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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Non-isotopic immunoassay drug tests in racing horses: a review of their application to pre- and post-race testing, drug quantitation, and human drug testing. We have introduced large scale non-isotopic immunoassay testing into pre- and post-race drug testing in racehorses. The technologies utilized are Particle Concentration Fluorescence Immuno Assay (PCFIA) and the one-step Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). These technologies are rapid, inexpensive, and highly effective. On introduction into post-race testing in the Western United States, these ELISA tests exposed several previously undetected patterns of drug abuse. The drugs detected were buprenorphine, oxymorphone, mazindol, sufentanil and cocaine. This led to the suspension of a larg...
Surgery for abnormal vulvar and perineal conformation in the mare. Reproductive failure in mares can present a challenge to the attending veterinarian. Although many causes of failure to conceive or to carry to term may be easy to diagnose and treat effectively, others may be difficult. In some cases, more than one problem will be present, and both medical therapy and surgical intervention will be required to achieve a successful outcome. Pneumovagina and its sequelae remain a common cause of reproductive failure in mares. Depending on the case involved, different surgical techniques may be required to correct the problem.
Effectiveness of an ivermectin liquid formulation given by nasogastric tube against strongyles in horses. Twenty horses were treated with ivermectin either by nasogastric tube with a liquid formulation for sheep or per os with a paste formulation for horses at a dosage of 200 mug/kg of body weight. Fecal samples were collected from these horses and from ten untreated horses at the time of treatment and every 2 wk thereafter for up to 10 wk. The samples were examined for nematode eggs using the Cornell-McMaster dilution and the Cornell-Wisconsin Double Centrifugation procedures.There were no signs of toxicosis in horses treated with ivermectin. Strongyle eggs were found in the feces of all horses b...
Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and in vitro antibacterial activity of rifampin in the horse. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of rifampin were determined after IV (10 mg/kg of body weight) and intragastric (20 mg/kg of body weight) administration to 6 healthy, adult horses. After IV administration, the disposition kinetics of rifampin were best described by a 2-compartment open model. A rapid distribution phase was followed by a slower elimination phase, with a half-life (t1/2[beta]) of 7.27 +/- 1.11 hours. The mean body clearance was 1.49 +/- 0.41 ml/min.kg, and the mean volume of distribution was 932 +/- 292 ml/kg, indicating that rifampin was widely distributed in the body....
Diarrhea associated with sand in the gastrointestinal tract of horses. Four horses with diarrhea had radiographic evidence of large quantities of sand in the gastrointestinal tract. Initially, none of the horses had sufficient fecal sand quantity to suggest sand enteropathy. Diarrhea resolved in all horses within 2 days of oral administration of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid. Historically, all 4 horses had lost weight or had difficulty maintaining weight. After treatment was administered, the horses either gained weight or were easier to maintain in good condition.
Identification of Highlands J virus from a Florida horse. A virus, strain 64A-1519, isolated from the brain of a horse dying of encephalitis in Florida in 1964, was identified as western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus. Recently, we used polyclonal and monoclonal immune reagents to identify this isolate by comparing it to 2 strains of WEE virus and to Highlands J (HJ) virus in hemagglutination-inhibition, immunofluorescent antibody, and plaque-reduction neutralization tests. These tests demonstrate that strain 64A-1519 is a strain of HJ virus distinct from WEE virus.
Actions of the novel gastrointestinal prokinetic agent cisapride on equine bowel motility. The effect of cisapride was evaluated on the normal fasting bowel motility of four ponies with chronically implanted electromechanical transducers. Cisapride was infused over 60-min periods at 0.05 mg/kg (n = 4), 0.1 mg/kg (n = 5) and 0.25 mg/kg (n = 5). It produced marked and prolonged increases in electrical and mechanical activity at all sites examined. In the stomach there was increased total contraction activity with increased contraction amplitude and a slight reduction in rate. In the small intestine there was an increase in irregular (phase II) activity with an increase in number and a...
Hemoperitoneum caused by rupture of a juvenile granulosa cell tumor in an equine neonate. A neonatal foal was examined because of apparent abdominal pain and distention, anemia, and hemoperitoneum. Exploratory laparotomy was performed, and a large spherical mass, which had ruptured, was found in the area of the left ovary. Left salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. The mass was determined to be a juvenile granulosa cell tumor.
Effects of atropine in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction. The effects of atropine on lung function and airway reactivity in two groups of ponies were measured. Principal ponies had a history of recurrent airway obstruction when housed in a barn and fed hay; control ponies had no history of airway obstruction. Principal and control ponies were paired, and measurements were made when principal ponies were in clinical remission (period A) and during an acute attack of airway obstruction (period B). Atropine did not alter pulmonary resistance (RL), dynamic compliance (Cdyn), or airway responsiveness in either group of ponies at period A or in the control...
Hereditary junctional mechanobullous disease in a foal. Mechanobullous disease was diagnosed in a male Belgian foal that had sloughed hooves at 30 hours and at 6 and 12 days of age. Histologic and electron microscopic studies disclosed that lesions were the result of separation of the basal epithelial cell layer from the lamina densa of the basement membrane zone along the lamina lucida. Results of immunofluorescence on tissue specimens were negative for immunoglobulin deposition. The breeding history of the foal's dam indicated that the foal was produced from breeding of the mare to its full sibling stallion. This same mare had produced a female f...
Surgical management of congenital and perinatal abnormalities of the urogenital tract. Surgical management of various congenital and perinatal abnormalities of the urogenital tract are discussed, including ruptured bladder, ruptured urachus, ureteral defect, patent urachus and umbilical remnant infection, ureteral ectopia, congenital inguinal hernia, and atresia ani and rectourethral or rectovaginal fistula.
Some factors affecting isolation of Clostridium tetani from human and animal stools. Clostridium tetani was isolated from human and animal stools at the following rates [95% confidence interval (CI)]: Human, 0% (1.5-0); horse, 1% (5-0); cow in cowshed, 4% (10-1); cow in pasture, 8.3% (17-1), calf in pasture, 0% (7-0); dog, 2% (11-0) and sheep in pasture, 25% (44-14). Quantification of C. tetani in 16 animal stools positive for the bacillus was impossible in most cases, as the number of tetanus bacilli present was not large enough for this purpose. Contaminating anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria in human and animal stools, i.e., C. perfringens and Streptococcus sp., ...
Adjunctive methods of examination of the urogenital tract. Included in this article are descriptions of adjunctive methods of examination of the urogenital tract, including ultrasonography of the kidneys, urinary bladder, ovaries and uterus; endoscopy of the urethra, urinary bladder, and uterus; contrast radiography of the urinary tract; kidney biopsy; and laparoscopy of the abdomen, emphasizing examination of the mare's reproductive tract.
Leukoencephalomalacia in a horse induced by fumonisin B1 isolated from Fusarium moniliforme. Each of two horses was dosed by stomach tube with culture material on maize of Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826. One horse developed severe hepatosis and mild oedema of the brain after 6 doses of 2.5 g of culture material/kg body mass/day in 7 days. The second horse, in a similar experiment but at a dosage rate of 1.25 g/kg/day, developed mild hepatosis and moderate oedema of the brain. In both animals the brain oedema was particularly noticeable in the medulla oblongata. The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 was extracted and purified from the culture material of F. moniliforme MRC, 826 which contained appr...
Normal and cryptorchid castration. Surgical exploration of the horse that has presumably had a normal castration or a previously successful cryptorchid surgery remains a distinct challenge. No hard and fast rules dictate a proper course of action for each case. If a horse was anesthetized for routine castration, discovered to have only one scrotal testis, had a brief exploratory on the nondescended side and was recovered, trauma to the inguinal region would probably be sufficiently minimal that an inguinal approach could be used at subsequent exploratory surgery. If the inguinal canal was extensively manipulated and the tail of...
Complications of castration and ovariectomy. This article discusses the complications of castration and ovariectomy and their treatment and prevention. These two procedures were chosen because castration is the most common surgical procedure performed by the equine practitioner and ovariectomy is associated with a high number of complications.
Prevalence of Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses and ponies in Clwyd, Powys and adjacent English marches. The prevalence of Anoplocephala perfoliata in 103 horses and ponies from Clwyd, Powys and the adjacent English marches, slaughtered during January 1987, was 69 per cent.
Lymphocytic enteritis in a filly. A yearling Hanoverian filly had intermittent colic for 6 weeks, chylous peritoneal effusion, and a firm mass palpable per rectum. Exploratory laparotomy revealed mesenteric lymphadenopathy, adhesion of the mesenteric root to the duodenum and jejunum, distention of the mesenteric veins and lymphatic vessels, and increased jejunal venous pressure. Lesions in the duodenum, jejunum, and colon included infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the lamina propria.
Sternothyrohyoideus myectomy in horses: 17 cases (1984-1985). Review of medical records of 78 horses admitted to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals with dorsal displacement of the soft palate revealed 94% of these horses to have evidence of an intermittent abnormal "gurgling" respiratory noise at the time of exercise. Sternothyrohyoideus myectomy was used as a primary treatment for 17 of these horses, with a success rate of 58%. Anatomic dissection of 30 horses indicated that the midcervical region is the optimal site for sternothyrohyoideus myectomy to alleviate dorsal displacement of the soft palate.
Omphalophlebitis and osteomyelitis associated with Klebsiella septicemia in a premature foal. Gram-negative neonatal septicemia was diagnosed in a premature Standardbred colt. Clinical signs included lethargy, weakness, loss of suckle reflex, tachypnea, and injected mucous membranes. Sequelae included pneumonia, omphalophlebitis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis. Prepartum maternal uterine infection, premature delivery, abnormal parturition with premature fetal membrane separation, and failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins increased the foal's risk for developing sepsis. Treatment included administration of moxalactam disodium and cefadroxil. The clinical efficacy...
