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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Evaluation of cellulose acetate/nitrate filters for the study of stallion sperm motility. Stallion semen was diluted in a Hepes-supplemented buffer (CM) (10(6) spermatozoa/ml) and placed in the upper well of a Sykes-Moore chemotaxis chamber. Chambers were incubated in a humidified atmosphere (5% CO2 in air) at 37 degrees C for 1 and 2 h and spermatozoa were allowed to swim through filters with a mean pore size of 3,5 or 8 micron. Spermatozoa entered filters of all three pore sizes. Distance travelled was greater for each increase in pore size (P less than 0.01) but did not differ (P greater than 0.05) between 1 and 2h of incubation. Extended semen from stallions of different fertil...
Motility and ATP content of extended equine spermatozoa in different storage conditions. The role of various environmental conditions on sperm motility and ATP content was investigated by incubating raw and washed spermatozoa collected with an open-ended artificial vagina from 10 stallions in various biological and artificial media under different atmospheric conditions. Spermatozoa did not survive for more than 12 h when kept unextended in the original seminal fluid in any circumstances. The most favourable media tested for long-term sperm survival were Kenney's medium or Kenney's medium supplemented with 10 mM-theophylline and 10 mM-Hepes, pH 7.2. Centrifugation and slow cooling...
Reproductive patterns in cyclic and pregnant thyroidectomized mares. Three Quarter-horse mares were thyroidectomized at about 1.5 years of age. Three similar intact mares served as controls. The study continued through two breeding seasons. The thyroidectomized mares were lethargic, rear limbs were oedematous and hair coats were coarse. They displayed a tranquil oestrous behaviour when exposed to a stallion and were only mildly antagonistic when not in oestrus. Length of oestrous cycles varied but most often they were 19-24 days long. Duration of oestrus (mean +/- s.e.m.) for the control and thyroidectomized mares was 12.9 +/- 2.9 and 11.7 +/- 2.2 days respecti...
Observations and management of fractures of the proximal phalanx in young Thoroughbreds. A retrospective study of 119 cases of fracture of the proximal phalanx is described. The short incomplete sagittal fracture (split pastern) was most common and carried a good prognosis for a return to racing following conservative treatment. Longer incomplete fractures also had a good prognosis but complete fractures, either through the lateral cortex of the proximal phalanx or through the bone into the proximal interphalangeal joint, required internal fixation. Careful assessment of these and comminuted fractures was essential before surgery was undertaken. Most comminuted fractures were trea...
Phagocytosis of horse erythrocytes treated with equine infectious anemia virus by cultivated horse leukocytes. Horse erythrocytes treated with equine infectious anemia virus hemagglutinin were phagocytized by cultivated horse leukocytes (mainly macrophage-like cells and partly polymorphonuclear cells) after incubation with fresh horse serum but not with inactivated horse serum. The phagocytosis began as soon as the erythrocytes were added to the leukocyte cultures, and the majority of the reaction proceeded within 30 minutes. Addition of antiserum showed a slightly suppressing but no enhancing effect on the phagocytosis. Phagocytosis seemed to be caused by the recognition of the third complement compon...
Molluscum contagiosum in a horse with granulomatous enteritis. Widespread cutaneous papules in a yearling Standardbred filly were attributed by light and electron microscopic examination to molluscum contagiosum. Concomitant granulomatous enteritis, suspected clinically due to protein-losing enteropathy, was verified histopathologically. An associated altered altered immune response is suggested as the reason for the widespread poxvirus infection.
Chemotactic and phagocytic function of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes in newborn foals. Chemotactic and phagocytic responsiveness of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) from 11 foals were analysed immediately after birth (pre-colostral) and at different times after colostrum ingestion. The number of foal PMNLs per microscopic field that had migrated through the filter in chemotaxis and the number of yeast particles ingested per foal PMNL in phagocytosis were significantly lower when tested with foal plasma before colostrum ingestion (chemotaxis, 2.0 +/- 0.55 (s.e.m.); phagocytosis, 0.98 +/- 0.352) than in tests 4 or more days after colostrum ingestion (chemotaxi...
Steroid secretion by different cell types of the horse conceptus. Horse conceptuses were recovered non-surgically at Day 12-Day 15 and were dissociated with collagenase. Separation of the cells on a 31.8% Percoll gradient gave two bands of cells and indirect evidence suggests that the low density cells (LDC) are endoderm and the higher density cells (HDC) are trophectoderm. Each band was incubated for 24 h in Minimum Essential Medium and concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone in the medium were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The LDC secreted predominately progesterone (log oestradiol/progesterone = -0.994 +/- 0.141; N = 15) whereas the HDC secret...
Subclinical entrapment neuropathy of the equine suprascapular nerve. The suprascapular nerve from 14 horses, which had no clinical evidence of spinatus muscle atrophy, were obtained to determine whether the nerve was sub-clinically compressed at the scapular edge. The nerves were divided into three portions, proximal and distal to the scapular edge and as it reflected around it. In nine horses there was evidence of a chronic neuropathy which varied in severity and which was most severe at the site of reflection, where the nerve appeared constricted by a tendinous band. At this site the predominant change was that of chronic demyelination and remyelination, with...
The pathogenesis of dystocia and fetal malformation in the horse. From a total of 601 severe dystocias in mares, 408 (68%) of the fetuses were in anterior, 95 (16%) in posterior and 98 (16%) in transverse presentation, compared with 99%, 1% and 0.1% respectively for spontaneous parturitions. From the cases with anterior presentation, 151 (37%) showed reflected heads and necks. From the cases with posterior presentation, 47 (50%) presented hip flexions, 25% had hock flexions, and 25% had stretched hind legs, 45 (47%) of the fetuses were in lateral or ventral position, and 28 (30%) of the fetuses were malformed (mainly torticollis and head scoliosis). All 98 c...
Heparin-induced agglutination of erythrocytes in horses. Heparin was administered subcutaneously 2 times a day for 4 days to 5 horses. An additional group of 5 horses was used as time-matched controls. Significant decreases in PCV, erythrocyte count, and hemoglobin concentration were observed during heparin therapy. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of the heparin-treated horses increased to a peak value of 66.1 fl on the last day of treatment. Erythrocyte creatine concentration and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increased moderately during the treatment. These data indicated that the rapid, profound increase in MCV during heparin therap...
Comparative study of atrial fibrillation and AV conduction in mammals. Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias in humans. It also occurs quite frequently in dogs and horses. Comparative study of this arrhythmia may contribute to better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved. In this study, we present a quantitative analysis of atrial fibrillation in humans, dogs, horses, and in a kangaroo, making use of histograms and serial autocorrelograms of the ventricular rhythm with and without digitalis medication. Increase in the size of the animal and thus in the size of the heart is accompanied by a decrease in ventricular ...
Acetabular osteochondrosis dissecans in a foal. Osteochondrosis affecting the acetabula in horses is rarely reported. Osteochondrosis dissecans in foals only a few weeks old is also an uncommon finding. Lesions compatible with osteochondrosis dissecans in the acetabulum were found to be the cause of a chronic coxofemoral lameness in a 3-week-old Arabian filly. The history, physical examination findings, joint fluid analysis, gross pathologic and histopathologic findings are described.
Circadian, circhoral and seasonal variation in patterns of gonadotrophin secretion in geldings. Blood samples were obtained from 5 mixed-breed, long-term castrated geldings during five 24-h periods between May 1984 and April 1985. Blood samples were collected, beginning at 09:00 h, at 15-min intervals for 8 h and hourly for the remaining 16 h. Plasma concentrations of LH and FSH were determined by RIA. Seasonal changes in hormone concentrations and frequency and amplitude of secretory pulses were evaluated. No diurnal variation in either LH or FSH secretion was observed: however, marked circhoral fluctuations in LH and FSH secretion were noted. Mean LH and FSH concentrations in these lon...
Use of a novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the horse. In a two-part cross-over experiment in six ponies, an acute inflammatory reaction was generated by injecting carrageenin solution into subcutaneously-implanted tissue-cages lined with fibrovascular granulation tissue. In each part of the cross-over, half of the ponies received a novel phenylpyrazoline anti-inflammatory agent (BW540C) orally and half received a placebo treatment. BW540C inhibited platelet cyclo-oxygenase for 24 h but the reductions in exudate eicosanoid concentrations were less pronounced. A significant suppression in the rise of surface skin temperature in BW540C-treated ponie...
Clinical and hematologic variables in ponies with experimentally induced equine ehrlichial colitis (Potomac horse fever). The clinical and hematologic variables of 10 ponies with experimentally induced equine ehrlichial colitis (EEC; syn: Potomac horse fever) were studied for a 30-day period (6 ponies) or until death (4 ponies). The earliest clinical sign indicative of EEC was fever (rectal temperature exceeding 39 C). All ponies became depressed (CNS) at various times during the disease, and 90% of the ponies developed diarrhea between 9 and 15 days after infection was induced. The most significant hematologic change was an increase in plasma protein concentration after the onset of fever (P less than 0.05). The...
Cardiopathology of sudden cardiac death in the race horse. Twenty thoroughbred race horses were selected for postmortem cardiopathological study of sudden cardiac death; ten of the twenty horses died suddenly. In order to define accurately the morphological changes observed in these ten hearts, ten other thoroughbred race horses considered to have normal hearts were selected as a control group and studied by postmortem coronary angiography. Of the ten horses that died suddenly, eight were witnessed to have died either during or shortly after training or racing. The death was instantaneous except in one horse, which showed ventricular tachycardia and d...
Meningocerebral hemangiomatosis resembling Sturge-Weber disease in a horse. A 3-year-old horse presented with intermittent generalized seizures of 2-month duration. During interictal periods, the horse appeared normal and a cause for the seizures could not be identified. Necropsy revealed opacity of the leptomeninges, covering most of one cerebral hemisphere along with thinning and collapse of the cortex in the ipsilateral pyriform lobe. Histopathology demonstrated leptomeningeal vascular proliferation and meningothelial hyperplasia. Prominent tortuous vessels of the gyri and sulci extended into some regions of the subjacent cortex, where there was neuronal loss, ecto...
Observations on tracheal mucociliary clearance in horses. The rate of movement up the mucociliary escalator of Technetium99m tagged to macroaggregated albumin was measured in 7 normal horses and 8 with respiratory disease. The activity at 2 sites in the neck, separated by 12-15 cm, was measured using a hand held scintillation counter and rate meter. In normal horses the Technetium complex moved as a bolus up the neck with a mean rate of 1.58 cm/min. In the horses with respiratory disease the Technetium complex was less likely to move as a discrete bolus and in three horses it was not possible to measure the transport rate. The remainder had a mean tr...
Radionuclide, radiographic, and histomorphometric evaluation of healing of surgically created subchondral defects in equine bone. In the present study, radionuclide scintigraphy and radiography were used to evaluate the rate and degree of healing that occurred in surgically created subchondral bone defects in horses. Following radionuclide scintigraphy and radiography the horses were killed, and histomorphometric analysis was performed on the defect sites. The histomorphometric results were compared to the radionuclide scintigraphic and radiographic results to determine which noninvasive technique provided the most accurate information concerning healing of the bone defects. It was concluded that radionuclide scintigraph...
Genetic and temporal variation in serum concentrations and biological activity of horse chorionic gonadotrophin. The variation in the quantity of circulating chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) and its follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) activity in rodent bioassay systems was investigated. A portion of the variability in total CG could be attributed to the stallion that sired the pregnancy and it was possible to select sires and mares to increase CG production. It was further demonstrated that FSH activity per unit of CG was greater at Days 71 and 104 of gestation than at Day 39. LH activity per unit of CG varied with the sire, but no effect of day of gestation could be shown. It wa...
