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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Congenital atresia of the parotid salivary duct in a 7-month-old quarter horse colt. A 7-month-old Quarter Horse colt was examined because it had had a tortuous, distended vessel on the side of its head since birth. An abnormality of the parotid salivary duct was suspected on the basis of location and course of the vessel. Atresia of the duct near the parotid papilla was diagnosed by use of contrast sialography. Surgical transpositioning was attempted, but failed because of stricture formation. Chemical ablation of the salivary gland has been used to treat traumatic rupture of the duct. It proved to be an effective and practical method of resolving the problem in this case. Co...
[Immunotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the bovine eye and of equine sarcoid]. Squamous cell carcinomas of the bovine eye and equine sarcoids are briefly reviewed. A single injection of BCG into the tumour results in permanent regression of the lesion in 37 per cent of the cattle, regression followed by recurrence of the tumour in 26 per cent and in progressive growth of the tumour in 37 per cent of the cases. Recurrence may be prevented by repeated injection into the lesion. From 50 to 60 per cent of the cows will remain free from tumours. Equine sarcoids show a complete regression in 70-80 per cent of the cases. Tumours on the limbs show a less satisfactory response (l...
[Spavin in horses]. The pathogenesis of bone spavin and its implications for diagnosis and therapy are reviewed. The pathogenesis of spavin can be divided into three phases, which are characterised by fibrillation of cartilage, osteolysis and ankylosis respectively. It will depend on the degree of osteolysis whether diagnostic anaesthesia should be added to standard clinical and radiological examinations. Satisfactory results of treatment in the group of patients with severe osteolysis can only be obtained by arthrodesis of the distal tarsal joints. It is expected that biomechanical investigations will provide a ...
Treatment of atrial fibrillation in horses by intravenous administration of quinidine. Intravenous administration of quinidine gluconate converted atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm in 9 of 12 horses. Twelve horses that were diagnosed by ECG to have AF were administered up to 11 mg of quinidine gluconate/kg of body weight in 1.0- to 1.5-mg/kg bolus injections every 10 to 15 minutes. The total dose of quinidine administered IV ranged from 1.8 to 5.8 g. Increased ventricular rate, apprehension, and mild depression were observed during treatment. Other signs of toxicosis were not observed. One horse was successfully treated with IV administered quinidine gluconate on 3 occasi...
[Morphology of the immature radius and metacarpus in horses and the relationship to bone infection and osteochondrosis]. In chondro-osseous disease in the foal there are three main categories of lesions: (i) synovitis alone (type S), (ii) synovitis accompanied by osteomyelitis originating in the epiphysis of the juxta-articular bone (type E) and (iii) synovitis accompanied by osteomyelitis originating directly adjacent to the physis of the juxta-articular bone (type P). Observations made in studies of the immature radius and metacarpus provide an explanation for the apparent predisposition of some joints for this disease. Relevant clinical and therapeutical aspects are discussed.
Haem binding to horse spleen ferritin. Horse spleen ferritin, a spherical protein shell of 24 subunits, contains no haem when extracted. This contrasts with ferritins isolated from bacterial sources which have the capacity to bind up to 24 haem groups [(1990) FEBS Lett. 271, 141-143] via two methionine residues [(1990) Nature 341, 771]. Here it is shown that horse spleen ferritin can bind between 15 and 17 haems per 24 subunits with an apparent association constant of 2.2-3.2 x 10(4) M-1. The strength of haem binding appears to be unaffected either by the presence of the core or by the oxidation state of the haem. The demonstration...
General clinical considerations for anesthesia of the horse. The peculiarities of the equine species present a number of unique situations that must be addressed when horses are anesthetized. Perhaps the most troublesome situation is related to the horse's size. Though the horse's large lungs are responsible in part for its sustainable athletic ability, they are detrimental to effective ventilation when the horse is anesthetized and placed in a recumbent position. Of major concern is depression of ventilation and cardiovascular function. Hypercapnia and hypoxemia usually result from hypoventilation, and with time all anesthetized horses suffer from some...
[The diagnosis of adrenal cortical function in animals using hormone analysis]. This paper describes the use of hormone analysis in the diagnosis of adrenal cortex dysfunction in the dog, cat and horse. Analytical problems concerning the determination of corticosteroid levels are discussed and the pathology of adrenal dysfunction is briefly presented. The paper focuses on the problems in establishing physiological norms for adrenal function based on the established assays. Own experiences and other reported data are referred to.
Biochemical analysis of normal articular cartilage in horses. Articular cartilage specimens from the distal articular surface of 32 radiocarpal bones from 24 2- to 5-year-old horses were analyzed. The total collagen content was determined on the basis of the 4-hydroxyproline content, using a colorimetric method. A method for estimating the proportions of types-I and -II collagen by measuring spectrophotometric densities of specific cyanogen bromide peptide bands from mixtures of types-I and -II collagen on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels was used. The cyanogen bromide peptides representative of each collagen types-I and -II were identified. Th...
Comparative anatomy of the tracheobronchial circulation. This review considers the similarities and difference between several animal species to determine which are most appropriate for studies of the human bronchial circulation in health and disease. The subgross anatomy of the sheep, cow, pig and horse appear to be similar to that of humans. These species have a major bronchial artery with a consistent location. In humans and other species, there is evidence of anastomoses between the bronchial and coronary circulations. The bronchial circulation provides nutrient supply to the neural structures of all species. The bronchial arteries themselves ar...
[Reference values for cortisol, T4 and T-uptake in different horse groups using the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA)]. Reference values for Cortisol, T4 and T-Uptake, determined with the Fluorescence-Polarization-Immunoassays (FPIAs) in blood-plasma of different horse groups were established. The highest Cortisol values were measured in blood samples from thoroughbred racehorses and riding horses taken between 7 and 8 a.m. (181 +/- 37 and 268 +/- 43 nmol/l), the lowest gained between 5 and 6 p.m. (69 +/- 45 and 85 +/- 32 nmol/l respectively). Peak values for T4 in riding horses were found in blood samples collected between 1 and 2 p.m. (28.2 +/- 5.7 nmol/l) followed by the samples taken at 5-6 p.m. and 7-8 a.m...
The occurrence of equine arteritis virus in Australia. This paper reports the first isolation of equine arteritis virus (EAV) in Australia and serological evidence of exposure to EAV in Australian horses. Twelve Standardbred stallions imported from North America were found to shed EAV in semen. One hundred and seven stallions were tested for serum antibodies to EAV and 73% of Standardbred stallions tested were seropositive as compared to 8% of Thoroughbred stallions. Serum antibody was detected in 71% of Standardbred mares, 6% of Standardbred racehorses and 1% of Thoroughbred mares and racehorses. Examination of stored serums demonstrated that EAV...
The triangle of Viborg (Trigonum viborgi) and its anatomical relationships in the normal standing horse. A detailed description is given of the structures forming the borders of Viborg's triangle and those structures contained within and adjacent to the triangle. Changes in the size, shape and prominence of these structures with changes of head and neck posture of the horse are also described.
Equipment for inhalation anesthesia. Inhalation anesthesia has three requirements: delivery of oxygen, delivery of an appropriate concentration of a volatile anesthetic agent, and removal of carbon dioxide. Halothane and isoflurane are the most commonly used anesthetic agents. They are usually delivered with a semiclosed circle system using an out-of-the-circuit vaporizer. Carbon dioxide is eliminated by chemical absorption and by flow of excess oxygen and waste anesthetic agent through the pop-off valve. These gases should be scavenged to prevent room contamination. A variety of ancillary equipment is available to assist the ane...
Equine granulosa-theca cell tumors express inhibin alpha- and beta A-subunit messenger ribonucleic acids and proteins. The association of equine granulosa-theca cell tumors with atrophied contralateral ovaries and abnormal estrous cycles suggests that these tumors produce hormones that affect pituitary gonadotropin production. Because inhibin, a heterodimer protein secreted by granulosa cells, decreases FSH production, we examined the presence of inhibin alpha- and beta A-subunits and their mRNAs in ovarian tumors obtained from three mares. These tumors contained neoplastic cords and nodules, multiple fluid-filled cysts, and a predominance of neoplastic granulosa cells. Reduced proteins from tumor-conditioned ...
[Successful use of deep-frozen stallion sperm after 23 years of storage at -196 degrees C]. A reduction in the motility of the spermatozoa in stallion semen stored in pellet form for 23 years in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees C could not be seen after thawing. The insemination of a mare with this semen resulted in a normal pregnancy. A normally developed, healthy male foal was born after a gestational period of 321 days.
Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in newborn to 30-day-old foals. Gentamicin sulfate, equivalent to 4 mg of gentamicin base/kg of body weight, was administered IV to 6 Thoroughbred foals on day 1 (12 to 24 hours of age) and at 5, 10, 15, and 30 days after birth. On day 40 after parturition, gentamicin was given to the mares at a dosage similar to that used in foals. Decay of serum gentamicin concentrations was best described by a 2-compartment model. Among foals, the overall elimination rate constant at 30 days of age was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than at days 1, 10, and 15. There was, however, no difference in the overall elimination rate con...
Effects of human alpha interferon on experimentally induced equine herpesvirus-1 infection in horses. The immunotherapeutic effect of low-dose human alpha interferon on viral shedding and clinical disease was evaluated in horses inoculated with equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). Eighteen clinically healthy weanling horses, 5 to 7 months old, were allotted to 3 equal groups. Two groups were treated orally with human alpha-2a interferon (0.22 or 2.2 U/kg of body weight), on days 2 and 1 before inoculation with EHV-1, the day of inoculation, and again on postinoculation day 1. The horses of the remaining group were given a placebo orally on the same days. The horses were monitored daily for changes in...
Attenuated Hering-Breuer inflation reflex 4 years after pulmonary vagal denervation in ponies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was any recovery of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex in ponies between 2-4 wk and 3-4 yr after hilar nerve denervation (HND). Under anesthesia and before HND, airway occlusion after a 3-liter lung inflation lengthened the subsequent occluded breath by nearly 10 times the control breath duration. Between 2 wk and 3-4 yr after HND, this maneuver increased the duration of the occluded breath by only 2.5 times the control breath duration. Also under anesthesia, the airway was occluded at end expiration. This maneuver increased the duration...
Management of anesthesia in the foal. Several unique pharmacologic and physiologic factors must be considered when attempting to anesthetize premature or neonatal foals. Juvenile foals are similar to adults in their physiology and metabolism. Anesthetic drug and protocol selection should reflect the differences between these two age groups. Neonates are best anesthetized using an inhalation technique, whereas older foals can be safely anesthetized with either parenteral or inhalation anesthetic agents. Careful monitoring is absolutely essential when anesthetizing foals. The clinician should plan to routinely administer fluids and ...
Local anesthetic techniques for diagnosis of lameness. Successful diagnostic local anesthesia is dependent upon a thorough knowledge of appendicular anatomy, application of correct technique, and accurate interpretation. Use of cadaver specimens to review anatomy and practice needle placement is strongly recommended. A marker solution, such as new methylene blue, can be injected into cadaver limbs, which can be subsequently dissected to verify accuracy. Detailed interpretation of local anesthetic blocks in the lame horse reaches beyond the scope of this article. Interpretive difficulties, however, can be responsible for the failure of a block to p...
Systemic lupus erythematosus in a filly. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was diagnosed in a 2-year-old Standardbred filly. Clinical signs of SLE included weight loss, bilateral symmetric alopecia, seborrhea, oral ulceration, and lymphadenopathy. Abnormal laboratory findings included a Coombs test-positive hemolytic anemia and positive antinuclear antibody test result. Histologic evaluation of multiple skin biopsy specimens revealed interface dermatitis with linear deposition of IgG at the basement membrane zones of the epidermis and hair follicles. The filly did not respond to glucocorticoid treatment and was euthanatized. Necrops...
Immunohistochemical detection of papillomavirus structural antigens in animal hyperplastic and neoplastic epithelial lesions. One hundred and seventy-two hyperplastic and neoplastic epithelial lesions from 8 different mammalian and 1 avian species have been tested with an immunohistochemical technique to detect papillomavirus structural antigens. Selected lesions were diagnosed histologically as papilloma, fibropapilloma, equine sarcoid, squamous cell carcinoma, basalioma, epulis, keratoacanthoma, trichoepithelioma, pilomatrixoma, epidermal inclusion cyst, and hyperkeratotic or acanthotic epidermal lesions. Positive nuclear staining was detected in 14 out of 23 papillomas, 8 out of 32 fibropapillomas and in 1 out of ...
Equine infectious anemia virus derived from a molecular clone persistently infects horses. A full-length molecular clone of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was isolated from a persistently infected canine fetal thymus cell line (Cf2Th). Upon transfection of equine dermis cells, the clone, designated CL22, yielded infectious EIAV particles (CL22-V) that replicated in vitro in both Cf2Th cells and an equine dermis cell strain. Horses infected with CL22-V developed an antibody response to viral proteins and possessed viral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as determined by polymerase chain reaction assays. In addition, horses infected with CL22-V became persistently infe...
