Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Jischa S, Walter I, Nowotny N, Palm F, Budik S, Kolodziejek J, Aurich C.To determine endometrial regeneration in postpartum mares by analysis of histologic features, apoptosis and cell proliferation markers, lectin binding, cytokines, and progesterone and estrogen receptors in endometrial biopsy specimens. Methods: 9 postpartum mares. Methods: Mares were examined on postpartum days 1, 9, and 16, and uterine biopsy specimens were obtained for histologic examination. Lectin binding was analyzed histochemically, and expressions of Ki-67 antigen (proliferation marker), lysozyme, and caspase 3 (apoptosis marker) were studied immunohistochemically. Gene expressions for ...
Sugiyama A, Takeuchi T, Morita T, Matsuu A, Kanda T, Shimada A, Amaya T, Hikasa Y.A 15-year-old, neutered-male pony presented with a history of weight loss during 4 months. Clinical evaluation revealed severe bradycardia and complete atrioventricular block. At necropsy, a lobulated mass in the anterior mediastinum and moderate enlargement of the superficial cervical lymph nodes were observed. The vagus nerve and the brachiocephalic trunk were embedded in this anterior mediastinal tumor. Histologically, the mass was composed of sheets of neoplastic lymphoid cells expressing CD3, with a low mitotic rate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of mediast...
Letendre LT, Tessman RK, McClure SR, Kvaternick VJ, Fischer JB, Hanson PD.To determine pharmacokinetic parameters and variables, firocoxib concentrations in urine and plasma, urine-to-plasma ratios, and the urine depletion profile of firocoxib and to evaluate whether the pharmacokinetic behavior of firocoxib was governed by linear processes after multiple doses of firocoxib were administered IV and orally. Methods: 6 healthy female horses (5 Paint horses and 1 Quarter Horse) in experiment 1 and 12 healthy male and female horses in experiment 2. Methods: In experiment 1, 6 horses were orally administered firocoxib paste once daily for 12 consecutive days, and plasma ...
McConnico RS, Morgan TW, Williams CC, Hubert JD, Moore RM.To determine pathophysiologic effects of phenylbutazone on the equine right dorsal colon (RDC). Methods: 12 healthy adult horses. Methods: A controlled crossover observational study was conducted. Clinical and serum variables, colonic inflammation (histologic grading), and measurement of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) concentrations, ingesta volatile fatty acid (VFA) content, and arterial blood flow in the RDC were evaluated for a 21-day period in horses administered phenylbutazone (8.8 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) or a control substance. Results: D...
Fielding CL, Magdesian KG, Carlson GP, Rhodes DM, Ruby RE.To apply the principle of sodium dilution to calculate the changes in the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume (ECFV) and intracellular fluid volume (ICFV) that occur during dehydration and rehydration in horses. Methods: 8 healthy horses of various breeds. Methods: Horses were dehydrated over 4 hours by withholding water and administering furosemide. Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was administered IV during the next 2 hours (20 mL/kg/h; total 40 mL/kg). Horses were monitored for an additional hour following IV fluid administration. Initial ECFV was determined by use of multifrequency bioelectrical i...
Elliott C, Morton J, Chopin J.Foaling data from 348 Thoroughbred foals born on a commercial stud were analysed to investigate interrelationships among mare age, parity, gestation length, foal sex, placental weight, and foal birth weight. Placental weight was positively correlated with foal birth weight up to a threshold of 6.5 kg; above this, placental weight was not significantly associated with foal birth weight. Placental weight was assessed, including the amniotic membranes and umbilical cord as well as the allantochorion. Using path analysis, parity was positively associated with foal birth weight both directly and th...
Olafsdóttir G, Svansson V, Ingvarsson S, Marti E, Torsteinsdóttir S.One of the prerequisite for developing DNA vaccines for horses are vectors that are efficiently expressed in horse cells. We have analysed the ectopic expression of the human serum albumin gene in primary horse cells from different tissues. The vectors used are of pcDNA and pUC origin and include the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The pUC vectors contain CMV intron A whereas the pcDNA vectors do not. Insertion of intron A diminished the expression from the pcDNA vectors whereas insertion of a Kozak sequence upstream of the gene in two types of pUC vectors increased significantly the in vitro ...
Sinclair EA.A pharyngeal cyst was diagnosed in a 5-year-old Dutch Warmblood mare, after presentation for coughing, dyspnea, and abnormal respiratory noise. Complete surgical excision was performed and the mare returned to normal function and performance. Histopathology found no evidence of thyroglossal duct remnants. Kyste pharyngien chez un Warmblood hollandais âgé de 5 ans. Un kyste pharyngien a été diagnostiqué chez une jument Warmblood hollandaise âgée de 5 ans qui avait été présentée pour un problème de toux, dyspnée et bruit respiratoire anormal. Une excision chirurgicale complète a é...
Burton S, Reid-Smith R, McClure JT, Weese JS.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization was not identified in any of 497 horses from Atlantic Canada. Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) was isolated from a subsample of 19/242 (7.9%) horses. Colonization with MSSA is relatively common in healthy horses in Atlantic Canada, but MRSA is currently rare or absent. Colonisation par Staphylococus aureus de chevaux en santé sur la côte atlantique du Canada. La colonisation par Staphylococus aureus résistant à la méthicilline (SARM) n’a été identifiée sur aucun des 497 chevaux testés provenant de la côte atlan...
de Raat IJ, van den Boom R, van Poppel M, van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM.Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) in horses is most likely caused by Culicoides species, although other insects may also play a role. Until now no effective cure has been found for this condition, although numerous therapeutic and preventive measures have been used to control insect hypersensitivity. One such method is to apply a topical insecticide to horses. In this study, the effect of a topical insecticide containing permethrin (3.6%) was examined in seven pairs of horses. The horses were placed inside a tent trap to collect Culicoides spp. and other insects attracted to the horses on two...
Witonsky SG, Ellison S, Yang J, Gogal RM, Lawler H, Suzuki Y, Sriranganathan N, Andrews F, Ward D, Lindsay DS.Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) due to Sarcocystis neurona infection is 1 of the most common neurologic diseases in horses in the United States. The mechanisms by which most horses resist disease, as well as the possible mechanisms by which the immune system may be suppressed in horses that develop EPM, are not known. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine whether horses experimentally infected with S. neurona developed suppressed immune responses. Thirteen horses that were negative for S. neurona antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were randomly assig...
Dacre IT, Shaw DJ, Dixon PM.Histological measurements of dimensions of primary, regular secondary and irregular secondary dentine, pulp diameter and assessment of the levels of predentine, resting lines and enlarged areas of intertubular dentine were performed in apically infected mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth (CT). These examinations showed significantly reduced regular and irregular secondary dentine thickness in diseased as compared to control CT, with 21/26 infected maxillary CT and 15/18 infected mandibular CT having reduced regular secondary dentine (varying between 27.4% and 89.1% reduced secondary dentine ...
Collins J, Hanlon A, More S, Duggan V.The equine industries in Ireland are vibrant and growing. They are broadly classified into two sectors: Thoroughbred racing, and sports and leisure. This paper describes these sectors in terms of governance, education and training in equine welfare, and available data concerning horse numbers, identification, traceability and disposal. Animal welfare, and specifically equine welfare, has received increasing attention internationally. There is general acceptance of concepts such as animal needs and persons' responsibilities toward animals in their care, as expressed in the 'Five Freedoms'. As y...
Fidalgo-Carvalho I, Craigo JK, Barnes S, Costa-Ramos C, Montelaro RC.EIAV is a monocyte/macrophage tropic virus. To date, even though EIAV has been under investigation for numerous years, very few details have been elucidated about EIAV/macrophage interactions. This is largely due to the absence of an equine macrophage cell line that would support viral replication. Herein we describe the spontaneous immortalization and generation of a clonal equine macrophage-like (EML) cell line with the functional and immunophenotype characteristics of differentiated equine monocyte derived macrophage(s) (eMDM(s)). These cells possess strong non-specific esterase (NSE) activ...
Cernanská D, Paoletti B, Králová-Hromadová I, Iorio R, Cudeková P, Milillo P, Traversa D.Five horse farms located in eastern Slovakia were investigated for the presence of benzimidazole-resistant strongyles by faecal egg count reduction test and egg hatch assay. Coprocultures were prepared for each farm from faecal samples taken pre- and post-treatment and harvested larvae were molecularly examined with a Reverse Line Blot assay. Faecal egg count reduction values ranged from 0 to 52.5% and all farms were positive for benzimidazole-resistant cyathostomins. Seven benzimidazole-resistant cyathostomin species were molecularly identified on farms before and also after treatment. These ...
Wells AE, Blache D.In many equestrian pursuits such as dressage and show-jumping, it is important that the horse exhibits the same level of balance when ridden to the left as when ridden to the right in canter - that is, to show no motor bias. It is a long-held belief within such disciplines that to reduce bias that exists in horses and thus to enhance symmetry of performance to the left and right, the horse needs to be worked equally in both directions, although there is a lack of scientific evidence of this influencing bias. There also is little compelling evidence for either the existence or absence of motor ...
Cogger N, Perkins N, Hodgson DR, Reid SW, Evans DL.To describe the impact of age, sex, and musculoskeletal (MS) injury on three preparation-level measures of performance: (i) the duration of preparation, (ii) time from the beginning of the preparation until the first start in a race or barrier trial, and (iii) time from the first start until the end of the preparation. Methods: Daily training and injury data for 2- and 3-year old Thoroughbred racehorses were collected fortnightly from 14 trainers in NSW, Australia. Training data were aggregated into units referred to as 'preparations'. Univariate and multivariate analytical methods were used t...
Parlevliet JM, Paccamonti DL, Barker SA.This study was conducted to measure the concentration of cefquinome in the endometrium of mares after intrauterine treatment and to evaluate associated inflammation. Mares (n = 14) were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: (i) control (n = 4) were either not treated (n = 2) or received (n = 2) lactated Ringer's intrauterine for 1 or 3 days; (ii) treated mares (n = 10) received intrauterine cefquinome for 1 or 3 days. After at least 10 days had passed following the last treatment and ovulation, mares were given Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and were randomly assigned to an alte...
Pusterla N, Mapes S, Rejmanek D, Gebhart C.The objective of this study was to determine whether Lawsonia intracellularis was present in the feces of free-living animals collected on two equine premises with documented occurrence of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE). Fresh feces from black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus, n=100), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis, n=22), feral cats (Felis catus, n=14), Brewer's Blackbirds (Euphagus cyanocephalus, n=10), Virginian opossums (Didelphis virginiana, n=9), raccoons (Procyon lotor, n=4), California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi, n=3), and coyotes (Canis latrans, n=2) were...
Carstanjen B, Schönert S, Heblinski N, Gruber AD.Fibroleiomyomas of the ovary are rare. This smooth muscle tumour may develop and increase in size during pregnancy. Diagnosis is based on histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Histologically, the ovarian fibroleiomyoma consists of non-invasive bundles of smooth muscle cells that synthesize collagen-like extracellular matrix. This case report describes an ovarian fibroleiomyoma in a pregnant multiparous broodmare with a history of intermittent signs of colic.
de Mestre AM, Miller D, Roberson MS, Liford J, Chizmar LC, McLaughlin KE, Antczak DF.The objective of this study was to identify transcription factors associated with differentiation of the chorionic girdle, the invasive form of equine trophoblast. The expression patterns of five transcription factors were determined on a panel of conceptus tissues from early horse pregnancy. Tissues from Days 15 through 46 were tested. Eomesodermin (EOMES), glial cells missing homologue 1 (GCM1), heart and neural crest derivatives expressed transcript 1 (HAND1), caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2), and distal-less homeobox 3 (DLX3) were detected in horse trophoblast, but the expression patterns for...
Deleuze S, Dubois CS, Caillaud M, Bruneau B, Goudet G, Duchamp G.Contents The effect of cysteamine on in vitro nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of equine oocytes collected by transvaginal ultrasound guided follicular aspiration was assessed. Oocytes were matured in vitro with (cysteamine group) or without (control group) cysteamine. The nuclear stage after DNA Hoechst staining, penetration rates after two different in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques (IVF media with ionophore and Hepes buffer with heparin) and the embryo yield following oocyte intra-oviductal transfer were used as a criterion for assessing nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, respectiv...
Vianna MC, Horta MC, Sangioni LA, Cortez A, Soares RM, Mafra CL, Galvão MA, Labruna MB, Gennari SM.The present study investigated the infection by spotted fever rickettsia in an endemic area for Brazilian spotted fever (BSF; caused by Rickettsia rickettsii) in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Human, canine and equine sera samples, and Amblyomma cajennense adult ticks collected in a rural area of Itabira City, Minas Gerais State were tested for rickettsial infection. Through Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) we demonstrated the presence of antibodies anti-R. rickettsii in 8.2%, 81.3% and 100% of the human, canine and equine sera, respectively. None of the 356 tick specimens analyzed were positive fo...
Sugita S, Oki H, Hasegawa T, Ishida N.Estimation formulas for the morbidity of horses infected with equine influenza virus by linear regression, logistic regression and probit transformation were developed, using data from the outbreak at the Sha Tin Racing Track in Hong Kong in 1992. Using these formulas, we estimated the equine influenza virus morbidity rates at training centers belonging to the Japan Racing Association (JRA) in October 1997 and in October 1998. In 1998 JRA started a new vaccination program, and every horse must now be vaccinated twice per year. At that time, the vaccine included two US lineage virus strains, th...
Amaniti EM, Diakakis N, Patsikas M, Savvas I.Epiphyseal fracture, also known as epiphysiolysis, is the loosening or separation, either partial or complete, of an epiphysis from the shaft of a long bone. Distal epiphyseal fractures in foals pose a substantial challenge due to their guarded prognosis. This report describes the clinical signs, diagnosis, successful conservative treatment of an 1-month-old, male Skyros pony with an epiphyseal fracture of the right third metacarpal bone (type II Salter-Harris). The owner declined surgical treatment because of financial considerations along with the unfavorable prognosis. Conservative fracture...
Mäenpää PE, Pirskanen A, Koskinen E.Serum alkaline phosphatase activity and serum concentrations of osteocalcin, free thyroxine, protein, and cholesterol were measured in 14 foals monthly from birth to 1 year of age. A transient decrease (P less than 0.05) in alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin, free thyroxine, and cholesterol concentrations was found in November after transferring the horses from pasture to stables for the winter months. During the 2 subsequent months, serum alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin concentration increased slightly. Protein concentration was highest in late fall and decreased (P l...
Roberts MC, O'Boyle DA.Salmonella anatum was given orally to 8 horses on 11 occasions in doses ranging from 9.5 X 10(6) to 8.8 X 10(11) organisms. Four distinct syndromes were induced based upon clinical, laboratory and pathological findings: (1) asymptomatic; (2) moderate clinical signs with or without changes in faecal consistency; (3) fever, depression, anorexia with unstructured or diarrhoeic faeces; and (4) septicaemia with or without diarrhoea, and peripheral circulatory failure. All animals excreted the organism. The peak temperature preceded the onset of diarrhoea by 1 or 2 days. Changes in faecal consistenc...
Milne EM, Pirie RS, McGorum BC, Shaw DJ.Equine dysautonomia, or grass sickness, is a frequently fatal disease of unknown etiology, manifested as poor gastrointestinal motility and colic as a result of degenerative changes in the autonomic nervous system. Examination of ileal biopsies collected at laparotomy is currently the best antemortem diagnostic method to distinguish equine dysautonomia from colic cases, which can present with similar signs, but their value has not been previously critically evaluated. Using simulated biopsies collected postmortem from 23 cases of equine dysautonomia and 11 of colic, the sensitivity and specifi...
Bastianello SS.A survey was carried out on the neoplasms of horses, donkeys and mules which are recorded in the registration files of the Section of Pathology of the Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, in the Republic of South Africa, over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974. A total of 378 tumours are recorded, 339 of which were in horses, 32 in mules and 7 in donkeys. Sarcoids (38%), squamous cell carcinomas (23,5%), fibromas (8,2%), melanomas (8,0%), papillomas (4,5%), fibrosarcomas (3,4%) and lymphosarcomas (3,0%) accounted for 88,6% of the total. Of the 58 sarcoids for which the site or origin ...
Anwer MS, Chapman TE, Gronwall R.Variables of glucose metabolism determined by the use of [U-14C]glucose were compared in fed and fasted ponies. Relative recycling of glucose carbon with respect to tritium in fed animals was negligible for 6-T and 3-T and 16% for 2-T studies; in fasted animals relative recycling was 12 and 14% for 6-T and 3-T studies, respectively. Minimal mass of total-body glucose decreased significantly in the fasted ponies. Based on relative recycling of carbon to tritium, a negligible fraction of plasma glucose was produced via the Cori cycle or from glycerol in fed ponies; recycled tricarbon units contr...
Terada M, Momozawa Y, Komano M, Kusunose R, Sato F, Saito TR. The physiological indexes of the copulatory behavior of the stallion have not been investigated in detail and may differ from those of other species, such as humans and rats. In order to understand the breeding capability of various stallions, their behavior during copulation was observed, and heart rate (HR) and the plasma concentrations of norepinephrine (NA) and epinephrine (Ad) were measured sequentially for a total of 13 copulations carried out during 2 days. The mean HR at rest was 35.3 ± 0.9 beats per minute (b.p.m.) and it peaked during mounting (162.1 ± 5.4 b.p.m.). The HR a...
Semik-Gurgul E, Ząbek T, Fornal A, Wnuk M, Pawlina-Tyszko K, Gurgul A, Klukowska-Rötzler J, Koch C, Mählmann K, Bugno-Poniewierska M.Genetic and epigenetic alterations in the equine sarcoid, a locally invasive skin tumour of equids, are still poorly characterized. Numerous studies have provided reliable evidence for the relationship between the development of cancer and the loss of function of a number of tumour suppressor genes. In the present study, we assessed methylation levels in the promoter region of SFN, S100A14 and POU2F3 genes in sarcoid samples to clarify whether DNA methylation may be associated with previously identified changes in the expression level of these genes during the course of tumour progression. Usi...
Borne AT, MacAllister CG.The effect of sucralfate on healing of subclinical gastric ulcers and gastric inflammation was investigated in twelve 6- to 7-month-old foals. Foals with endoscopically evident gastric lesions on day 0 were assigned to 1 of 2 groups, on the basis of mucosal inflammation and number and severity of ulcers, to create groups of foals with approximately equal severity of lesions. None of these foals had clinical signs of gastroduodenal ulcer disease. Groups were assigned to receive sucralfate (22.0 mg/kg of body weight) or corn syrup for 14 days, PO, every 8 hours. On day 15, gastroscopic examinati...
van Loon G, De Clercq D, Tavernier R, Amory H, Deprez P.Transvenous electrical cardioversion was attempted in a horse with drug refractory atrial fibrillation. A temporary pacing catheter and two defibrillation catheters were inserted transvenously into the right ventricular apex, the right atrium and the pulmonary artery, respectively. Under general anaesthesia 100, 200, 300 and 360 J monophasic shocks were delivered between both defibrillation catheters but sinus rhythm could not be restored. Immediately after the 200, 300 and 360 J shock, transient third-degree atrioventricular block occurred for a period of, respectively, 15, 40 and 55 s. These...
Huszenicza G, Nagy P, Juhász J, Kóródi P, Kulcsár M, Reiczigel J, Guillaume D, Rudas P, Solti L.The relationship between thyroid function and seasonal reproductive activity in mares was investigated by comparing plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations in anoestrous mares and in mares with cyclic ovarian activity during the anovulatory season. In study 1, the diurnal changes in plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations on a single day were compared in anoestrous and cyclic mares. The mean thyroxine concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the cyclic mares than in the anoestrous mares, whereas mean triiodothyronine concentrations were similar in bo...
Pessoa V, Ramilo DW, Pereira da Fonseca I, Ferreira MB, Marti E, Tilley P.Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH) is a common cutaneous disease, affecting a large number of horses worldwide. Several studies have identified Culicoides spp. saliva as a clinically relevant allergen source. The prevalence of IBH in Portugal, particularly in Lusitano horses, is still not known. However, the environmental characteristics of the national territory are favorable to the activity of Culicoides, and several species of this genus can be found, namely C. imicola and C. obsoletus/C. scoticus. In this study we characterized the Culicoides population present in Lusitano stud farms with ...
Armstrong PJ, Derksen FJ, Slocombe RF, Robinson NE.We measured lung function and airway reactivity in response to methacholine and citric acid administered by aerosol in 2 groups of ponies (principal and control). Principal ponies had a history of heaves, a disease characterized by recurrent airway obstruction. Control ponies had no history of respiratory disease. Both principal and control ponies were paired (principal and control), and measurements were made when principal ponies were in clinical remission (Period A), following barn exposure when principal ponies had acute airway obstruction (Period B), and 1 and 2 wk after they were returne...
Gilger BC.This article reviews the literature for studies describing advanced imaging of the equine eye as a reference for practitioners to help in the selection of image modalities, describe how to use the instruments, and help interpret the image findings. Indications for, technique of, and image interpretation of advanced image modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography, MRI, optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy, and angiography are reviewed. The article is organized anatomically, not by instrument, so that the reader will be able to quickly research ways to image specific diseas...
Tóth F, Frank N, Geor RJ, Boston RC.To investigate the effects of dexamethasone or levothyroxine sodium on endotoxin-induced alterations in glucose and insulin dynamics. Methods: 24 horses. Methods: Horses were randomly allocated to 3 treatment groups and received 48 mg of levothyroxine mixed with 200 g of oats, 20 mg of dexamethasone plus oats, or oats alone (control) for 15 days, followed by IV infusion of lipopolysaccharide (20 ng/kg) while individually housed in stalls. Frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance tests were performed prior to pretreatment, after pretreatment, and 20 hours after lipopolysaccharide administration....
Guillaume D, Rio N, Toutain PL.The aims of the present study were to determine basic kinetic parameters and the nycthemeral production rate of melatonin in the horse. Seven pony mares were used for the kinetic studies. Five other pony mares were used under long and short days for the production rate studies. Melatonin was administered by intravenous, oral, and intragastric routes at different dose levels. The plasma melatonin clearance was 1.02 +/- 0.31 l.kg-1.h-1, and the volume of distribution was 0.89 +/- 0.53 l/kg for the 0.4 microgram/kg melatonin dose. The systemic availability after oral and intragastric administrati...
Akiba M, Sameshima T, Anzai T, Wada R, Nakazawa M.Most Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis serovar Abortusequi strains of equine origin harbor a 95kb plasmid, pSA95. Results of PCR and Southern blot analysis suggest that pSA95 contains spv genes. A pSA95-cured strain of S. Abortusequi was 48 times less virulent to mice than its parental strain. Virulence was restored by reintroduction of pSA95. These results provide clear evidence that pSA95 confers virulence on S. Abortusequi in mice. This is the first report describing a virulence plasmid of S. Abortusequi.
Scheurer L, Bachofen C, Hardmeier I, Lechmann J, Schoster A.Equid Gamma herpesvirus (eGHV) infections have been reported worldwide and may be correlated with clinical signs, e.g., affecting the respiratory tract in young horses. eGHV are shed by healthy horses as well as horses with respiratory tract disease. The prevalence in healthy Swiss horses is unknown to date but this data would provide valuable information for causal diagnosis in clinical cases and formulation of biosecurity recommendations. Nasal swabs from 68 healthy horses from 12 Swiss stables and 2 stables near the Swiss border region in Germany were analyzed by panherpes nested PCR. Posit...
Adam EN, Southwood LL.To determine historical, physical, and microbiologic findings in horses with limb cellulitis and identify factors associated with short- and long-term outcome. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 44 horses with limb cellulitis. Methods: Information obtained from medical records included use, history, affected limb, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and short-term outcome. Long-term follow-up information was obtained by means of a telephone survey. Results: Twenty-four horses had primary cellulitis, and 18 of the 24 (75%) had a hind limb affected. Results of microbiologic culture were ...
Wilson WD, Hughes SJ, Ghoshal NG, McNeel SV.Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation was diagnosed in a 19-month-old mare of Appaloosa breeding and in a 3-year-old Quarter Horse gelding. Both horses had abnormal head and neck carriage since birth, but neurologic deficits did not become evident clinically until the horses reached 2 and 3 years of age, respectively. Palpation and manipulation of the base of the skull and cervical area proved to be useful diagnostically. Movement could not be elicited at the atlantooccipital joint but, in comparison with clinically normal horses, the range of dorsoventral motion at the atlantoaxial joint was incr...
Sander J, Terhardt M, Janzen N, Renaud B, Kruse CJ, François AC, Wouters CP, Boemer F, Votion DM.Equine atypical myopathy is caused by hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG), the known protoxins of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus). Various tissues from five atypical myopathy cases were analyzed but only HGA was found. Whether deamination of MCPrG has already occurred in the intestine as the first stage of metabolization has not been investigated. Activation of the protoxins to methylenecyclopropylacetyl (MCPA)-CoA and methylenecyclopropylformyl (MCPF)-CoA, respectively, occurred mainly in the skeletal muscles, as evidenced by very high concentrations of MCPA-carnit...
Sairanen J, Katila T, Virtala AM, Ojala M.Racing and fertility are connected with each other in many ways. Stress and increased body temperature induced by racing may have negative effects on fertility, but on the other hand, high quality nutrition and management of racing horses may have positive effects. Fertility may also be genetically associated with racing performance. The analysed data consisted of Finnish mating records of Standardbreds (n=33,679) and Finnhorses (n=32,731), from 1991 to 2005, and the harness racing records of both mares and stallions. Fertility was measured by foaling outcome, and racing performance was measur...
Lee DH, Lee EB, Seo JP, Ko EJ.Despite vaccination, equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesvirus (EHV) infections still cause highly contagious respiratory diseases in horses. Recently, concurrent vaccination with EIV and EHV was suggested as a new approach; however, there have been no reports of concurrent vaccination with recombinant canarypox EIV and inactivated EHV vaccines. In this study, we aimed to compare the EIV-specific immune responses induced by concurrent administrations of a recombinant canarypox EIV vaccine and an inactivated bivalent EHV vaccine with those induced by a single recombinant canarypox EIV...
Roşu O, Melega I, Evans AL, Arnemo JM, Küker S.Feral horses are immobilized for a variety of reasons including population control via contraceptives. Although opioid combinations have been successfully used for immobilization of feral horses, there is a need for combinations using drugs that are more readily available and present less of a human health hazard. We evaluated the chemical immobilization with physiological measurements and blood gas analyses of 91 free-ranging feral horses () remotely immobilized with a combination of 30 mg medetomidine and 775 mg ketamine in a single disposable 6 ml dart. During immobilization, heart rate, re...
Ahlengard S, Tufvesson G, Pettersson H, Andersson T.A total of 134 horses of various breeds were treated for aseptic arthritis of traumatic origin using Orgotein (Palosein). The drug was injected into 192 affected joints of these animals. Recovery rates of 94 per cent were recorded in cases which had shown lameness for less than 2 months before treatment commenced and 49 per cent in those lame for longer than 2 months.
Young LE, Blissitt KJ, Clutton RE, Molony V.To evaluate temporal hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in horses anesthetized with halothane. Methods: 8 adult Thoroughbreds. Methods: Anesthesia was induced by i.v. administration of romifidine and ketamine and maintained using halothane in oxygen. After 60 minutes, dobutamine was administered i.v. for 60 minutes at 4 micrograms/kg of body weight/min. Measurements of left ventricular function were obtained by transesophageal echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Results: Mean, systolic, diastolic, aortic, pulmonary arterial, and left and right ventricular end-diastolic and systolic pr...
Journal of medical entomologyFebruary 21, 2008
Volume 45, Issue 1 115-124 doi: 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[115:hdcfah]2.0.co;2
Gerry AC, Nawaey TM, Sanghrajka PB, Wisniewska J, Hullinger P.Hematophagous Diptera landing on a horse were removed by vacuum, and their numbers were related to a paired carbon dioxide-baited suction trap at three locations in southern California where West Nile virus activity was high during the preceding year. Insects collected from the horse included mosquitoes (nine species), biting midges (Culicoides sonorensis Wirth & Jones), and black flies (Simulium bivittatum Malloch). Mosquitoes were predominantly collected from the head, crest, withers, neck, chest, and shoulders of the horse, whereas biting midges and black flies were predominantly collected ...
Brinsko SP, Ball BA, Miller PG, Thomas PG, Ellington JE.This study was designed to investigate the development of day 2 embryos obtained from young and aged mares, co-cultured with oviductal epithelial cells obtained from mares in each age group in a 2 x 2 crossover design. Young, fertile mares (n = 19; 2-7 years of age) and aged, subfertile, mares (n = 16; 17-24 years of age) were used as embryo and oviductal epithelial cell donors. Embryos (n = 37) were collected from the oviducts 2 days after ovulation and were paired (embryos obtained from young mares with embryos obtained from aged mares) so that eight pairs were co-cultured with young mare ov...
