collagenase digestion, and filtered. Cells were layered on 5% bovine serum albumin for gravity sedimentation, the bottom layer was collected, and the cells were plated onto fibronectin-coated flasks. Medium consiste...
Vachon A, McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, Norrdin RW, Powers BE.Periosteal autografts were obtained from the medial aspect of the proximal portion of the tibia, and perichondrial autografts were obtained from the sternum. Using arthroscopic visualization, each autograft was placed as a loose body into 1 tarsocrural joint in 6 young horses (2 to 4 years old). Horses were hand-walked daily, starting the day after surgery, for a total of 6 h/wk for 8 weeks. Eight weeks after autograft implantation, radiographs were taken of each tarsocrural joint and were interpreted with regard to mineralization in the transplanted autografts. Autografts were then surgically...
Detilleux PG, Cheville NF, Sheahan BJ.Tissues from subcutaneous lymphosarcomas and regional lymph nodes were examined by light and electron microscopy and by lectin histochemistry. Tumors were composed of two major cell types: small lymphocytes with few organelles and pleomorphic histiocytic cells with undulant surfaces, large numbers of cytoplasmic vacuoles, and many mitochondria with large crystalline inclusions. A large gram-positive coryneform bacterium was isolated from tumor nodules but was not identified morphologically in tumor tissues. Evaluation of sections of tumors with lectins as histochemical probes revealed three st...
Scott DW.In a retrospective histopathologic study of nonneoplastic dermatoses, lymphoid nodules were found in 0.3% of 3,408 canine, 5.1% of 469 feline, and 4.5% of 325 equine skin biopsies. In all 3 species, the majority of cases wherein lymphoid nodules were found were diseases of presumed immune-mediated nature. In cats and horses, the majority of cases were also diseases characterized by tissue eosinophilia.
French DA, Barber SM, Leach DH, Doige CE.Arthroscopic surgery was performed on 12 horses (2-4 years of age) to create a 7 x 14 mm full-thickness cartilage defect in one radial carpal bone and in the contralateral third carpal bone. Six horses remained confined to a small paddock and six horses underwent a program of increasing exercise consisting of walking, trotting, and cantering for 13 weeks. All lesions showed evidence of healing at week 6 that progressed to more complete healing at week 13. There was no difference in the amount of repair tissue covering the defect. Histologically, the lesions healed with a combination of fibrous...
Prieto D, Benedito S, Rodrigo J, Martínez-Murillo R, García-Sacristán A.The distribution and density of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive nerve fibres and cells were determined in the urinary bladder of the horse by using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical method. Numerous undulating NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibres were found throughout the vesical wall, sometimes forming nerve bundles which ramified repeatedly as they coursed through the connective tissue septa to give rise to smaller bundles or single fibres which projected into the muscle fascicles forming muscular nerve plexuses, mainly in the bladder base. In the submucosa of this regio...
Madewell BR, Munn RJ.Abnormal irregularly branched and anastomosing tubules within cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum were observed by transmission electron microscopy in tumour cells comprising connective tissue neoplasms (sarcoids) from three horses and a mule. These tubuloreticular inclusions were also observed in cultured tumour cells from one of these horses examined, but were not detected in fibroblasts (fibrocytes), epidermis, or vascular endothelial cells in skin biopsy specimens from five clinically healthy horses, nor in one additional equine connective tissue neoplasm.
Waelchli RO, Winder NC.The distribution of histopathological lesions in the equine endometrium was examined to investigate the representativeness of a single biopsy specimen in terms of the whole endometrium. Five sections from each of 110 uteri obtained from slaughtered mares were evaluated microscopically and classified according to a four-category grading system used for endometrial biopsies. Depending on the extent of agreement between the categories of the homologous sections, the uteri were considered to show either good agreement (81 uteri; 73.6 per cent), moderate agreement (26 uteri; 23.6 per cent) or poor ...
Steuer AE, Scoggin K, Stewart JC, Barker VD, Adams AA, Loynachan AT, Nielsen MK.This study aimed to collect information on local and systemic inflammatory responses, and goblet cell-associated components, following anthelmintic treatment with moxidectin and ivermectin in horses naturally infected with cyathostomin parasites. Thirty-six horses aged 2-5 years of age were randomly allocated to three groups. Group 1 received ivermectin/praziquantel (0.2 mg/kg), Group 2 received moxidectin/praziquantel (0.4 mg/kg) and Group 3 were untreated controls. Tissue samples from the Cecum, Dorsal and Ventral Colons were used for histopathological evaluation and preserved for RNA is...
Alves BG, Alves KA, Hyde KA, Aguiar FLN, Souza SS, Brandão FAS, Garcia EC, Pinto Y, Gastal MO, Figueiredo JR, Teixeira DIA, Gastal EL.Ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT) is a technique well established and successfully applied in humans using mainly orthotopic or heterotopic transplantation sites. In livestock, OTT is still in its infancy and, therefore, different aspects of the technique, including the efficiency of different heterotopic OTT sites as well as the potential effect of age (i.e., young vs. old mares) in the ovarian graft quality, need to be investigated. The present study investigated the efficacy of the intramuscular (IM) or the novel subvulvar mucosa (SV) heterotopic autotransplantation sites to maintain the...
Van Hoogmoed LM, Snyder JR, Nieto JE, Vatistas NJ, Harmon FA.To determine efficacy of an extracorporeal circuit to maintain a segment of equine large colon for 3.5 hours and to evaluate the effect of low arterial flow on histologic and metabolic variables. Methods: Segments of large colon from 15 healthy adult horses. Methods: The pelvic flexure was surgically removed and maintained in an isolated circuit. In the control group, tissue was evaluated for 3.5 hours, whereas in the low-flow group, arterial flow was reduced to 20% of baseline for 40 minutes followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Various metabolic and hemodynamic variables were evaluated at 30-m...
Manglai D, Wada R, Kurohmaru M, Yoshihara T, Kuwano A, Oikawa M, Hayashi Y.The present study attempted to clarify the characteristics of the guttural pouch mucosa in equines and to evaluate its foreign substance clearance ability. The specimens were collected from nine regions (eight in the guttural pouch mucosa, and one in the nasopharynx mucosa). We first examined the pouch mucosa by light and electron microscopy. We then measured the frequency of goblet cells per 200 epithelial cells, the length of the cilia, the thickness of the epithelial cell layer and lamina propria and statistically analyzed the data. The guttural pouch mucosa consisted of stratified columnar...
Whyte A, Allen WR.Pre- and post-implantation endometrial tissue was removed from equids at known stages of pregnancy. Thin sections of this material were reacted with fluorescein conjugates of several lectins. Two lectins in particular, with specificities for L-fucose and N-acetylglucosamine, reacted strongly with the endometrial epithelium. The reaction for N-acetylglucosamine occurred in small patches on the endometrial epithelium and extended to cover the entire epithelial surface and endometrial glands after implantation. L-Fucose was observed in larger surface deposits particularly at the openings of endom...
Rapisarda G, Marino F, Ferrara G, Gioffrè F, Galofaro V.Here we present a case of preputial benign fibrous histiocytoma in a 7-year-old mule. This case was treated surgically. Pathologic analysis and diagnosis of these lesions were based on a combination of light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Histologically, the tumour was composed primarily of a storiform pattern of fibroblastic and poligonal cells. In immunohistochemistry, except for consistent immunoreactivity for vimentin, nearly all tumour cells were positive for CD68, S-100 protein, pan-cytokeratin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and desmin. Benign fibrous histiocytoma of the prepuce in mu...
Nixon AJ, Krook LP, Roth JE, King JM.A pulsed carbon dioxide laser was used to vaporize articular cartilage in four horses, and perforate the cartilage and subchondral bone in four horses. Both intercarpal joints were examined arthroscopically and either a 1 cm cartilage crater or a series of holes was created in the third carpal bone of one joint. The contralateral carpus served as a control. After euthanasia at week 8, the treated and control joints were examined for gross changes, and samples of cartilage and subchondral bone, synovial membrane, and peripheral lymph nodes were examined histologically. Depletion of cartilage ma...
Millington WR, Dybdal NO, Mueller GP, Chronwall BM.beta-Endorphin is post-translationally processed to both N-acetylated and C-terminally shortened derivatives in the anterior lobe of the horse pituitary, a processing pattern qualitatively different from that of the rat and virtually every other mammalian species. Thus, separation of the molecular forms of beta-endorphin using gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography showed that the horse anterior lobe primarily contains beta-endorphin-1-31 and N-acetyl-beta-endorphin-1-27 along with smaller amounts of beta-lipotropin, beta-endorphin-1-27, and N-acetyl-beta-endorphin-1-31 and -1-26, in c...
Germanà A, Cassata R, Cristarella S, Scirpo A, Muglia U.The three-dimensional architecture of the myosalpinx in the mare was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after removal of interstitial connective tissue with NaOH digestion. In the extramural portion of the tubo-uterine junction (TUJ), isthmus, and ampulla, the myosalpinx architecture is represented by a unique muscular structure which runs from the mesosalpinx to the base of the inner mucous folds. This unique muscular structure consists mainly of bundles of muscular fibers independent of one another, which show a multiple spatial arrangement and form a complex network...
Le NPK, Gerdts V, Singh B.Integrin alpha-v/beta3 (αvβ3) recognizes arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequences and has important functions in cell adhesion, signaling, and survival. However, the expression of integrin αvβ3 in the equine lungs and jejunum is not well understood. The objective of this study was to explore the hitherto unknown expression of integrin αvβ3 in the lungs and jejuna of the horse using light and electron immunocytochemistry. Immunohistochemistry showed integrin αvβ3 on the epithelium, the immune cells in Peyer's patches, the smooth muscle, and the endothelium of equine jejuna. In equ...
Velle W.This presentation is limited to the three groups of steroid sex hormones which alone or in combination have been shown to be anabolic when used in farm animals. It seems essential for realistic evaluation of public health aspects of use of these hormones that the discussions include naturally occurring levels of the hormones. The following topics will be dealt with for each group of hormones: 1. Types and sources; 2. Production rates; 3. Plasma levels; 4. Tissue concentrations; 5. Metabolism and excretion. Gestagens. Progesterone and 20-dihydroprogesterones are mainly produced in ovaries and p...
Winder NC, Pellegrini A, von Fellenberg R.Alpha 2-beta 1-glycoprotein may be found free in horse serum or complexed with alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor to form pre-alpha 2-elastase inhibitor. There has been little information published concerning alpha 2-beta 1-glycoprotein and its possible tissue sources in horses. A peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique was used to identify alpha 2-beta 1-glycoprotein in buffy coat and bone marrow neutrophils of healthy horses. Macrophages and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage samples from clinically normal horses and from horses with chronic pulmonary disease also were positive for alpha 2-beta 1-g...
Webb AI, Weaver BM.The solubilities of halothane at a concentration of 0.77% v/v in 5% carbon dioxide in air at 37 degrees C were determined for a variety of equine tissues. The mean values for the tissue/gas partition coefficients for visceral tissue taken from 36 horses were 5.42 for whole brain, 4.82 for grey matter, 7.41 for white matter, 4.18 for myocardium, 2.76 for lung, 8.51 for liver, 3.21 for kidneys, 2.66 for gastrointestinal tract, 1.77 for blood and 2.45 for spleen. The mean coefficients for eight different muscles taken from 23 horses ranged from 2.43 for extensor carpi radialis to 4.91 for psoas m...
Lee JY, Kang TY, Lee YD, Shin TK.The binding specificities of various lectins, such as the Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and the Bandeiraea simplicifolia BS-1 (Isolectin B4), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), and Ulex europaeus (UEA-I) lectins, were studied in the vomeronasal organ of the horse. The microvilli of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium were positive for DBA, SBA, Isolectin B4, WGA, PNA, and UEA-I. The receptor cells showed intense reactivity for DBA and WGA. Lectins were not detected in the supporting cells or basal cells. The Jacobson's glands were positive for WGA a...
Poradowski D, Chrószcz A.The study consisted of the immunohistochemical analysis of fundic and pyloric mucosa in the equine stomach between the 4th and 11th month of gestation. The accessible material was classified into three age groups using the CRL method. The adult reference group was used to define potential differences between foetal and adult populations of gastric APUD cells. The samples were preserved, prepared, and stained according to the standard protocols. The immunohistochemical reaction was assessed using the semi-quantitative IRS method. The results were documented and statistically analysed. The most ...
Schryver HF, Hintz HF, Lowe JE.Absorption excretion and tissue distribution of stable Zn and 65Zn in mature ponies were studied in three experiments. In the first experiment, the metabolism of stable, dietary Zn and intravenously administered 65Zn was studied in three ponies in a 3 X 3 Latin square design. The ponies were fed a corn and beet pulp diet containing 35 mg Zn/kg or the same diet with 250 or 520 mg of supplemental Zn as ZnO. The ponies absorbed and retained more stable Zn when fed 250 mg of supplemental Zn that when fed the basal diet alone or the basal diet plus 520 mg of supplemental Zn. The ponies retained mor...
Anthauer K, Mülling C, Budras KD.This study aimed to carry out a comprehensive morphological examination of the structure and ultrastructure of the membrane-coating granules (MCG) and membrane-coating material (MCM) common to all hoof segments as well as segment-specific features in the MCG and MCM regarding their synthesis, structure and biochemical composition. Tissue samples from the hooves of the left front and right hind limb of 20 adult riding horses were used. Samples were preserved and embedded for histological routine methods as well as for histochemical techniques and tracer techniques for light and electron microsc...
Bosch G, van Duijkeren E, Bergwerff AA, Rijkenhuizen AB, Ensink JM.Ceftiofur concentrations in an infected and uninfected environment were compared and the efficacy of locally administered ceftiofur was evaluated in an experimental infection with Staphylococcus aureus in tissue cages. Eight ponies had tissue cages (TCs) implanted s.c. on each side of the neck. Into one of the cages 150 mg of ceftiofur was administered and fluid samples were taken to determine ceftiofur concentrations. After 1 week the other TC was infected with S. aureus and subsequently treated with 150 mg ceftiofur administered locally into the TC once daily for 21 days. Samples of fluid we...
Kuroda T, Minamijima Y, Niwa H, Mita H, Tamura N, Fukuda K, Kuwano A, Sato F.Cephalothin (CET) concentrations in body fluids (plasma, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, and aqueous humor) and tissue samples (bone, lung, jejunum, hoof, and subcutaneous tissue) were investigated to consider the treatment of infectious diseases in horses. CET 22 mg/kg body weight was intravenously administered to 12 horses. Samples were collected from four different horses at 1, 3, and 5 hr after administration. The CET concentration in body fluids other than aqueous humor was maintained above the MIC90 values of Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Staphylococcus aureus until 5 ...
Heap RB, Hamon MH, Allen WR.Aromatase distribution in membranes of preimplantation horse and donkey conceptuses was compared by measuring the incorporation of [3H]androstenedione into oestrone and oestradiol-17 beta. In the donkey conceptus, aromatase activity was similar in all the tissues examined (yolk sac, chorionic girdle and allantochorion), whereas in the horse it was generally lower and showed the relationship chorionic girdle greater than yolk sac greater than allantochorion. A higher proportion of labelled precursor was incorporated into oestradiol-17 beta by extra-embryonic tissues of the donkey compared with ...
Tetens J, Barker SA, Waguespack M, Hosgood G.The objectives were to use high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to validate an established method for adenine nucleotide separation in equine colonic mucosal tissue, to determine the inherent variability in the tissue and extraction method, and to determine the stability of ATP, ADP, and AMP in the tissue with time. Equine colonic mucosal tissue obtained from a single horse was immediately submersed in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -70 degrees C. Samples were lyophilized, extracted, and separated by HPLC. The limit of quantitation was 0.05 microg/mL. The coefficient of variation for ...
Mobarak MS, Ryan MF.Adult Strongylus vulgaris, collected from the caecum of infected horses and embedded in paraplast using standard methods, were sectioned for immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies. Antibodies were raised in rabbit against the excretory-secretory product (ESP) and against two constituent protein bands (28-30 kDa). The use of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting indicated the immunogenicity of ESP and of the subunits (28-30 kDa). In ELISA, both rabbit hyperimmune sera recognized the ESP and (28-30 kDa) ban...
Dall'Aglio C, Mercati F, Pascucci L, Ceccarelli P.The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the presence and the distribution of leptin and its receptor in the pancreas of horses of both sexes by immunohistochemical techniques. The presence and the distribution of leptin receptor were also investigated in the initial portion of the duodenum, near the duodenal ampulla. The immunohistochemical investigation demonstrates the immunolocalization of both leptin and its receptor in the endocrine cells of pancreatic islets, which led us to hypothesize that leptin may possibly exert an autocrine/paracrine action on the endocrine pancreas. Examin...
Kasperowicz B, Rotkiewicz T, Otrocka-Domagała I.The purpose of the study was a pathomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis of tumour cells and connective tissue in equine sarcoids. Investigations were performed using histopathological, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical (PCNA, p53, cytokeratin, vimentin) and histochemical (Ag-NORs) methods. The study was conducted on 50 sarcoids originating from 36 horses and classified as occult, verrucous, fibroblastic and a mixed type of sarcoid based on their clinical appearance. Most of the tumours were located on the girth (30%), neck (24%), head (12%), and legs (12%). The average age of the...
Cheng HW, Chik TK, Weir J, Chan BP.Damage to the hyaline cartilage of the joint surface and osteochondral fractures are key factors leading to the development of osteoarthritis in racehorses, representing a significant cause of racehorse retirement. To tissue-engineer an osteochondral unit that is suitable for joint repair, incorporation of a zone of calcified cartilage should be considered so as to mimic itscounterpart. To date, equine mesenchymal stem cells (eMSCs) have been reported to have multilineage differentiation potential. Yet the generation of a zone of calcified cartilage using eMSCs has not been reported. This work...
Reilly CA, Aust SD.An intracellular, membrane-bound enzyme exhibiting both p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity and ferrous iron oxidase activity was isolated with the plasma membrane fraction of horse heart and studied for its ability to load iron into ferritin. The ferroxidase activity of the tissue oxidase was stimulated approximately twofold by horse spleen apoferritin, and the iron was loaded into ferritin. The loading of iron into ferritin by the tissue oxidase was inhibited by anti-horse serum ceruloplasmin antibody. The stoichiometry of iron oxidation and oxygen consumption during iron loading into ferrit...
Roels S, Ducatelle R, van De Vijver B, De Kruif A.An 18-month-old cross-bred Fjord pony colt presenting a fibrosarcoma of the prepuce with severe infiltrative growth, was treated by topical application of 5-fluorouracil. Biopsies were taken before and after a treatment period of 2 months. As a control, preputial tissue from a healthy horse was biopsied. Tissue sections were stained immunohistochemically for Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and Proliferation related factor--Ki67 (MIB1). Using computerized quantitative image analysis of these sections, Mitotic index (PCNA), Growth Fraction (Ki67) and total nuclear area percentage of th...
Hayden LR, Stoker AM, Johnson PJ, McCracken MJ.To determine the following: (1) whether an irrigation solution that is hyperosmolar (HYPER) relative to synovial fluid decreases tissue extravasation during an arthroscopic protocol when compared to a relatively hypoosmolar solution, (2) the safety of a HYPER solution based on viability of joint tissues following joint irrigation, and (3) if the use of a HYPER solution decreases water content in stifle joint tissue. Methods: 8 adult horses. Methods: A prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial was performed to compare lactated Ringer's solution (LRS; 273 mOsm/L) and a HYPER (600 mOsm/L)...
Budras KD, Schiel C, Mülling CK, Patan B.The preparation of hard tissues such as the equine hoof horn for electron microscopic examination is very difficult. In particular the penetration of fixatives and chemicals used during fixation and embedding is a problem. The objective of this study was to find and implement an alternative method enabling the preparation of high-quality thin sections of hoof horn and other hard tissue, which maintains the hard tissue ultrastructure and can be used for immuno-labeling. Compared to commonly used fixation and embedding techniques, the preparation of thin sections from untreated material method s...
da Silva LL, Silveira MD, da Costa Garcia CAS, Grudzinski PB, Martins CF, Nardi NB.Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have attracted great attention for therapeutic applications. Since cells derived from different tissues have different properties, using the right tissue source may impact their efficiency in regenerative medicine. This study describes for the first time the isolation and characterization of MSCs derived from the equine coronary corium, which may be useful for treating diseases such as laminitis. Seven coronary corium samples were used for isolation of cells (ccMSCs). Adherent cells were characterized for morphology, immunophenotype, proliferation and different...
