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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Studies of the pathogenesis of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals. Pyogranulomatous pneumonia was induced in Thoroughbred foals by intranasal challenge with freeze-dried cultures of Rhodococcus equi (previously Corynebacterium equi). The incubation period was about 18 days and clinical signs were not seen for a further week. There were marked seasonal and individual foal differences in responses to infection. Elevations in serum caeruloplasmin oxidase activity and copper concentrations appeared to be sensitive indicators of infection. Serum zinc concentrations and serum alpha-mannosidase and alkaline phosphatase activities fell in the more severely infected f...
The use of a passive hemolysis system to evaluate the complement activities of six mammalian species. A passive hemolysis assay system was developed which permitted comparisons of the hemolytic activities of complement (C) from six species. This system employs a single antigen and an antiserum raised in one species. Thus, variations resulting from different target antigens and those inherent in using antibodies (of different affinities and isotypes) raised in a variety of species were minimized. Of the erythrocytes (E) examined, those from horses and guinea pigs were most susceptible to lysis, and either would be suitable, as a tentative choice, for measuring C activity of a previously unstudi...
Immunocytochemical localisation of carbonic anhydrase isozyme III in equine skeletal muscle. The location of carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III) in frozen sections of biopsies of Thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle was studied. Fibre types were determined by ATP-ase and succinate dehydrogenase staining. CA-III isozyme was detected using a peroxidase conjugated anti-CA-III antibody. CA-III was found to be localised in slow twitch oxidative fibres (ST), but was also present in fast twitch oxidative (FTH) fibres in small amounts. Fast twitch glycolytic (FT) fibres were stained lightly compared with control sections. The concentrations of CA-III in muscle and liver were 70 micrograms/mg protei...
Electromyographic properties of the myometrium of the pony mare during pregnancy. Recordings of uterine electrical activity were made from 5 pregnant pony mares from Day 141 to 320 of pregnancy. Three types of activity were identified. Short, medium and long bursts were quantified as the percentage of time each occurred during the hour analysed and further categorized according to frequency, amplitude and duration. The uterus was most active during the early stages recorded and became increasingly quiescent after Day 240. Short-burst activity was greatest when the uterus was most quiescent. Long bursts showed the greatest percentage of activity until Day 220 and then decrea...
Comparison of the effects of two sets of anaesthetic agents and posture on respiratory rate, heart rate, pH, blood gas and acid-base status in the horse. Two methods of anaesthesia were evaluated in the horse for their effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and on the acid-base status of the animal. In addition the effect of the position—dorsal and lateral recumbency—of the anaesthetized horse on these systems was evaluated.
Autotransfer of Day 4 embryos from oviduct to oviduct versus oviduct to uterus in the mare. Embryo autotransfer is defined as the collection of an embryo from and the transfer of this embryo into the same animal. The objectives of this study were to: 1) test the hypothesis that oviduct transport of the equine embryo from the oviduct into the uterus is not dependent on a unilateral embryo-corpus luteum interaction, 2) develop an embryo autotransfer technique for the mare and 3) compare the success rates of Day 4 embryos surgically autotransferred from the oviduct ipsilateral to ovulation to either the oviduct (n=10 mares) or the uterine horn (n=10 mares) contralateral to ovulation. Se...
Genetic restriction of cytolysis during equid herpesvirus 1 subtype 2 infection. Six Welsh Mountain pony foals were experimentally infected with a subtype 2 isolate of Equid Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and subsequently examined for T cell mediated cytotoxicity against both subtypes. Cytotoxicity was not observed at 3 or 7 days after primary exposure but virus-specific, and genetically restricted, cytotoxicity of EHV-1-labelled autologous skin fibroblasts could be demonstrated 7 and 21 days after the animals were given a second exposure to live virus. Killing of subtype 2 antigen-labelled targets was more efficient than subtype 1 coated cells. This finding was paralleled by the o...
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measurement of antibodies against equine herpesvirus 2 in equine sera. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies against equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) in equine sera. The optimal conditions of antigen concentration, and serum and conjugate dilutions were established by chequerboard titrations. When the standard ELISA test was used for titration of test sera, it was found to give titres approximately 1500 times higher than those obtained in the virus neutralization (VN) test, and a correlation coefficient of 0.815 was obtained between these two tests on 42 equine sera. All the positive serum samples by ...
Capsule types of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the genital tract of mares with metritis, extra-genital sites of healthy mares and the genital tract of stallions. A survey of K. pneumoniae was performed on cervical swabs, feces and nasal swabs of mares and on samples from the genital tract of stallions from 1980 to 1986 in south-western Hokkaido, Japan. K1 was the predominant type (79 of 88, 89.8%) in the metritis cases due to K. pneumoniae in mares of racing breeds. The same type was isolated from semen and swabs of the fossa glandis of 6 of 20 (30.0%) of the stallions of racing breeds. Heavily encapsulated and less heavily encapsulated K1 strains were isolated from the stallions. Mares bred to stallions carrying heavily encapsulated strains developed ...
Ventilation-perfusion relationships in the standing horse: an inert gas elimination study. The multiple inert gas elimination technique was adapted for use in the conscious standing horse. The modifications included increased infusion rate of the inert gases (30 ml/min), extended infusion time (60 mins) in order to reach steady state, and construction of a nose mask mixing box system for collection of expired gas. Eight adult horses with a mean weight of 454 kg and a mean age of 6.1 years were studied while standing under resting conditions. Ventilation was 65.2 liters/min and cardiac output measured by thermodilution 40.2 liters/min. Systemic and pulmonary artery mean pressures wer...
Treatment of two mares with obstructive (vaginal) urinary outflow incontinence. Two mares were examined because of urinary incontinence. Abnormalities of the genitourinary tract were identified and were corrected surgically. Urinary incontinence in mares generally is associated with a poor prognosis. The importance of a thorough physical examination of the genitourinary tract in the mare is emphasized, and the simple and successful surgical correction of structural abnormalities of the tract in 2 mares is described.
Hematuria caused by abdominal abscessation in a foal. A 4.5-month-old Standard-bred filly was referred for evaluation of pigmenturia. Initially, the pigmenturia had resolved with the administration of antibiotics, only to recur after their withdrawal. A dark red urine sample contained numerous RBC, WBC, and gram-negative rods (Escherichia coli). Ultrasonography revealed the right kidney to be large, with multiple cystic structures and a dilated renal pelvis and calices. Cystoscopy revealed a large blood clot within the bladder and urine coming from the left ureteral opening. Urine was not observed coming from the right ureter. It was suspected th...
Measurements of muscular microcirculation by laser Doppler flowmetry in isoflurane and halothane anaesthetised horses. The cardiovascular function of horses was less depressed during anaesthesia with isoflurane than during anaesthesia with halothane. Muscular microcirculation measured by laser Doppler flowmetry was significantly greater in horses anaesthetised with isoflurane.
Caudal cruciate ligament function and injury in the horse. The caudal cruciate ligament assists the medial femorotibial ligament in supporting the medial aspect of the femorotibial joint. It also limits the outward rotation of the tibia during weight bearing. In two lame horses tearing of the caudal portion of the femoral attachment of the caudal cruciate ligament was recorded together with cracking and tearing of the medial meniscus. In one case, synovitis and restrictive fibrous periarthritis were the sequelae of secondary stifle sepsis.
Protection of foals against experimental Rhodococcus equi pneumonia by oral immunization. Two groups of three one to three week old foals were immunized orally on four occasions over five weeks with two strains of Rhodococcus equi, a clinical isolate from a pneumonic foal and a laboratory passaged Congo red negative variant of this strain. Three nonimmunized foals of similar age acted as controls. Three weeks after the last immunization, all foals were challenged on five occasions over seven days by aerosol infection with about 10(10) of the pneumonic foal isolate on each occasion. Control foals became seriously ill and were euthanized. Immunization with either strain protected foa...
Diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals by the agar gel diffusion test with protein antigen. A protein antigen that reacted in the agar gel diffusion (AGD) test and which had equi factor(s) activity, was partially purified from the culture supernatant of Rhodococcus equi by successive column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose and Sepharose 4B. Employing a standard foal serum, the concentration of this antigen was adjusted for the AGD test. Optimal dilutions of the antigen reacted in the AGD test with sera from foals naturally infected with serologically different R. equi. The antigen prepared was considered suitable for use in field surveys of R. equi infection. Accordingly...
Energy utilization and blood traits of ponies fed fat-supplemented diets. The digestibility and heat production values for three fats of different origin were determined. Four pony geldings (225 kg) were used in a study consisting of four successive digestion trials utilizing a 4 X 4 Latin square design. The four dietary treatments were basal alone and supplemented with 15% corn oil, blended fat or inedible tallow. The blended fat was composed of a mixture of animal and vegetable fats. A 7-d preliminary period preceded a 7-d total fecal collection period for each trial. Heat production values were obtained by indirect calorimetry and calculated from oxygen consumpti...
Successful management of malignant edema caused by Clostridium septicum in a horse. The clinical course and successful therapeutic management of a horse with malignant edema caused by Clostridium septicum is described. This is believed to be the first report of a horse surviving malignant edema caused by C. septicum. A discussion of this disease syndrome, including etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, therapy, and diagnostic methods is presented.
Leptospirosis in horses in Ontario. Sera from Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses in southwest Ontario were tested for antibody to seven Leptospira interrogans serovars (autumnalis, bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona), using the microscopic agglutination test. There was significantly higher seroprevalence of bratislava than of other serovars, in which prevalence was low. Seroprevalence of bratislava increased significantly with age; only 5% of two to three year old horses had titers greater than or equal to 1:80 compared to 52% of horses older than seven years. Eight of 16 foals from two fa...
Aortic valve insufficiency in a one-year-old colt. Aortic insufficiency was suspected in a thin 1-year-old colt with a grade IV/V decrescendo holodiastolic murmur and a bounding arterial pulse. Echocardiographic findings (diastolic fluttering of the septal leaflet of the mitral valve, left ventricular volume overload, and incomplete aortic valve closure) were diagnostic for aortic valve insufficiency. Moderately thick fibrotic aortic valve leaflets were found at necropsy. Fenestrations were found in the aortic and pulmonic valve cusps. Congenital valvular disease may have led to aortic valvular insufficiency in this horse.
Ischaemia induced development of functional coronary collateral circulation in ponies. The response of coronary collaterals in nine ponies subjected to repeated reversible occlusions (2 min duration, 30 min interval) of the left anterior descending coronary artery was studied at rest. Each pony was instrumented with a Doppler flowmeter and hydraulic cuff occluder around the left anterior descending coronary artery, left ventricular subendocardial sonomicrometers, and a left ventricular micromanometer. Initial occlusions increased end diastolic myocardial segment length by 3% and decreased segment systolic shortening, stroke work, and velocity of shortening by 103%, 95%, and 79% ...
