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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Effect of growth factors on the characteristics of cells associated with equine wound healing and sarcoid formation. Wound healing in equidae is delayed and more complicated than in other species. These complications arise from a condition known as exuberant granulation tissue formation. The lower limb of the horse is frequently slower to heal than other parts of the body and has a particular tendency to produce excess (exuberant) granulation tissue. Sarcoids are tumor-like lesions of the skin which often appear at the site of wounds. This study compared the growth characteristics of the sarcoid and granulation tissue-derived cells with normal dermal fibroblasts grown from primary cell cultures. All three ce...
Subcutaneous emphysema in a neonatal foal. A 16-hour-old foal was examined because of subcutaneous emphysema, which began developing 3 hours after a routine delivery. Physical examination did not reveal soft-tissue or musculoskeletal trauma, and there were no skin injuries to explain the subcutaneous accumulation of air. Results of CBC and serum biochemical analysis were within reference limits, and findings on endoscopy of the pharyngeal area, trachea, and esophagus were within normal limits other than observation of dorsal pharyngeal compression. A pulmonary bulla, pneumomediastinum, and pneumothorax were detected on thoracic radiogr...
Visceral neosporosis in a 10-year-old horse. No abstract available
The use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in animals. The use of dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA) to measure bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) is widespread in humans and has been adapted to animals because of the need to examine bone and body composition in longitudinal studies. In this review, the indications and techniques for DXA in small-sized animals (rodents, cats, and rabbits) and large-sized animals (dogs, swine, nonhuman primates, sheep, and horses) are discussed. Now that software has been developed for measuring BMD in small laboratory animals, the most frequent use of DXA in animals is in rats. An ultrahigh-re...
Limb movement adaptations in horses with experimentally induced fore- or hindlimb lameness. The kinematic patterns of all limbs of 11 clinically nonlame Dutch Warmblood horses were studied during induced supporting limb lameness to gain insight into the compensation mechanisms horses use to manage lameness and to test kinematic limb variables for their significance as lameness indicators. Using the locomotion analysis system CODA-3, the kinematics of the horses were recorded while walking (1.6 m/s) and trotting (3.5 m/s) on a treadmill. A transient lameness model, evoking pressure on the hoof sole, was used to induce 3 degrees of fore- and hindlimb lameness. Joint angle patterns and ...
Leukoencephalomalacia and hemorrhage in the brain of rabbits gavaged with mycotoxin fumonisin B1. Two of five pregnant rabbits gavaged with purified fumonisin B1 at 1.75 mg/kg/day died, one after 9 and one after 13 doses. Microscopic examination revealed focal small hemorrhages in cerebral white matter in both animals, with malacia and hemorrhage also present in the hippocampus of one. The lesions were bilateral. Both animals also had marked degeneration of renal tubule epithelium and of hepatocytes. Apoptosis was the dominant degenerative change in kidney and liver. Fumonisin is known to cause leukoencephalomalacia and hemorrhage in equines, but CNS changes associated with exposure to fum...
Species-specific and interspecies relatedness of NSP1 sequences in human, porcine, bovine, feline, and equine rotavirus strains. We have sequenced gene 5 encoding NSP1 for three human, two porcine, two bovine, one feline, and five equine rotavirus strains, and compared the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences with the published sequences for other various strains. Subgroup I human strains L26, 69M, and DS-1 were found to have a similar NSP1 sequence despite their different G serotypes, VP4 genotypes, and RNA patterns. The NSP1 sequence of the human strain K8 showed a high degree of homology to those of porcine strains OSU and YM. A high degree of homology was found among three equine strains (H2, FI-14, and FI23)...
[Reproductive medicine in transition: new developments in embryo transfer]. Successful application of embryo transfer (ET) has become common practice in cattle, horses, sheep, goats and a variety of other species held in captivity. Yet in cattle only has the technique been established commercially. In 1994 more than 100,000 bovine embryos have been transferred in European countries. Important progress in transvaginal ovum pick up (OPU), in vitro production (IVP) and cryopreservation have further improved the applicability of ET. Direct transfer simplifies the procedure considerably allowing individual transfers and eliminating the need of synchronizing recipients. In ...
The inhibition of adenylate cyclase in equine platelets by collagen and by platelet-activating factor. Equine platelet aggregation was stimulated by collagen fibres or platelet-activating factor. The action of both ligands was blocked by forskolin or prostaglandin E(1) agents which are known to activate adenylate cyclase. Equine platelet membranes were found to contain adenylate cyclase activity which was inhibited in dose-dependent fashion by both collagen and platelet-activating factor. Platelet-activating factor-induced inhibition was antagonised by WEB2086.
Transmission patterns of St. Louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis viruses in Florida: 1978-1993. Sentinel chickens were maintained at field sites in 40 Florida counties for varying periods between 1978 and 1993. For each county, the total number of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE) or eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus seroconversions were divided by the number of chickens exposed to calculate a mean annual seroconversion rate. These rates were used to evaluate the annual and geographical distributions of these viruses within Florida. For SLE, the rates in counties that reported human SLE cases during a widespread epidemic in 1990 were compared with adjusted mean annual seroconversi...
Recent acute and subacute mycotoxicoses recognized in France. Successful investigation and prevention of mycotoxic problems requires close collaboration between scientists from several disciplines ranging from agronomists and technologists required during production of food and feeds, to toxicologists and pathologists examining the effects of mycotoxins on animals and man. Zootoxic metabolites following fungal infection result from four general mechanisms: (i) secondary fungal metabolism (mycotoxins, eg, aflatoxins); (ii) bioconversion of vegetal compounds (eg, dicoumarol); (iii) plant reactions (phytoalexins, eg, coumestrol); and (iv) plant-fungus assoc...
Toxicity of Palicourea marcgravii: combined effects of fluoroacetate, N-methyltyramine and 2-methyltetrahydro-beta-carboline. Feeding experiments carried out with cattle and horses could prove the toxic effects of P. marcgravii (Rubiaceae) in all cases. The typical symptoms of "sudden death", however, are observed in ruminants only. This difference could not be explained so far. Apart from fluoroacetate, two more substances also have influence the toxic effects and have been isolated from P. marcgravii for the first time: N-methyltyramine and 2-methyltetrahydro-beta-carboline (2-Me THBC). Structure elucidation of these compounds is mainly accomplished by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS techniques. Due to the small quantity of...
Rapid diagnosis of African horse sickness. The rapid diagnosis of African horse sickness (AHS) during the incubation period using virus antigens in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and red blood cells (RBC) in a sandwich indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is reported. PMBC consistently gave higher positive ELISA results than RBC from blood collected during viraemia from clinically affected horses. The potential of the method described for wider application in rapid diagnosis and virus surveillance in susceptible equine populations, particularly in AHS-free and in enzootic areas, for effective control strategies...
Metabolic, hormonal, and hemodynamic changes during dopamine infusions in halothane anesthetized horses. Selected metabolites, hormones and cardiovascular variables were measured in halothane anesthetized horses during 1 hour of dopamine infusion at a rate of 5 micrograms/kg/min (low) and 10 micrograms/kg/min (high), and for 1 hour after infusion. Plasma cortisol increased twofold in the low-infusion group but did not change significantly in the high-infusion group. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids, blood glucose, blood lactate, and plasma insulin increased in the high-infusion group. There was little difference in heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure between the two ...
Tandem 1;30 translocation: a new structural abnormality in the horse (Equus caballus). A 1;30 tandem translocation was found in an 8-yr-old thoroughbred stallion referred because of reduced fertility. The diagnosis was confirmed by GTG and CBG staining. This is the first report of a tandem translocation in the horse.
Biosynthesis and distribution of leucocyte elastase inhibitor. Production of recombinant inhibitor. The horse leucocyte elastase inhibitor (HLEI), present in neutrophils, monocytes and bone marrow cells, is apparently a cytoplasmic protein which is not released from cells even in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, phorbol ester, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 or elastin degradation products. Although no expression of the inhibitor was detected in neutrophils, both monocytes and bone marrow cells were efficient in its synthesis. Using a new expression vector pREST5d, recombinant inhibitor was produced in a large quantity in a soluble form, with a yield of 88 mg per ...
Survey of equine rotaviruses shows conservation of one P genotype in background of two G genotypes. DIG-labelled ssRNA probes were prepared from variable regions of VP4 and VP7 cognate genes, and used in hybridization assays for P and G genotyping of group A cell culture-adapted equine rotaviruses and fecal samples collected from foals with and without diarrhea. The probes confirmed known P and G serotypes of sixteen cell culture-adapted strains. From one-hundred and twenty-one rotavirus-positive samples, 83 reacted when tested for their P and G genotype specific probes. From these, 71 were found to contain G3 P12 genotypes, and 11 G14 P12 genotypes. No sample reacted with H1 or L338 P and G...
Oral ivermectin paste for the treatment of chorioptic mange in horses. A single blind controlled clinical trial of oral ivermectin paste at a dose rate of 0.1 mg/kg daily for seven days for the treatment of chorioptic mange in horses was carried out. There was a statistically significant reduction in the numbers of mites in the samples taken from the treated horses compared with the untreated horses, but the mites were not eliminated from all the treated animals. Two further groups of horses were treated, one at a dose rate of 0.1 mg/kg daily for 10 days and the other with two doses of 0.2 mg/kg given two weeks apart. There were no statistically significant diffe...
Phylogenetic analysis of open reading frame 5 of field isolates of equine arteritis virus and identification of conserved and nonconserved regions in the GL envelope glycoprotein. The variation and phylogenetic relationship of open reading frame 5 (ORF5) of 3 different laboratory strains of the original prototype Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV), the modified live virus vaccine (ARVAC, Fort Dodge Laboratories), and 18 field isolates of EAV from North America and Europe were determined by comparison of their gene sequences. The viruses differed from the published sequence by between 3 (99.6% homology) and 94 (87.8%) nucleotides and by between 3 (98.8%) and 24 (90.6%) amino acids. The field isolates differed from each other by between 2 (99.7%) and 110 (85.7...
Comparison of arthroscopy and arthrotomy for the treatment of osteochondritic lesions in the femoropatellar joint of horses. Forty-eight horses with osteochondritic lesions of the femoropatellar joint were treated, 23 of them by an arthrotomy and 25 by arthroscopy. Follow-up information was obtained from either the owner or the referring veterinarian by telephone inquiry. There were no statistical differences between the groups of horses undergoing the two procedures with regard to age, sex, breed, the involvement of one or both limbs, the size of the lesion, and the duration of either the surgery or anaesthesia. However, the horses treated by an arthrotomy spent 14.5 days in hospital after the operation whereas tho...
Laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy in two stallions. Two mature stallions that were used for breeding purposes were admitted for evaluation of inguinal hernias. In 1 horse, the hernia was reduced per rectum by gentle traction applied to the intestine. In the other horse, the hernia was reduced by placing the horse in dorsal recumbency and applying external pressure over the scrotum. Both horses were observed for recurrence of the hernia. Seven days later, an elective laparoscopic technique for inguinal herniorrhaphy was performed on each horse, using polypropylene mesh. Complications did not develop, and both horses have successfully completed 2...
Use of imipramine hydrochloride for treatment of urospermia in a stallion with a dysfunctional bladder. An 8-year-old stallion was evaluated because of recurrent urinary tract infections and chronic intermittent urospermia. After extensive diagnostic testing, it was hypothesized that the stallion had a reflex dyssynergia of the bladder and urethral sphincter. Initial attempts to manage the urospermia included semen fractionation, semen collection after voluntary urination, and use of semen extenders. None of these efforts reliably yielded a quality ejaculate. Administration of imipramine hydrochloride (1.2 mg/kg of body weight, PO, 4 hours prior to semen collection) was initiated in an attempt t...
[Ryegrass cramps in horses]. To elaborate the diagnosis of rye-grass intoxication in a stallion demonstrating a neurotoxic syndrome characterized by ataxia and incoordination, a number of diagnostic tests were performed. Results of both, blood chemistry and haematology gave no indication for organ-specific or systemic lesions. Chemical analysis of the hay fed to the horse revealed the presence of the mycotoxin lolitrem B in concentrations consistent with those described in sheep and cattle with similar symptoms. Thus, it was concluded that the animals demonstrated the rye-grass-stagger(RGS)-syndrome.
An unusual case of distal phalanx fracture in a horse. A mature thoroughbred cross gelding with an acute onset forelimb lameness was found to have sustained a fracture to the distal phalanx. The fracture traversed the distal phalanx In a lateromedial direction dividing the phalanx into two halves, dorsally and palmarly and was classed a frontal fracture. The horse was treated conservatively and after 14 months rest it returned to work. Three years later the horse has remained sound.
Equine severe combined immunodeficiency: a defect in V(D)J recombination and DNA-dependent protein kinase activity. V(D)J rearrangement is the molecular mechanism by which an almost infinite array of specific immune receptors are generated. Defects in this process result in profound immunodeficiency as is the case in the C.B-17 SCID mouse or in RAG-1 (recombination-activating gene 1) or RAG-2 deficient mice. It has recently become clear that the V(D)J recombinase most likely consists of both lymphoid-specific factors and ubiquitously expressed components of the DNA double-strand break repair pathway. The deficit in SCID mice is in a factor that is required for both of these pathways. In this report, we show...
Recovery of horses from dysautonomia (grass sickness). The outcome for 35 horses with chronic dysautonomia which were kept in the hospital at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and subsequently returned to their owners is recorded. They constituted 42.7 per cent of the 82 chronic cases seen between 1991 and 1994; the other 47 horses were euthanased while in hospital. Of the 35 animals returned to their owners four died and 27 were available for follow up; of these 27, 12 were working competitively and six were being trained for future competitive work. It takes at least a year before it is clear whether a horse can compete successfully ...
The relationship between plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) level and body weight in the horse. The relationship between plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) level and body weight was studied in six breeds of horse. The correlation coefficients between plasma IGF-I and body weight in males and females of 1 year old heavy horses (Percheron and Breton breeds) were 0.62 and 0.12 respectively. The mean plasma IGF-I of males was higher than that of females (p < 0.01). However, the plasma IGF-I levels of heavy horses did not exceed those of light horses (Thoroughbred) or ponies (Shetland and Falabella). These data suggest that IGF-I is at least related to the difference of body weigh...
