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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Hormonal changes in the immature rat after administration of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin: influence of body weight. We have shown previously that pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) induces ovulation only in rats weighing over 60 g on the day of injection. The under-60 g rats do not ovulate although they secrete a preovulatory surge of a pleiomorphic form of LH. Presumably this pleiomorph is inactive. Comparisons were made of plasma hormone concentrations in rats treated with PMSG that weighed over and under 60 g. The measurements were made on samples taken between 13.00 and 22.00 h on the day of the expected preovulatory LH surge. Prolactin and corticosterone levels were lower in the lighter group com...
Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and progesterone concentrations in the blood of thoroughbred mares exhibiting single and twin ovulations. The concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and progesterone were measured in serial blood samples taken throughout one or more oestrous cycles from 12 Thoroughbred mares, some of which exhibited single and others twin ovulations. The resulting profiles clearly demonstrated that no simple relationship exists between circulating gonadotrophin levels and subsequent ovulation rate in the mare. However, plasma progesterone concentrations during dioestrus are, as expected, higher following twin than single ovulations. The findings suggest that the underlying cause of twi...
Induction of male sex behavior in pony mares with testosterone propionate. Two pony mares were administered 150 mg of testosterone propionate every other day for 20 days (ten injections) and every ten days there-after. An additional two mares and one stallion were not treated and served as controls. Testosterone propionate was dissolved in absolute ethanol and administered subcutaneously. Sex behavior tests were conducted 26 and 40 days after the first injection. Control mares exhibited very little male sex behavior. Both testosterone propionatetreated mares, however, exhibited mounting, sniffing, flehmen, biting and vocalization behavior in the presence of an estrou...
Release of 3H2O from 1 beta,2 beta[3H]androstenedione by equine granulosa cells. Granulosa cells were harvested from mares at various stages of the oestrous cycle and incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 1 beta,2 beta[3H]androstenedione as substrate. The release of 3H2O expressed as CPM/h/mg protein varied from 44000 to 768000 in follicles from 7 mares. The release of 3H2O was not significantly altered by luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone or pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin. There was a significant negative correlation between the release of 3H2O and the concentration of progesterone in the follicular fluid. Based on the assumption that the ...
Palatal myositis in horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate. The histologic and histochemical features of palatine muscles from 53 horses were studied; 25 of the horses were racehorses that had upper airway obstruction associated with dorsal displacement of the soft palate and 28 of the horses did not have any respiratory disorders and served as controls. Pathologic features observed included myonecrosis, phagocytosis, mononuclear cell infiltration of perimysial connective tissue, alkaline phosphatase-positive myofibers, and myofibers with cytoarchitectural changes that included irregular staining of the intermyofibrillar sarcoplasm and sarcoplasmic mas...
Spermatogenesis, testicular composition and the concentration of testosterone in the equine testis as influenced by season. The influence of season on spermatogenesis, testicular composition and the concentration of testosterone in the equine testis was evaluated using testes from 45 stallions. Testes were obtained through a commercial abbatoir during September, December-January, March and July. The weights of the testes, the tunica albuginea and testicular parenchyma and the proportion of the testicular parenchyma occupied by seminiferous tubules or interstitial tissue were similar during each season. How ever, diameter of the seminiferous tubules was greater in July than during other months of the study. In addit...
Giant cell tumor of soft parts in six horses. Giant cell tumor of soft parts was diagnosed in 6 horses 3 to 12 years old (mean, 6.8 +/- 3.5 years): 3 Quarter Horse geldings, 2 Standardbred mares, and 1 Standardbred stallion. The neoplasms developed as raised, solitary masses, approximately 1 to 4 cm in diameter, which were firmly attached to subcutaneous tissue of the neck (1 horse), shoulder (1 horse), thigh (2 horses), or stifle (2 horses). Excision was followed by local recurrence in 3 horses within 1 to 1 1/2 months. The neoplasms were firm and cut with resistance. On cut surface, they were white, with mottled red hemorrhagic areas.
Standard antisera produced in ponies for the identification of bovine mycoplasmas: comparative growth-inhibition results from six laboratories. Antisera to 10 mycoplasma species of bovine origin were produced in 10 ponies and were distributed for evaluation in growth-inhibition tests at 6 laboratories in Australia, England, Denmark, France, and the United States. Except for a few failures with some antigens produced at the 6 laboratories, the antisera induced large zones of growth inhibition in homologous, but not heterologous, systems. These antisera may be useful as standard reagents for the identification of the bovine mycoplasmas.
Observational study of “urine testing” in the horse and donkey stallion. Although "urine testing" is said to enable the male equid to assess the sexual status of the mare, there are no reports in the literature of any detailed study of this behavioural response of the stallion. Behavioural response to conspecific urine was studied in two horse stallions and one donkey stallion. The relevant nasopalatine anatomy is described. Events observed during urine testing included head, neck, lip, jaw, tongue movements, penile changes and nasal secretion. Nasal endoscopy indicated that the source of part of the nasal secretion was the secretory glands of the vomeronasal organ...
Use of an autogenous cancellous bone graft in the treatment of subchondral bone cysts in the medial femoral condyle of the horse. The clinical features, diagnosis and radiological findings of eight cases of a subchondral bone cyst involving the medial condyle of the femur are described. Surgical treatment, which comprised performing an arthrotomy of the femorotibial joint, curetting and packing the cystic cavity with an autogenous cancellous bone graft, is described.
Leptospiral infection in aborted equine foetuses. During an investigation of equine abortion, leptospiral infection was demonstrated in nine out of 22 foetuses examined by immunofluorescence and culture. Strains belonging to four serogroups (Australis, Pomona, Hebdomadis and Icterohaemorrhagiae) were isolated. The age of leptospira infected foetuses ranged from six months to term.
Glutathione peroxidase activity in the blood of healthy horses given different selenium supplementation. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity in the blood is correlated to the amount of selenium which was given to the horse. Currently recommended doses of selenium seem to be sufficient in order to prevent selenium deficiency. The blood GSH-px in foals reflects the amount of selenium given to the mare during pregnancy.
Experimental production of neonatal isoerythrolysis in the foal. Serological evidence with or without clinical signs of neonatal isoerythrolysis was experimentally produced in 6 of 8 foals born to mares allo-immunized with washed erythrocytes from the stallion. Blood group antigens were determined in all mares, stallions and foals, and the incompatible antigenic factor(s) responsible for the disease were defined. In 5 of 8 foals born to alloimmunized mares, a single antigenic factor difference accounted for the erythrocyte incompatibility between mare and foal. The erythrocyte antigen suspected as the most responsible for isoerythrolysis observed was A1. Ag...
A retrospective clinical study of osteochondrosis dissecans in 21 horses. Osteochondrosis dissecans was diagnosed clinically and radiographically in 31 joints of 21 horses. The horses ranged in age from 8 months to 5 years at the time of presentation. The usual age of onset of clinical signs was 18 to 24 months. Presenting complaints included joint effusion and lameness of either gradual or sudden onset. In Thoroughbred horses, the stifle joint was the most common site of lesions and in Standardbred horses lesions occurred more commonly in the hock. In 16 of the 21 horses, the contralateral joint was radiographed and 9 of these horses had bilateral lesions. Thorough...
Identification of 3 beta-hydroxy-5,7-pregnadien-20-one and 3 beta-hydroxy-5,7-androstadien-17-one as endogenous steroids in the fetal horse gonad. The 5,7-dienes, 3 beta-hydroxy-5,7-pregnadien-20-one and 3 beta-hydroxy-5,7-androstadien-17-one were extracted from fetal horse gonads and purified by solvent partition, thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The isolated steroids were identified by comparison with the synthetic steroids using ultraviolet and mass spectroscopy and by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The identification of these compounds as endogenous steroids, together with the data on their biosynthesis reported previously, support the proposal that in the fetal horse gonad there is a 5,7-d...
Comparison of pyrimidine 5’nucleotidase activity in erythrocytes of sheep, dogs, cats, horses, calves, and Mongolian gerbils. Pyrimidine 5'nucleotidase (P5N) activities of erythrocytes for Mongolian gerbils, cats, dogs, sheep, horses, and calves were measured, using a radiometric technique with [14C]cytidine monophosphate as the substrate. Erythrocytes of gerbils had the highest activity [1,177.1 +/- 133.6 mU/g of hemoglobin (Hb)]. Feline erythrocytes had 327.4 +/- 204.4 mU/g of Hb. Canine erythrocytes had 148.0 +/- 19.8 mU/g of Hb. Ovine erythrocytes (44.3 +/- 20.9 mU/g of Hb), equine erythrocytes (30.0 +/- 15.9 mU/g of Hb), and bovine erythrocytes (14.1 +/- 6.9) had relatively low P5N activity. The P5N activity was...
Alternate grazing of horses and sheep as control for gastro-intestinal helminthiasis in horses. Gastro-intestinal helminth infections of a group of three yearling mare Shetland ponies, which were set-stocked on a small pasture from February until September, were compared with those of a similar group of ponies, which grazed a similar pasture from February to July and subsequently was removed to a pasture which had been grazed by sheep from April to July. In addition both groups were treated with cambendazole when the latter group was removed to the sheep pasture. Pasture larval counts and worm counts demonstrated that the group grazed after the sheep acquired considerably smaller burdens...
Transmission of equine cyathostomes (Strongylidae) in central Texas. After foaling, 6 mares and their foals were placed on equine parasite-free pastures. Observations of fecal nematode eggs and pasture larvae indicated peak cyathostome egg production occurred in late August and early September, with greatest numbers of larvae on the forage appearing during October. Two foals were necropsied for parasitologic evaluations at approximately 155 days of age. Both had approximately 100,000 adult cyathostomes, mostly Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cyathostomum catinatum. However, there were nearly 7 times more cyathostome larvae (189,004) in ...
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of the contagious equine metritis organism by equine neutrophils in genital secretions. Equine neutrophils were combined with contagious equine metritis organism (CEMO) or Escherichia coli in vitro in the presence of seminal plasma, uterine flushings, or Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS). Phagocytosis and intracellular killing were estimated by bacterial culture and light and electron microscopy. With lysed neutrophils, the numbers of colony-forming units of CEMO and E coli increased in seminal plasma and uterine flushings. Numbers of CEMO decreased in HBSS. The numbers of CEMO increased more in the presence of seminal plasma than the other media. When neutrophils were in the ...
Transfer of adult Strongylus vulgaris via stomach tube. Patent infections with Strongylus vulgaris were established in 6 of 8 helminth-free ponies given 41 to 101 adult worms via nasogastric tube. The parasites were removed from the cecum and ventral colon and transferred within 1 to 2 hours of the death of the donor horses. Eggs were found in the feces of the recipients in 2 or 3 days; egg counts reached maximum, 28 eggs per gram of feces, at 4 weeks after ponies were inoculated. In 6 ponies euthanatized 3 to 7 weeks after parasitic transfers were done, 28% of the inoculated worms were found alive at necropsy. A 7th pony was maintained as a donor ...
Adherence of Streptococcus equi on tongue, cheek and nasal epithelial cells of ponies. Streptococcus equi was found to adhere to tongue, cheek and nasal epithelial cells of ponies, in vitro. Maximum adherence was observed at pH 7.5 after one hour of incubation of bacteria with epithelial cells. This adherence was more on epithelial cells from adult animals than from foals. Streptococci exposed to heat (60 degrees C for 10 min) or treated with pepsin or trypsin showed a reduced adherence, whereas an increase occurred on treatment with hyaluronidase. Antibodies against whole S. equi cells or M-like protein blocked the adherence, whereas antibodies against group-specific carbohydra...
Prognosis in equine colic: a study of individual variables used in case assessment. The individual merit of the use of 43 variables to assess the prognosis of equine colic cases was examined. The following variables revealed highly significant (P less than 0.001) differences between cases which survived and those which died: blood pressure; heart rate; oral mucosal capillary refill time; degree of mental depression; venous haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, erythrocyte count, urea concentration and lactate concentration; peritoneal fluid lactate concentration; and haematocrit/plasma protein and serum protein concentration ratios. Thus, in general, variables which assesse...
Survey of 79 referral colic cases. The clinical, surgical and/or necropsy diagnosis of 79 horses admitted to a referral clinic for evaluation of colic are reported. Twenty-one horses were presented with conditions amenable to medical treatment and all were subsequently discharged. Exploratory laparotomies were performed on 44 horses during the present study, in some cases as a diagnostic procedure preceding euthanasia. In general, in surgical cases the mortality rate was highest for problems involving the small intestine, followed by those affecting the large colon and then the small colon. Postoperative sequelae included perit...
Evaluation of a series of testing procedures to predict neonatal isoerythrolysis in the foal. A series of modified (field) tests were compared to a crossmatch between mare and foal for their reliability in predicting neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) in eight foals born to experimentally alloimmunized mares. In the field tests, mare's serum, plasma and colostrum were combined with foal erythrocytes washed by a modified procedure to determine which combination was the best predictor of impending NI. A consistent grading system for agglutination and hemolysis was employed. The field tests using mare's plasma demonstrated less agglutination and hemolysis than tests where serum was employed. I...
