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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Mechanism of reduction in alveolar-arterial PO2 difference by helium breathing in the exercising horse. Previous work has shown that replacing N2 in air with He at the same inspired O2 fraction reduces the exercise-induced alveolar-arterial PO2 difference (AaPO2) in horses but has provided no mechanism explaining this effect. We sought to distinguish among possible causes by using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Six horses were studied on a high-speed treadmill while they breathed either ambient air or normoxic He-O2. O2 uptake reached 138.0 ml.min-1.kg-1 and was not affected by He-O2. Temperature-corrected arterial PO2 was 76.7 Torr (air) and 86.9 Torr (He-O2) (P < 0.01). Corre...
Effect of sodium cromoglycate on light racehorses with elevated metachromatic cell numbers on bronchoalveolar lavage and reduced exercise tolerance. Some young horses with clinical signs of small airway disease demonstrate increased metachromatic cell numbers on bronchoalveolar lavage. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sodium cromoglycate treatment on clinical signs, bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and bronchoalveolar lavage histamine parameters in these horses. Twelve racehorses (age: 3.4 +/- 1.6 years) with a history of respiratory embarrassment at exercise, clinical signs of obstructive airway disease and bronchoalveolar lavage metachromatic cell differential greater than 2% were selected. Horses were randomly ass...
Structural organization and neuropeptide distributions in the equine enteric nervous system: an immunohistochemical study using whole-mount preparations from the small intestine. The architecture and neurochemistry of the enteric nervous system was studied by use of whole-mount preparations obtained by microdissection of the horse jejunum. A myenteric plexus and two plexuses within the submucosa were identified. The external submucosal plexus lying in the outermost region of the submucosa had both neural and vascular connections with the inner submucosal plexus situated closer to the mucosa. Counts of neurones stained for NADH-diaphorase demonstrated the wide variation in size, shape and neurone content of individual ganglia in both the external and internal submucosal...
[The “lethal white foal” syndrome]. The lethal white foal syndrome (congenital intestinal aganglionosis) was diagnosed by history, clinical signs and pathological findings in a female foal, born in March 1992, that was an offspring of two overo-spotted paint horses. The syndrome is a congenital innervation defect of the gastrointestinal tract. A literature review of this condition, relatively unknown in Germany, is given.
Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtype mediating contraction and relaxation in equine coronary artery in vitro. In coronary arterial rings isolated from horses, 10(-8)-10(-6) mol/l acetylcholine (ACh) induced concentration-dependent contractions which were potentiated by the removal of endothelium and by pretreatment with L-nitro-arginine (LNAG) or methylene blue (MB). Relatively lower concentrations of ACh (10(-14)-10(-8) mol/l) induced relaxation when the coronary rings were contracted by phenylephrine (PE). ACh-induced contractions in the coronary rings without endothelium were competitively inhibited by each muscarinic subtype selective antagonist in the following order of potency: 4-diphenylacetoxy...
Activity of coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters in animals. Using diagnostics for the determination of clotting factors and fibrinolytic parameters in human plasma, samples from rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog, sheep, cattle, horse, pig, and monkey were analysed. The human system was employed even for standard curves and controls. Results obtained in this way are relative values in relation to pooled fresh human plasma of healthy donors which is defined to contain 100% of the norm or 1 unit of each factor per 1 ml. Under these conditions, marked differences between the human clotting system and those of different animal species appear. Thus, rabbits ...
Arthroscopic removal of a fragment from an intercondylar eminence fracture of the tibia in a two-year-old horse. A 2-year-old Standardbred colt was admitted because of lameness of the left hind limb. Physical examination revealed marked effusion of the left femoropatellar and femorotibial joints and grade IV/V lameness of the left hind limb. Radiography of the left stifle revealed a complete fracture of the medial tubercle of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. Arthroscopy was used to provide diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic information. A cranial approach to the medial compartment of the femorotibial joint was performed. Manipulation of the medial tubercle revealed it to be unstable, but a d...
A rapid method for the analysis of influenza virus genes: application to the reassortment of equine influenza virus genes. We describe a rapid method for genetic characterisation of influenza virus genes using reverse transcription and amplification by polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) of all virus segments simultaneously (multiplex RT/PCR) using primers based on the conserved terminal sequences. The product has been shown to be suitable for determination of partial nucleotide sequences which can be used to search nucleotide sequence databases and rapidly map the genetic origin of each segment. We illustrate the use of the method by analysing genetic reassortment in H7N7 equine influenza viruses.
Structural and functional characterization of elastases from horse neutrophils. In order better to understand the pathophysiology of the equine form of emphysema, two elastinolytic enzymes from horse neutrophils, referred to as proteinases 2A and 2B, have been extensively characterized and compared with the human neutrophil proteinases, proteinase-3 and elastase. Specificity studies using both the oxidized insulin B-chain and synthetic peptides revealed that cleavage of peptide bonds with P1 alanine or valine residues was preferred. Further characterization of the two horse elastases by N-terminal sequence and reactive-site analyses indicated that proteinases 2A and 2B ha...
Cerebrospinal fluid variables in clinically normal foals from birth to 42 days of age. To determine the effects of age on each analyte, CSF variables were evaluated in healthy foals from birth through 42 days of age. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from 14 clinically normal, naturally delivered cross-bred foals and was analyzed for glucose, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and total protein concentrations, total and differential WBC counts, RBC count, and lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and creatine kinase activities. Samples were collected in 3 foals < 48 hours old, and at 11 to 14 days of age in 4 foals, 21 to 22 days of age in 3 foals, and 31 to 42 days of ag...
Snake antivenoms from hyperimmunized horses: comparison of the antivenom activity and biological properties of their whole IgG and F(ab’)2 fragments. IgG and F(ab')2 fragments were prepared from horse plasma rich in specific antibodies against Brazilian Bothrops or Crotalus venoms. Both preparations, free of gross contamination with non-immunoglobulin proteins, were able to combine in vitro with their respective antigens, forming immune complexes at antigen excess, equivalence or antibody excess, and activating the C system, through either the classical or the alternative pathways. The IgG preparation was more effective in neutralizing the lethal factors in Bothrops or Crotalus venoms, compared with the F(ab')2 fragments. In contrast, IgG a...
Abortion due to equine herpesvirus in southern Brazil. We report an outbreak of abortion due to equine herpesvirus (EHV) in 5 mares between 9 and 11 months of gestation, from a herd of 22 Thoroughbred mares. Equine herpesvirus was isolated from extracts of the liver, spleen and thymus but not from the lungs of a 9-month fetus grown in Rabbit Kidney (RK13) cells. The virus was identified by electron microscopy, where virus particles could be seen in the nucleus of infected cells, and by the fluorescent antibody technique with polyclonal antibodies against the whole virus. Anamnesis, necropsy, histopathology, bacteriology, and virology data suggest ...
[Prognostic parameters in equine colic]. A retrospective study was performed on 271 horses with colic referred to the I. Medizinische Tierklinik within a period of 2 years, to examine the prognostic value of different clinical and diagnostic laboratory parameters by Student's t-test and the Chi-quadratic test. The following quantitative parameters presented a highly significant prognostic value (P < 0.0001): capillary refill time, pulse rate, heart rate, respiratory rate, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, blood lactate, base excess and anion gap. The intensity of colic signs, the degree of disturbance of the patient's gen...
Cloning and sequencing of the equine testicular follitropin receptor. To investigate the possibility that specific structural determinants within the equine follitropin receptor (eFSHR) are critical to the enhanced specificity of this receptor compared to other FSHRs, we used the RACE-PCR technique to clone the eFSHR from equine testis. Sequence analysis revealed that the eFSHR is highly homologous to other mammal FSHRs, but it presents 10 unique amino acid residue replacements in the extracellular domain. Furthermore, a potential N-glycosylation site was detected at a position not encountered in other receptors. Northern blot analysis identified three transcrip...
Use of the serum neutralisation test for equine viral arteritis with different virus strains. Serum cross neutralisation tests were conducted with a recent American isolate (84KY-A1) and a European isolate, (Wroclaw-2) and compared with the prototype and modified viruses of the Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus by using virus specific immune horse sera. The modified Bucyrus strain was neutralised and showed high neutralisation titres with all the immune sera. The prototype Bucyrus strain was also substantially neutralised, followed by the 84KY-A1 strain. As a result of the tests with the modified Bucyrus strain as the antigen, 20 seropositive horses were discovered among home-br...
Causes of and farm management factors associated with disease and death in foals. A prospective study was conducted to describe the causes of and farm management factors associated with disease and death in a population of foals in Texas. Data from 2,468 foals at 167 farms were provided by veterinarians for all 12 months during 1991. Among 2,468 foals, 116 deaths were reported (4.7%). Pneumonia was the most commonly reported cause of death, followed by septicemia. When considered as a group, musculoskeletal disorders (traumatic, infectious, or deforming problems) represented the most common cause of all reported deaths. Daily risk of death was greatest during the first 7 da...
Avulsion fracture of the origin of the extensor digitorum longus muscle in a foal. A 9-week-old Thoroughbred x Holsteiner colt was referred for evaluation and treatment of lameness of the right hind limb. Radiography of the stifle revealed multiple bony fragments within the lateral portion of the femorotibial joint and a radiolucency of the distolateral portion of the femur in the area of the extensor fossa, which were consistent with avulsion of the origin of the extensor digitorum longus muscle. Arthroscopy of the lateral portion of the femorotibial joint revealed exposed subchondral bone in the area of the extensor fossa, and the origin of the extensor digitorum longus mu...
[Displacement and resection of the ascending colon in the horse: a literature review on the basis of 2 cases]. A review of displacements and surgery of the large colon is given on the basis of two cases. A four-year-old Dutch Warmblood mare was referred, one week before foaling, for colic of twelve hours duration. At rectal palpation a large uterus was found, but no cause for the colic. Laparotomy revealed a colonic volvulus and resection of about 75% of the large colon was necessary. A dead foal was born five days postoperatively, but the mare recovered well. A nine year-old Dutch Warmblood stallion with a history of frequent colic had been treated for nephrosplenic entrapment three times. Resection o...
Postoperative racing performance in standardbreds and thoroughbreds with osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint: 109 cases (1984-1990). Medical records for 64 Thoroughbred and 45 Standardbred horses with osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) of the tarsocrural joint that were treated by means of arthroscopic removal of the fragments before 2 years of age and before beginning racing were reviewed. Lesion site was recorded for all horses. The other foals from the dams of these surgically treated horses (siblings) were identified from mare progeny records. Racing data, including number of starts and money won during the 2- and 3-year-old racing years were obtained from the Jockey Club and the United States Trotting Association for affe...
Incidence of Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses examined at an Irish abattoir. The intestinal tracts of 363 horses were examined after slaughter at a horse abattoir. The presence or absence of Anoplocephala perfoliata and the sites of attachment were recorded. A total of 51 per cent of the horses had A perfoliata attached to the mucosa of the ileocaecal junction and/or to the caecal mucosa; 5 per cent of the horses had A perfoliata attached only to the mucosa of the ileocaecal junction, 24 per cent had A perfoliata attached only to the caecal mucosa and 22 per cent of the horses had A perfoliata attached at both sites. The degree of infestation did not appear to be influ...
Tidal breathing flow-volume loop analysis as a test of pulmonary function in exercising horses. The usefulness of tidal breathing flow-volume loops (TBFVL) to evaluate pulmonary function was investigated in 6 Standardbreds during treadmill exercise. Tidal breathing flow-volume loops are a graphic representation of airflow rate vs tidal volume for each individual breath. These TBFVL were obtained from horses exercising at speeds corresponding to 75 and 100% of maximum heart rate. Measurements were recorded in each horse before and after ovalbumin-induced allergic lung disease. Moderate obstructive lung disease, characterized by a significant increase in pulmonary resistance, was observed ...
Histochemical and functional evidence for a cholinergic innervation of the equine ureter. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive nerve fibers and cells, as well as the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on ureteral smooth muscle and small resistance arteries were investigated in the equine ureter by means of histochemical, classic organ baths and myograph techniques. AChE-positive nerve fibers were widely distributed throughout the ureteral wall forming muscular, subepithelial and perivascular nerve plexuses, whose density was highest at the intravesical ureter. AChE-positive nerve cells were also identified grouped as adventitial or intramural ganglia. ACh increased ...
Infection due to Actinobacillus lignieresii after a horse bite. No abstract available
Purification of a plasminogen activator from Streptococcus uberis. A protein capable of activating bovine, equine and ovine plasminogen, but not that from human or porcine plasma, was purified from culture filtrates of Streptococcus uberis (strain 0140J). Purification was achieved by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by molecular exclusion chromatography. The elution position of the native molecule was equivalent to a molecular mass of approximately 57 kDa. However, the molecular mass, as determined by SDS-PAGE, was 29 kDa, suggesting the existence of a dimeric structure. Purified immunoglobulin from three out of five monoclonal antibodies raised to th...
Gastric emptying of solid, non-digestible, radiopaque markers in ponies. The gastric emptying of different forms of ingesta occurs by a variety of mechanisms and dysfunction may selectively affect different components of the gastric contents. A technique for assessing gastric emptying of solid, indigestible, radiopaque markers was developed. Emptying of these markers in four ponies was variable in both pattern and rate (half emptying time ranged from less than one hour to more than 24 hours). However, whereas in man physically similar markers appear to empty relatively rapidly when fasting but are delayed by a meal, no such delay was evident in these ponies. The ho...
Hydrops amnii in a mare. A multiparous pregnant Welsh Pony mare was examined because of anorexia, dyspnea, and a large abdomen. Ultrasonography of the uterus revealed an excessive amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus. Transabdominal ultrasonography permitted differentiation of hydrops amnii from hydrops allantois. The mare aborted a 7-month-old fetus with brachygnathia and a large, edematous umbilical cord. Hydrops amnii, an excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid in the amniotic cavity, is most commonly reported in cattle and sheep.
