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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
An ultrasonographic off-set system for examination of equine tendons and ligaments. In a dorsal plane, an improved ultrasonographic off-set system was used to obtain serial ultrasonographic images with enhanced anatomic and pathologic detail of the tendons, ligaments, and associated structures of the limbs of 100 horses. The off-set provided good acoustic coupling between a linear array ultrasonographic transducer and the horse's skin. A water-soluble gel contained within the off-set had acoustic properties similar to those of mammalian soft tissues.
Chemical restraint for surgery in the standing horse. Chemical restraint can be a useful pharmacologic tool to assist the veterinarian performing surgery in the standing horse. The agents discussed impose minimal adverse side effects and are considered relatively safe when administered in the doses described. Acetylpromazine, the most widely used tranquilizer, produces mild sedation but no analgesia. The use of tranquilizers for surgical procedures requires the combined use of either a local anesthetic technique or a sedative-hypnotic or opiate to provide analgesia. Sedative-hypnotics such as xylazine and detomidine or opiates such as morphine an...
Cardiovascular effects of low dose calcium chloride infusions during halothane anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies. The effects of calcium chloride administered at low infusion rates on the cardiovascular depression and the blood calcium balance were studied during a constant halothane anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies. A pronounced cardiopulmonary depression characterized by decreases of all cardiac parameters and lowering of the mean arterial blood pressure was observed after the initial anaesthetic stabilization period of 30 minutes in the ponies. A significant decrease in the total calcium plasma concentration together with a constant ionized and complexed calcium fraction was present ...
The decision process. Standing surgery versus general anesthesia and recumbency. The decision to perform a procedure in the standing patient rather than in a completely anesthetized patient depends on many factors, such as patient health, cost, time, facilities, and anesthetic expertise. Although the procedure often is technically easier to perform if the patient is anesthetized, cost and patient risk considerations may result in a decision to do the surgery standing. Surgical experience in performing procedures standing is important for a successful outcome.
Standing endoscopic electrosurgery. Common equine upper respiratory conditions are diagnosed via endoscopy. Endoscopic surgery facilitates correction of many conditions without general anesthesia or laryngotomy, reducing the morbidity and cost of the procedures. Modalities of endoscopic surgery include the Nd-YAG laser or electrosurgery, which may be complementary. The least expensive method is electrosurgery, and instruments are available that can be passed through the biopsy channel of the endoscope. Conditions amenable to such procedures include entrapped epiglottis, rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch, pharynge...
A minimal lentivirus Tat. Transcriptional regulatory mechanisms found in lentiviruses employ RNA enhancer elements called trans-activation responsive (TAR) elements. These nascent RNA stem-loops are cis-acting targets of virally encoded Tat effectors. Interactions between Tat and TAR increase the processivity of transcription complexes and lead to efficient copying of viral genomes. To study essential elements of this trans activation, peptide motifs from Tats of two distantly related lentiviruses, equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), were fused to the coat protein of b...
Furosemide-induced changes in plasma and blood volume of horses. The effect of furosemide administration (1 mg/kg body weight, i.v.) on plasma and blood volumes in 6 intact and 4 splenectomized horses was measured using Evans blue dye dilution, hematocrit, and hemoglobin and plasma total solids concentrations. Body weight decreased by 33.6 +/- 3.3 and 33.7 +/- 0.8 g/kg 4 h after furosemide administration to intact and splenectomized mares, respectively. Plasma volume, estimated by Evans blue dye dilution, was reduced by 8.3 +/- 3.3% (mean +/- SE) 4 h after furosemide administration. The reduction in plasma volume was first detectable 5-10 min after furosemi...
Septic tenosynovitis in horses: 25 cases (1983-1989). The medical records of 25 horses with septic tenosynovitis treated over 7 years (1983 to 1989) were reviewed to determine clinical features of the disease and response to treatment. The median age of horses with septic tenosynovitis was 5 years (range, 1 month to 21 years). Fourteen fore limbs and 11 hind limbs were affected. Sepsis was located in the sheath of the digital flexor tendons of 22 horses. Sepsis was located in the sheath of the extensor carpi radialis tendon (1 horse), sheath of the long digital extensor tendon (1 horse), or sheath of the common digital extensor tendon (1 horse) i...
Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in horses: the effect of aging, sex, delivery and inflammations on its concentration. The serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) in horses was measured by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) using rabbit anti-equine CRP serum to evaluate the significance of CRP as an acute-phase reactive protein. In serum samples of clinically normal newborn thoroughbred foals before being given colostrum, serum CRP was not detectable (less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml). The serum CRP concentration was found to increase quickly and reach a peak level of approximately 14.1 micrograms/ml in 12-month-old horses. Then, it decreased gradually to reach a low value of 5.4 micrograms/ml in...
Equine oocyte in vitro maturation: influences of sera, time, and hormones. Objectives of the present research were to determine the influences of types of media, sera, time and hormones on equine oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM). The following types of media and sera were evaluated: Menezo's B2 medium (B2), modified Tissue Culture Medium 199 (TCM), Defined Medium (DM), fetal calf serum (FCS), mare serum collected on the first day of estrus (MS), and mare serum collected on the day of ovulation (MSO). Resultant oocyte maturation was compared with the control: DM with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Effect of culture time (0, 15, and 32 hr) and the following hormones on oo...
Bone biopsy in the horse. 3. Normal histomorphometric data according to age and sex. Histomorphometrical analysis of bone biopsies from the wing of ilium in 35 clinically normal horses are reported according to age. The biopsies were collected from 20 mixed-bred foals (mean age 6 +/- 1 months) and 15 older horses (mean age 73 +/- 62 months). No gender differences were found in the group of foals examined, but a significant difference (p less than 0.001) in a number of the primary measurements occurred between them and the older horses. The parameters which altered with age were the extent of osteoid surface (OS/BS), the extent of resorption (erosion) surface (ES/BS), the osteo...
The pharmacology of local anesthetics. Understanding of the pharmacology of local anesthesia is important for selection of a local anesthetic for use in equine standing surgery. In general, the action potential is inhibited by local anesthetics by preventing the influx of sodium ions across the axonal membrane. The physicochemical properties of each local anesthetic determine the onset of action, potency, and duration of action. Procaine, chlorprocaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine are the local anesthetics still used clinically in horses; lidocaine is the most widely used. The future of equine local anesthesia may see the introducti...
Possible importance for laminitis research of recent studies on substances influencing the differentiation of cultured keratinocytes. After a survey of the state of laminitis research the authors conclude that none of the present concepts of the pathogenesis of laminitis unequivocally explains the basic clinical and morphological observations in this disease. There is therefore reason to consider the advances that have been made during the last decades in respect to the influence of various substances on the differentiation of cultured skin keratinocytes. The technique is available for studying hoof keratinocytes in a comparable way. Relevant literature on cultured skin keratinocytes is surveyed. Some of the results from exp...
Cloning and characterization of gene TNF alpha encoding equine tumor necrosis factor alpha. We report the molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the equine gene encoding tumor necrosis factor alpha. The 2610-bp genomic sequence was derived from three overlapping polymerase chain reaction products.
Effect of an isoxsuprine-resin preparation on blood flow in the equine thoracic limb. The effects of an oral isoxsuprine-resin preparation on the blood flow in the thoracic limb of seven horses was determined by thermography. Treatment with the oral resin preparation resulted in increased skin temperatures compared with the non-medicated controls. The maximal temperature differences, 2.2 degrees C for the horses treated with 0.9 mg/kg and 1.8 degrees C for the horses treated with 1.2 mg/kg, occurred four hours after dosing. Plasma total isoxsuprine, determined in three horses, was detectable two hours after oral dosing and maximal eight hours after dosing, but free isoxsuprine ...
Comparison of the sedative effects of medetomidine and xylazine in horses. The sedative effects in horses of the new alpha 2 agonist medetomidine were compared with those of xylazine. Four ponies and one horse were treated on separate occasions with two doses of medetomidine (5 micrograms/kg bodyweight and 10 micrograms/kg bodyweight) and with one dose of xylazine (1 mg/kg bodyweight) given by intravenous injection. Medetomidine at 10 micrograms/kg was similar to 1 mg/kg xylazine in its sedative effect but produced more severe and more prolonged ataxia, and one animal fell over during the study. Medetomidine at 5 micrograms/kg produced less sedation but a similar deg...
Femoral head ostectomy in horses and cattle. Femoral head ostectomy was performed in six horses, three ponies, and four cattle for treatment of fractures of the femoral capital physis, coxofemoral luxation, fractured acetabulum, or severe degenerative joint disease. The procedures were performed via a cranial approach that did not involve osteotomy of the greater trochanter. A dorsal approach for femoral head ostectomy via osteotomy of the greater trochanter was evaluated in three healthy adult ponies. Three animals (2 ponies, 1 calf) were euthanatized within a month and one horse was euthanatized at year 2 due to postoperative complicat...
A technique for transrectal ultrasonography of stallions during ejaculation. A technique was developed in which the accessory sex glands of stallions were visualized with transrectal ultrasonography during ejaculation. The technique was judged to be effective, since 10 of 11 stallions were trained to tolerate transrectal ultrasonography during ejaculation; they ejaculated during 195 of 200 attempts, and acceptable visualization of their accessory sex glands and excurrent ducts occurred during 97 of 195 ejaculations. Sixty-five percent (89 136 ) of the recordings were successful for stallions that weighed more than 300 kg, whereas 14% (8 59 ) of the recordings were succ...
Influence of age on neutrophil function in foals. Functional activities (phagocytosis and killing) of neutrophil leucocytes (NL) and immunoglobulin G concentrations were evaluated in six healthy foals from birth to 6 months of age. Peripheral blood NL were reacted with Streptococcus equisimilis in 20 per cent pooled equine serum for 30, 60 and 90 mins and functional activities of NL were determined using a fluorochrome microassay. Values for foal NL function were compared with those of healthy adult horses (n = 28). Foal neutrophil function was influenced by age. Killing capacity of NL decreased, whereas phagocytic capacity increased, until 1...
The isolated perfused equine skin flap. Preparation and metabolic parameters. A model for the study of equine cutaneous physiology, pharmacology, and toxicology was developed. Four 4 x 12 cm and twenty-one 6 x 12 cm single-pedicle axial pattern skin flaps based on the caudal superficial epigastric artery, and eight 6 x 12 cm flaps based on the saphenous artery and medial saphenous vein, were raised and sutured in a tubed configuration. On day 2, each flap was removed, the artery was cannulated, and the flap was perfused with a modified Krebs-Ringer's albumin-based medium for at least 6 hours. Flap viability was assessed by glucose use, lactate production, and histologic...
Radiographic, high detail radiographic, microangiographic and histological findings of the distal portion of the tarsus in weanling, young and adult horses. Clinical radiographic (LM and D35L-P1MO views), high detail radiographic, microangiographic and histological findings of the distal portion of the tarsus of 16 horses (five weanling, four young and six adult), without known clinical histories, were evaluated to determine the sensitivity of clinical radiographs for the detection of abnormalities in the distal tarsus and the prevalence of abnormalities in this population. Clinical radiographic and high detail radiographic abnormalities were observed in at least 30 per cent of the tarsi examined. Statistical agreement between observations from cl...
Endoscopic examination of normal paranasal sinuses in horses. The frontal, caudal maxillary, and rostral maxillary sinuses of 10 equine cadavers were examined endoscopically, and the findings were confirmed by sinusotomy. Similar endoscopic examinations were performed in five conscious, adult horses by using sedation and local anesthesia. Useful portals of entry for the arthroscope in adult horses were: for the frontal sinus, 60% of the distance in a lateral direction from midline to the medial canthus and 0.5 cm caudal to the medial canthus; for the caudal maxillary sinus, 2 cm rostral and 2 cm ventral to the medial canthus; and for the rostral maxillar...
Measurements of the accuracy of clinical diagnoses of equine neurologic disease. Parameters for the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of neurologic diseases in the horse were determined from 210 horses in which a definitive pathologic diagnosis was confirmed. The overall efficiency of diagnosis for all diseases was 0.95 although the validity varied from 0.79 to 1.00, the sensitivity varied from 0.73 to 0.95, and the specificity varied from 0.88 to 1.00 for individual disease categories. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis was overdiagnosed, whereas Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy, and traumatic neurologic disease were underdiagnosed. T...
Immunotherapy of cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient animal models. Immunotherapy for persistent infection caused by Cryptosporidium parvum was attempted in two immunodeficient animal models. BALB/c Athymic (nude) mice were infected with two oral doses of 2 x 10(7) C. parvum oocysts, and subsequently treated with monoclonal antibody (MAb) 17.41 that neutralizes sporozoites and merozoites. Persistent infection was established in all exposed mice. Daily oral treatment with MAb 17.41 for 10 days significantly reduced (p less than 0.005) the number of C. parvum organisms observed by microscopic study of intestinal tracts of infected mice. Young horses with severe ...
Actinobacillus spp. and related bacteria in infected wounds of humans bitten by horses and sheep. We describe the isolation of Actinobacillus lignieresii and an A. equuli-like bacterium from an infected horse-bite wound in a 22-year-old stable foreman and A. suis from a bite injury in a 35-year-old man who had been attacked by a horse. A. lignieresii was also isolated in pure culture from an infected sheep-bite wound in a rural worker. These species of the genus Actinobacillus are primarily associated with animals and animal diseases and are rarely isolated from humans. The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of the possible occurrence of Actinobacillus spp. in bite wounds inflict...
