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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in healthy foals less than twenty-four hours old. To determine pharmacokinetic variables that describe the disposition of flunixin after i.v. administration of flunixin meglumine to foals < 24 hours old. Methods: 6 healthy foals, 2 males and 4 females (mean age, 11.6 hours; range, 6 to 22.5 hours). Methods: Flunixin (as flunixin meglumine) was administered to foals at a dosage of 1.1 mg/kg of body weight. Flunixin concentration in plasma samples was analyzed, using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Concentration versus time profiles were analyzed according to standard pharmacokinetic techniques. Blood samples were obtained from foals b...
Study on the gastrointestinal parasite fauna of ponies in northern Germany. Quantitative faecal and post-mortem examinations of 16 ponies, 1 to 2 1/2 years of age, originating from 3 farms in northern Germany were performed in February 1995 to determine the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in these animals. A total of 33 species of metazoan parasites was recovered: three tapeworm species (Anoplocephala perfoliata, A. magna, Paranoplocephala mamillana), Strongylus vulgaris, S. edentatus, small strongyles (including four Triodontophorus spp., Craterostomum acuticaudatum and 19 cyathostome species), Oxyuris equi, Parascaris equorum, Habronema majus ...
[Course of blood levels of calcium, inorganic phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone and calcidiol (25-OH-D3) in one and two year old thoroughbred horses]. The present study was aimed to determine the contents of calcium, inorganic phosphate, parathormon, 25-OH-D3 and the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the plasma of one- and two-years-old thoroughbred horses. Data were obtained monthly from 44 one-year-old thoroughbred of 4 different studs from May during grazing-season and from October during stable-, resp. training-season up to april of the following year. Calcium, inorganic phosphate and the activity of alkaline phosphatase were measured with a photometric method and the concentration of PTH and 25-OH-D3 were determined with a radioimmuno...
Modified apparatus for collection of free-flow urine from mares. An apparatus for collection of free-flow urine from female horses is described. This apparatus is a modification of a similar device described previously. It allows the collection of voided urine from adult female horses without confining them to metabolic stables or resorting to invasive procedures like bladder catheterisation. It is relatively easy to use after a short adaptation period.
Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of detomidine in isoflurane-anaesthetised horses. Anaesthesia was induced in horses (n = 6) with a mixture of thiopentone and guaiphenesin and maintained by mechanical ventilation with a mixture of oxygen, air and isoflurane. Inspiratory and end-expiratory concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and isoflurane were measured. Electrocardiography was used to evaluate heart rate and rhythm. Mean systemic arterial pressure (SAPm), pulmonary artery pressure (PAPm), right atrial pressure (RAPm) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) were measured directly. Cardiac output was determined using the thermodilution method. Microcirculation in th...
Use of statistical models to evaluate racing performance in thoroughbreds. To develop a statistical model to evaluate the influence of specific parameters on racing performance in Thoroughbreds. Methods: Survey. Methods: Racing records of Thoroughbreds performing in Louisiana from 1981 to 1985. Methods: Race results for 20 randomly selected days from 5 racetracks during 5 years were analyzed, using regression analysis. Results: The most influential parameter was distance raced. There were significant differences in racing performance among horses at different tracks. At the tracks examined, fast racing surfaces resulted in significantly faster finish times than good ...
Evaluation of young or unproven horses for potential exercise intolerance. The determination of poor performance in the young or unproven horse can be a difficult experience for the practitioner. This article describes an incremental exercise test that may be helpful in determining the cause of poor performance in horses when a complete physical examination and a lameness examination fail to elucidate the causes of poor performance. Included are values from normal yearling and 2-year-old horses that have undergone the incremental exercise test.
Lower respiratory tract disease. Lower respiratory tract disease is an important source of poor performance and exercise intolerance in racehorses and middle-aged sport horses. Horses that perform high-intensity exercise are predisposed to development of infectious and noninfectious respiratory disease. Diagnostic aids for investigation of lower respiratory tract disease include thorough thoracic auscultation with rebreathing, endoscopic examination, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and thoracic radiographic examination. The therapeutic approach for horses with lower respiratory tract diseases often can be directed by cytologic ...
Direct detection of equine herpesvirus DNA in tissues of aborted equine fetuses. Restriction endonuclease analysis of equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 has been investigated using cultured cells infected with these viruses. The DNA cleavage patterns of these viruses were observed in the intracellular DNA after digestion with Eco RI and electrophoresis. This procedure was applied to the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus infection in aborted equine fetuses. The characteristic Eco RI restriction pattern of EHV-1 DNA was directly detectable in the emulsion of lungs collected from aborted equine fetuses.
Separation of equine IgG subclasses (IgGa, IgGb and IgG(T)) using their differential binding characteristics for staphylococcal protein A and streptococcal protein G. Equine IgG possesses four well-defined subisotypes, designated IgGa, IgGb, IgGc and IgG(T) on the basis of their increasing anodal mobility in electrophoresis. However, the preparation of IgGa and IgGb reference proteins has not previously been reported. Certain bacterial cell wall proteins, termed protein A and protein G, have been used for purification of IgG subisotypes from the serum of domestic animals which, combined with other techniques utilising differences in the physico-chemical properties of the proteins, has allowed the purification of Ig isotypes. This paper describes purificatio...
Measurement of cardiac output by transoesophageal Doppler echocardiography in anaesthetized horses: comparison with thermodilution. In order to determine if transoesophageal Doppler echocardiography could be used to estimate cardiac output in anaesthetized horses, we have compared the technique with estimations of cardiac output by thermodilution in eight healthy adult thoroughbreds. Measurements of aortic blood flow velocity were made by high pulse repetition frequency (HPRF) and continuous wave (CW) Doppler echocardiography from a 3.5-MHz transoesophageal probe. Cardiac output was increased during the study by administration of dobutamine, providing a range of cardiac output measurements by thermodilution from 15.0 to 64...
[Observations of Setaria equina (Nematoda: Setariidae) with the optical microscope and scanning electron microscope]. Adults of S. equina (Spirurida, Setariidae), 1 male and 2 females, collected from vaginal sac of stallion, were studied by soanning electron microscopy (SEM). The amphids, cephalic and cervical papillae, peribuccal ring, fine transverse bands and bosses of the cuticle, as well as caudal papillae were visualized clearly at this examination. The results of the present survey contribute towards the identification of S. equina, improve the definition of the characters which are demonstrated by common light microscopy and give the exact number of male caudal papillae including the lateral cloacal r...
Skeletal origins of exercise intolerance in horses. Skeletal origins of exercise intolerance and performance failure can reside in multiple tissues. Diagnosis of injury that results in an ability to continue to exercise, yet inefficiently do so, requires familiarity with evaluation of subtle lameness and often with the specific demands of the different equine sports. Imaging is usually vital to diagnosis development and understanding of lesion influences on locomotion. Therapy is lesion dependent. Return to competitive exercise and performance is dictated by an understanding of skeletal tissue response to injury, rational progressive treatment,...
Metabolic causes of equine exercise intolerance. Metabolic causes of exercise intolerance can be subtle and difficult to document in horses. Because of increased metabolic rate in exercising muscle, most metabolic causes of exercise intolerance are clinically manifested by muscle abnormalities such as ER. Newer causes of ER are being documented by current research and are summarized in the article on muscular causes of equine exercise intolerance. Endocrine causes of exercise intolerance have been poorly documented, but recent work has shown the detrimental effects of hypothyroidism on exercise tolerance in horses. Many metabolic manifestati...
Neosporosis as a cause of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Neosporosis was diagnosed in an 11-year-old Quarter Horse gelding with clinical signs and diagnostic test results compatible with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Presumptive postmortem diagnosis of EPM attributable to Sarcocystis neurona infection is generally made on the basis of detecting an antibody titer to S neurona in the CSF or characteristic histologic lesions, even when parasites have not been specifically identified. Neosporosis was confirmed in the horse described here by use of immunohistochemical examination, in vitro culturing, and ultrastructural and molecular characte...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketoprofen enantiomers in the horse. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were established for enantiomers of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ketoprofen (KTP), each administered separately at a dose level of 1.1 mg/kg to a group of six New Forest geldings, in a three-period cross-over study using a tissue cage model of inflammation. For both S(+)-and R(-)-KTP, penetration into tissue cage fluid (transudate) and inflamed tissue cage fluid (exudate) was rapid, and clearances from exudate and transudate were much slower than from plasma. AUC values were, therefore, higher for exudate and, to a lesser degre...
Effect of activated equine neutrophils on sulfated proteoglycan metabolism in equine cartilage explant cultures. To determine the influence of activated equine neutrophils on sulfated glycosaminoglycan metabolism of equine articular cartilage in vitro. Methods: Articular cartilage explants harvested from the metacarpophalangeal joints of 7 horses. Methods: Proteoglycan degradation and synthesis were measured by release of glycosaminoglycan from the explants, and incorporation of [35S]sulfate into newly synthesized glycosaminoglycan. Results: Activated equine neutrophils significantly increased the release of glycosaminoglycan from explant matrix and the magnitude of that response was influenced by durati...
Endodontic therapy and surgical excision of a chronic suppurative osteomyelitic lesion in a horse: a case report. A 22-year-old thoroughbred gelding was presented for evaluation and treatment of chronic dental disease. The horse had a history of quidding and abnormal bite behavior. Intraoral examination revealed signs of chronic generalized gingival inflammation and severe dental caries affecting the maxillary and mandibular incisor teeth. Treatment was provided on two separate visits over an interval of four months. The first visit consisted of the surgical extraction of three unrestorable incisor teeth and restoration of six carious maxillary incisor teeth. The second visit consisted of conventional end...
[Natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in the racing horse: a review of the literature]. This review compromises data about endogenous cortisol and its physiological variations in horses. The influence of synthetic glucocorticoids on the endogenous cortisol concentrations is discussed as well. The second part of the review summarizes detection times of therapeutically used glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, betamethasone, triamcinolone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone) in the horse and their implication for doping control.
Pharmacokinetics and haematological parameters of recombinant human erythropoietin after subcutaneous administrations in horses. The pharmacokinetics of recombinant human Epo (rHuEpo) were investigated after subcutaneous administration to horses. Four horses received a single 30IU kg-1 dose of rHuEpo. One horse received three repeated doses of 120 IU kg-1 at 48 h intervals. Plasma erythropoietin (Epo) was measured by radioimmunoassay. In both cases pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using a one-compartment open model and first-order input and output rates. The mean values (+/-SD) for elimination half-life, CL/F, and Vd/F after a single dose were 12.9 +/- 3.34 h, 11.8 +/- 4.96 L h-1, and 233 +/- 126 L, respectivel...
Seasonal rhythm of semen characteristics of a Brazilian breed (“Mangalarga”) stallion. An attempt has been made to define semen seasonality in a horse in the Southern Hemisphere. Repeated measurements of three variables in the semen were made for 36 months (Jan/90-Dec/92) in a 21-year old "Mangalarga" stallion living under natural photoperiod and temperature conditions in a farm situated in São José do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, Brazil (latitude 21 degrees) 36'S; longitude 46 degrees 53' W). The horse fed on natural pasture and a nutritionally balanced feed twice a day (11:00 and 17:00 h). Water and mineral supplement were available ad libitum. Semen was collected almost daily by ...
Collagen fiber organization is related to mechanical properties and remodeling in equine bone. A comparison of two methods. We studied birefringence as an indicator of collagen fiber orientation in the diaphysis of the equine third metacarpal bone. We had previously shown that tissue from the lateral cortex of this bone is stronger monotonically, but less fatigue resistant, than tissue from the medial and dorsal regions. To learn whether collagen fiber orientation might play a role in this regional specialization, we tested three hypotheses using the same specimens: (1) collagen fiber orientation is regionally dependent; (2) remodeling changes collagen fiber orientation; (3) longitudinal collagen fibers correlate p...
A missense mutation in the gene for melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) is associated with the chestnut coat color in horses. The melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gene (MC1R) is the major candidate gene for the chestnut coat color in horses since it is assumed to be controlled by an allele at the extension locus. MC1R sequences were PCR amplified from chestnut (e/e) and non-chestnut (E/-) horses. A single-strand conformation polymorphism was found that showed a complete association to the chestnut coat color among 144 horses representing 12 breeds. Sequence analysis revealed a single missense mutation (83Ser-->Phe) in the MC1R allele associated with the chestnut color. The substitution occurs in the second ...
Effect of bethanechol or erythromycin on gastric emptying in horses. To investigate the prokinetic effect of bethanechol and erythromycin in the upper gastrointestinal tract of healthy horses by measuring the gastric emptying (GE) rate of a radioactive meal. Methods: 4 healthy adult horses. Methods: After food was withheld for 12 hours, horses were given 370 MBq of 99mTc-labeled sulfur colloid incorporated into egg albumen and 37 MBq of 111In-labeled diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid in 120 ml of water via nasogastric intubation. Intravenously administered treatments were 0.9% NaCl solution, erythromycin (0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg of body weight), or bethanechol (0.25 mg/...
Alterations in equine guttural pouch morphology with head position: observations using a new technique for producing accurate casts. An improved technique for preparing casts of the equine guttural pouch is described. The new technique is simplified and inexpensive in comparison to previous techniques and produces highly accurate anatomic models which are both durable and flexible. Methods: Silicone rubber bathtub caulk was injected into the guttural pouches of horse cadavers. The silicone was allowed to cure overnight, and casts were removed by dissection. The new technique was then used to evaluate changes in the shape of the guttural pouch with changes in head position. Results: With flexion of the atlanto-occipital join...
Exercise intolerance and poor performance in western performance and sprint horses. This article deals with the presenting histories, clinical examinations, and therapies of the causes of poor performance and exercise intolerance in the western performance horse and the sprint racehorse. The veterinarian's ability to diagnose and treat various pathophysiologic conditions that affect these horses is crucial to the major goals of a return to optimal performance and a long athletic career. Although these horses are a significant portion of most veterinary practices, there exists a minimal amount of information on their clinical evaluation and treatment. This article intends to f...
Diagnostic approach to exercise intolerance in racehorses. The diagnostic approach to the exercise intolerant racehorse depends on sound, fundamental steps to allow complete examination of the entire horse in a logical, time-efficient fashion. Availability of referral diagnostic modalities should not overshadow the need for collecting a clinical history or performing a complete physical examination. The diagnostic approach to exercise intolerance can be divided into a few basic steps. The first step, conducted without the horse, is a thorough discussion about the horse with the trainer and/or owner. Many clinical histories are complex and therefore fo...
