Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Frey LP, Kline KH, Foreman JH, Lyman JT.The efficacy of using calcium carbonate as an osmolar control treatment for acid-base studies in horses receiving alkalizing compounds was evaluated. Six mares were nasogastrically intubated with isomolar quantities of sodium or calcium as sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate or with water during three treatment periods. Doses of the carbonic acid salts were 500 mg/kg sodium bicarbonate mixed with 4 L of distilled water (positive control) and 595 mg/kg calcium carbonate mixed with 2 L of distilled water to yield isoosmolar treatments. Four liters of distilled water served as the negative co...
Bergfelt DR, Gastal EL, Ginther OJ.The increase in LH concentrations at the time of the decrease in FSH concentrations during follicle deviation in mares was studied to determine the role of LH in the production of estradiol and immunoreactive inhibin (ir-inhibin). Ten days after ovulation, all follicles > or =6 mm were ablated, prostaglandin F(2 alpha) was given, and either 0 mg (control group, n = 15) or 100 mg of progesterone in safflower oil (treated group, n = 16) was given daily for 14 days, encompassing the day of diameter deviation. The follicular and hormonal data were normalized to the expected day of the beginning...
Carvalho AL, Dias JM, Sanz L, Romero A, Calvete JJ, Romão MJ.The purification, crystallization and identification by X-ray diffraction analysis of a horse kallikrein is reported. The protein was purified from horse seminal plasma. Crystals belong to space group C2 and the structure was solved by the MIRAS method, with two heavy-atom derivatives of mercury and platinum. X-ray diffraction data to 1.42 A resolution were collected at the ESRF synchrotron-radiation source.
van der Meulen KM, Nauwynck HJ, Pensaert MB.In the present study, equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1)-infected cells were identified in ionomycin/phorbol dibutyrate (IONO/PDB)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the mechanism by which stimulation increases the percentage of infected cells was examined. In the population of viral antigen-positive PBMC, 38.4+/-4.5% were CD5(+) T-lymphocytes (18.1+/-3.2% CD4(+) 13.6+/-1.8% CD8(+)), 18.1+/-5.4% were B-lymphocytes, 8.5+/-3.9% were monocytes and 35% remained unidentified. The role of the cell cycle in the increased susceptibility to EHV-1 upon stimulation was examined by stimula...
Kindig CA, McDonough P, Erickson HH, Poole DC.There is evidence that oxidative enzyme inertia plays a major role in limiting/setting the O(2) uptake (VO(2)) response at the transition to higher metabolic rates and also that nitric oxide (NO) competitively inhibits VO(2) within the electron transport chain. To investigate whether NO is important in setting the dynamic response of VO(2) at the onset of high-intensity (heavy-domain) running in horses, five geldings were run on a treadmill across speed transitions from 3 m/s to speeds corresponding to 80% of peak VO(2) with and without nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an NO synthase in...
Heldens JG, Hannant D, Cullinane AA, Prendergast MJ, Mumford JA, Nelly M, Kydd JH, Weststrate MW, van den Hoven R.Pregnant mares and young foals were vaccinated with Duvaxyn EHV1,4, an inactivated and adjuvanted vaccine containing both the EHV-1 and 4 antigens. SN and CF antibody titres were induced two weeks after first vaccination. Antibody levels were boosted after second vaccination, however they never reached the levels induced after virus challenge. Young foals were challenged with virulent EHV-1 and EHV-4 field viruses. Pregnant mares were challenged with the highly abortigenic EHV-1 strain Ab4. Vaccinated animals showed a clear reduction in clinical signs and virus excretion compared to unvaccinat...
Sandersen C, Bureau F, Turlej R, Fiévez L, Dogné S, Kirschvink N, Lekeux P.Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity, which is a key regulator of inflammatory gene expression, is increased in bronchial epithelial cells from horses suffering from heaves (a hypersensitivity-associated inflammatory condition of the lung). To determine whether this increased activity extends to distal airways and to other pulmonary cells, cells recovered by broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) in healthy and heaves-affected horses were assessed for NF-kappaB activity. NF-kappaB activity was much higher in BAL cells from heaves-affected horses, especially during crisis (disease exacerbation), t...
Lorch G, Hillier A, Kwochka KW, Saville WA, LeRoy BE.To compare results of intradermal tests (IDT) for environmental allergens at 30 minutes and 4, 6, and 24 hours after injection in horses without atopy and horses with atopic dermatitis (AD) or recurrent urticaria (RU). Methods: 22 horses without atopy, 10 horses with RU, and 7 horses with AD. Methods: In all horses, medical history was obtained, and results of physical examination, hematologic examination, serum biochemical analyses, examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and IDT with 73 allergens were examined. Results: Horses with AD or RU had a significantly greater mean number of pos...
Skarda RT, Muir WW.To determine the analgesic, hemodynamic, and respiratory effects induced by caudal epidural administration of meperidine hydrochloride in mares. Methods: 7 healthy mares. Methods: Each mare received meperidine (5%; 0.8 mg/kg of body weight) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution via caudal epidural injection on 2 occasions. At least 2 weeks elapsed between treatments. Degree of analgesia in response to noxious electrical, thermal, and skin and muscle prick stimuli was determined before and for 5 hours after treatment. In addition, cardiovascular and respiratory variables were measured and degree of se...
Raulo SM, Sorsa TA, Kiili MT, Maisi PS.To determine collagenase activity and evaluate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and MMP-13 in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: 12 horses with COPD and 12 healthy control horses. Methods: Collagenase activity was determined by use of an assay for degradation of type-I collagen. Western immunoblot analysis was used to identify interstitial collagenases MMP-8 and MMP-13 in tracheal epithelial lining fluid (TELF). Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to determine cellular expression of these 2 collagenases in cells in bronchoalveolar lavage flui...
van Schie HT, Bakker EM, Jonker AM, van Weeren PR.To evaluate effectiveness of computerized discrimination between structure-related and non-structure-related echoes in ultrasonographic images for quantitative evaluation of tendon structural integrity in horses. Methods: 4 superficial digital flexor tendons (2 damaged tendons, 2 normal tendons). Methods: Transverse ultrasonographic images that precisely matched histologic sections were obtained in fixed steps along the long axis of each tendon. Distribution, intensity, and delineation of structure-related echoes, quantitatively expressed as the correlation ratio and steadiness ratio , were co...
Billinghurst RC, Buxton EM, Edwards MG, McGraw MS, McIlwraith CW.To develop an antibody that specifically recognizes collagenase-cleaved type-II collagen in equine articular cartilage. Methods: Cartilage specimens from horses euthanatized for problems unrelated to the musculoskeletal system. Methods: A peptide was synthesized representing the carboxy- (C-) terminus (neoepitope) of the equine type-II collagen fragment created by mammalian collagenases. This peptide was used to produce a polyclonal antibody, characterized by western analysis for reactivity to native and collagenase-cleaved equine collagens. The antibody was evaluated as an antineoepitope anti...
Hood DM, Wagner IP, Brumbaugh GW.To evaluate the use of hoof wall surface temperature (HWST) as an indirect indicator of digital perfusion and to describe HWST patterns during the prodromal and acute phases of carbohydrate-induced laminitis in horses. Methods: 30 adult horses without foot abnormalities. Methods: Three experiments were performed. In the first, HWST was measured in 2 groups of horses acclimatized to hot (n = 6), or cold (6) environments and exposed to cold (15 C) ambient temperature. In the second experiment, HWST were measured in both forefeet of 6 horses before and after application of a tourniquet to 1 foref...
Muir WW, Sams RA, Hubbell JA, Hinchcliff KW, Gadawski J.To determine the effects of IV administration of enalaprilat on cardiorespiratory and hematologic variables as well as inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in exercising horses. Methods: 6 adult horses. Methods: Horses were trained by running on a treadmill for 5 weeks. Training was continued throughout the study period, and each horse also ran 2 simulated races at 120% of maximum oxygen consumption. Three horses were randomly selected to receive treatment 1 (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution), and the remaining 3 horses received treatment 2 (enalaprilat; 0.5 mg/kg of body weig...
Mercier P, Chick B, Alves-Branco F, White CR.Eighty horses were involved in a comparative, controlled, and randomised field study conducted in Australia and Brazil. This study was undertaken to address the duration of efficacy (by faecal egg count reduction) of four anthelmintic pastes and to measure the time required between treatments on horses naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes. The treatment interval was based on the egg reappearance period (ERP), defined as "the period after treatment when horses have reached a positive egg count equal or superior to 200 eggs per gram (epg) of faeces". Horses were ranked according to p...
de Kock SS, Rodgers JP, Swanepoel BC.Previous studies have shown that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a promising marker for the detection of growth hormone (GH) abuse in the horse. The significant increases observed with GH administration in comparison to natural levels imply the possibility of setting a threshold level for IGF-1 that would be indicative of GH abuse. Although an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) has been identified as a reliable screening method, a more specific IGF-1 quantification method needs to be developed for the prosecution of GH abuse by horseracing authorities. This study describes such an HPLC ele...
Verde CR, Simpson MI, Frigoli A, Landoni MF.Pharmacokinetic parameters were established for enantiomers of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ketoprofen (KTP) administered as the racemic mixture at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg and as separate enantiomers, each at a dose of 1.1 mg/kg to a group of six horses (five mares and one gelding). A four-period cross-over study in a LPS-induced model of acute synovitis was used. After administration of the racemic mixture S(+)KTP was the predominant enantiomer in plasma as well as in synovial fluid. Unidirectional inversion of R(-) to S(+)KTP was demonstrated but the inversion was less marked ...
Doles J, Williams JW, Yarbrough TB.To report a surgical technique for penile amputation and sheath ablation in horses. Study Design-Retrospective study. Animals or Sample Population-Twenty-five adult geldings of various breeds with conditions requiring penile amputation and sheath ablation. Methods: The medical records of horses that had penile amputation and sheath ablation were reviewed. Briefly, the technique involved en bloc resection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the inner and outer lamina of the prepuce and penile shaft. Resection of the penile shaft, proximal to diseased segments, and spatulation of the urethra...
Gardner SY, Papich MG.The pharmacokinetics of cefepime, a new fourth generation cephalosporin with enhanced antibacterial activity, was examined in neonatal foals and adult dogs. Cefepime was administered intravenously (i.v.) at a dose of 14 mg/kg to five neonatal foals and six adult dogs. Blood samples were collected in both groups of animals and plasma cefepime concentrations measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cefepime concentrations in both groups of animals were described by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with elimination half-lives of 1.65 and 1.09 h for the foal ...
Harkins JD, Karpiesiuk W, Lehner A, Woods WE, Dirikolu L, Carter WG, Boyles J, Tobin T.This report evaluates the pharmacological responses, urinary detection and mass spectral confirmation of ropivacaine in horses. Ropivacaine, a potent local anesthetic (LA) recently introduced in human medicine, has an estimated highest no-effect dose (HNED) of about 0.4 mg/site as determined in our abaxial sesamoid block model. Apparent ropivacaine equivalents were detectable by ELISA screening using a mepivacaine ELISA test after administration of clinically effective doses. Mass spectral examination of postadministration urine samples showed no detectable parent ropivacaine, but a compound i...
Hennig GE, Kraus BH, Fister R, King VL, Steckel RR, Kirker-Head CA.To determine for equine hooves the normal resident aerobic bacterial population and the efficacy of 2 methods of disinfection. Study Design-Measurement of total bacterial, gram-positive bacterial, and gram-negative bacterial surface populations from the frog, sole, and hoof wall after each step of 2 different preoperative surgical disinfection techniques. Methods: Six adult horses. Methods: Hoof wall, sole, and frog samples were collected for quantitative bacteriology before, during, and after 2 multistep antiseptic preparation techniques: Method A-6-minute scrub with povidone-iodine soap, fol...
Galuppo LD, Stover SM, Jensen DG, Willits NH.To compare drilling, tapping, and screw-insertion torque, force, and time for the 4.5-mm AO and 6.5-mm Acutrak Plus (AP) bone screws, and to compare the mechanical shear strength and stiffness of a simulated complete lateral condylar fracture of the equine third metacarpal bone (MC3) stabilized with either an AO or AP screw. Methods: In vitro biomechanical assessment of screw-insertion variables, and shear failure tests of a bone-screw-stabilized simulated lateral condylar fracture. Methods: Eight pairs of cadaveric equine MC3s Methods: Metacarpi were placed in a fixture and centered on a biax...
Kirschvink N, Art T, Lekeux P, Roberts C, Gustin P.8-Epi-PGF2alpha, a prostaglandin-like compound generated by oxidative stress, has been shown to be an in vitro bronchoconstrictor in airways from healthy laboratory animals and healthy humans, but it has never been studied in diseased airways. Here, the bronchoconstrictive capacity of 8-epi-PGF2alpha on isolated bronchial rings (BR) of healthy and heaves-affected horses was evaluated by comparing the maximal effect and the potency of 8-epi-PGF2alpha to those of (1) acetylcholine (ACh), (2) its stereoisomer PGF2alpha and (3) its synthetic receptor agonist, U46619. Furthermore, the potential cap...
Bailey SR, Cunningham FM.Accumulation of equine eosinophils at sites of parasite infestation or allergic inflammation depends upon their adherence to vascular endothelial cells and subsequent migration through the endothelium and extracellular matrix. This study has examined whether cytokines, which cause endothelial cell-dependent eosinophil adherence in other species, and histamine and substance P, which increase adherence of equine eosinophils to protein coated plastic, induce equine eosinophil adherence to cultured equine digital vein endothelial cell (EDVEC) monolayers. The EDVEC monolayers were stimulated with r...
Traub-Dargatz JL, Kopral CA, Seitzinger AH, Garber LP, Forde K, White NA.To estimate the national incidence of, operation-level risk factors for, and annual economic impact of colic among horses in the United States during 1998 and 1999. Methods: Epidemiologic survey. Methods: 21,820 horses on 1,026 horse operations in 28 states. Methods: Horses were monitored for colic for 1 year, and results were recorded in a log that was collected quarterly. Operation-level data were collected via 4 on-site personal interviews. Associations between colic and independent variables adjusted for size of operation were determined. Results: Annual national incidence of colic in the ...
Freeman DE, Schaeffer DJ.To test the hypothesis that strangulation of the small intestine by a lipoma or in the epiploic foramen is more common in older horses. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 46 horses. Methods: Ages of horses with strangulation of the small intestine by a lipoma (n = 29) or in the epiploic foramen (17) were compared with ages of 79 horses with miscellaneous small intestinal lesions. Effects of increasing age on risk of the diseases of interest were examined by use of logistic regression and a 1-sided trend test for binomial proportions. Results: Mean age of the horses with strangulation in th...
Elata A, Galon EM, Moumouni PFA, Ybanez RHD, Mossaad E, Salces CB, Bajenting GP, Ybanez AP, Xuan X, Inoue N, Suganuma K.Animal trypanosomosis is one of the most important parasitic diseases significantly affecting the Philippine economy. It is considered by the government to be the second most important disease of livestock after fasciolosis. A PCR-based molecular survey for trypanosomes in different animals in Bohol, Philippines, was performed to assess the prevalence of trypanosomosis in the area during the rainy and dry season. Methods: A total of 269 blood samples were collected in two batches in rainy and dry season from different animal species in Ubay Stock Farm in Ubay, Bohol, the Philippines, including...
Trotter GW, McIlwraith CW.Surgical procedures completed under arthroscopic guidance have become commonplace in many equine practices and have largely replaced surgery using arthrotomy incisions. With a limited amount of equipment, numerous diagnostic and surgical procedures can be completed. Surgeons need to become familiar with regional and intraarticular (intrasynovial) anatomy to ensure that proper surgical approaches are used, access to the lesion will be realized, and potential complications will be minimized. Specialized motorized instruments and surgical lasers are now available and may be useful in the treatmen...
Dawson C, Dixon J, Lam R, Priestnall SL, Escanilla N.To describe the differential diagnoses, investigation, and management of a periocular swelling close to the nasolacrimal duct in a horse that was consistent with a nasolacrimal duct dacryops (lacrimal cyst). A 16-year-old gelding, Connemara cross presented with a history of a periocular swelling rostroventral medial to the right eye that had been sampled by the referring veterinary surgeon. A cystic lesion was diagnosed following standing computed tomography. Surgical removal of the cystic lesion was performed, and the tissue was submitted for histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinatio...
Jaussaud P, Audran M, Gareau RL, Souillard A, Chavanet I.A plasma kinetic study of erythropoietin (EPO) was carried out in 4 horses after subcutaneous administration (30 IU/kg bwt) of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). At standardized intervals for 48 h before injection and for 60 h post-administration, the EPO plasma levels were determined with an immunoradiometric assay based on a sandwich technique. The peak plasma concentration (30-113 mIU/ml) was observed after a delay ranging from 6 to 9 h post-administration and the drug levels reached a physiological value around 60 h following rhEPO injection. Moreover, reference values for plasma EP...
Lopez I, Estepa JC, Mendoza FJ, Mayer-Valor R, Aguilera-Tejero E.To establish reference values for protein-bound, ionized, and weak-acid complexed fractions of calcium and magnesium in equine serum and determine stability of ionized calcium (iCa) and ionized magnesium (iMg) in serum samples kept under various storage conditions. Methods: 28 clinically normal horses. Methods: Total calcium (tCa) and magnesium (tMg) in equine serum were fractionated by use of a micropartition system that allows separation of protein-bound calcium (pCa) and magnesium (pMg) and ultrafiltrable calcium (microCa) and magnesium (microMg) fractions. Serum concentrations of iCa and i...
Barrett RS, Wiethoelter A, Halpin K.To elucidate veterinarians' and horse owners' perceptions towards the use of Hendra virus (HeV) antibody titre testing and how it influences veterinary advice. Methods: Six semi-structured phone interviews were conducted with veterinarians who have submitted samples for HeV antibody titre testing. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed to identify and report common themes within the data. Results: Veterinarians are predominantly using the titre tests as an alternative to vaccination due to clients' fear of vaccine reactions. The high cost of titre testing, the difficul...
Ball MA, Rebhun WC, Gaarder JE, Patten V.To evaluate the efficacy of itraconazole-dimethyl sulfoxide ointment for treatment of keratomycosis in horses in the northeastern United States. Methods: Prospective clinical trial. Methods: 9 horses (10 affected eyes). Methods: All horses treated for keratomycosis at Cornell University between July 1994 and July 1996 were included in the study. The diagnosis of keratomycosis was confirmed by cytologic examination, and all horses were treated with 0.25 ml of a 1% itraconazole-30% dimethyl sulfoxide petrolatum-based ointment, applied to the affected eye every 4 hours. Results: Topical applicati...
Chang HC, Takashima I, Arikawa J, Hashimoto N.A biotin-labeled antigen (BLA) was adapted to a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S-ELISA) for detection of Japanese encephalitis (JE) antibody in a variety of animal sera. JE antigen was fixed on the wells of a microplate and became bound to the specific antibody which could react with a peroxidase-labeled avidin conjugate and azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazolin sulfonic acid) (ABTS) as a substrate. The BLA-S-ELISA could simultaneously detect JE antibody in all hemagglutination inhibition (HI) positive sera from man, swine, monkey, horse, cattle, rabbit, rat, mouse and pigeon by using th...
Kalinová Z, Cisláková L, Halánová M.Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are zoonoses caused by bacteria from the family Anaplasmataceae, including human and animal pathogens. The human pathogens are Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the pathogen causing human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), E. ewingii and Neorickettsia sennetsu, granulocytotropic and monocytotropic Ehrlichia species, respectively. Ehrlichia spp. are small, gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria. They replicate in the cytoplasmic vacuoles of host cells, especially granulocytes and monoc...
Wolker RR, Carmalt JL, Wilson DG.To compare the biomechanical characteristics, failure mode, and effects of side (left or right limb) and end (forelimb or hindlimb) of different screws in 2-screw, parallel-screw proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis constructs in horses. Methods: In vitro experimental study. Methods: Twenty limbs from 6 cadavers (4 complete limb sets, 2 partial sets-total of 4 forelimb and 6 hindlimb pairs). Methods: Two parallel 5.5 mm cortical (AO) screws were inserted in lag fashion in 1 randomly allocated limb of a pair, and 2 parallel headless, tapered, variable-pitched, titanium compression screws ...
Emeto UE, Okolo CC, Nweze NE.Epidemiological data on trypanosomosis and piroplasmosis of horses are lacking in southeastern Nigeria. The prevalence of trypanosome and piroplasm infections in horses and resistance profile of isolated trypanosomes to diminazene and isometamidium salts were investigated. For the cross-sectional study of horses billed for slaughter, 304 horses were randomly sampled. Approximately 2 ml of blood was collected into anticoagulant-treated bottles for haematocrit (HCT) determination, direct microscopic examinations, and rat inoculation. Gender, body condition scores (BCS), age groups, and body wei...
Reinemeyer CR.Efforts to control cyathostome nematodes in temperate climates have not been uniformly successful, as evidenced by contemporary reports of clinical disease and widespread anthelmintic failure. Indeed, effective control is confounded by numerous factors, including ignorance of local transmission patterns, confusing or conflicting control recommendations, and use of ineffective anthelmintics or regimens. Most of these problems are universal rather than being climatically unique, and it is important to recognize that they are mere symptoms of larger and more comprehensive problems. The most basic...
Kagan IA, Anderson ML, Kramer KJ, Seman DH, Lawrence LM, Smith SR.Nonstructural carbohydrates of pasture plants, comprising water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and starch, may contribute to excessive consumption of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates by grazing horses. Seasonal and diurnal variation in WSCs were studied in red (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clovers (Trifolium repens L.) subjected to a typical management regime of rotationally grazed horse pastures. Two red and two white clover cultivars from monoculture plots were harvested after 4 weeks of growth from April to October of 2015, in the morning and afternoon of each harvest date. Water-soluble...
Karrasch NM, Hubbell JA, Aarnes TK, Bednarski RM, Lerche P.This study compared cardiorespiratory variables in dorsally recumbent horses anesthetized with guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine and spontaneously breathing 50% or maximal (> 90%) oxygen (O2) concentrations. Twelve healthy mares were randomly assigned to breathe 50% or maximal O2 concentrations. Horses were sedated with xylazine, induced to recumbency with ketamine-diazepam, and anesthesia was maintained with guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine to effect. Heart rate, arterial blood pressures, respiratory rate, lithium dilution cardiac output (CO), inspired and expired O2 and carbon dioxide partial pr...
Kilgour R.Modern pastoral farming has radically transformed the niche where agricultural animals live. Recent trends in husbandry tend to give as much emphasis to economic profit and human convenience, as do a concern for the farmed species. Most of the traditional ways of handling sheep, cattle, goats, horses and pigs, like castration, ear tagging, tail-docking or horse breaking, have been accepted by the public with little concern. Inevitably, as renewed public interest focuses on intensive farming, some questions are directed towards extensive pastoral farming practices, particularly in newly-farmed ...
Peek SF, Borah S, Semrad S, McGuirk S, Slack JA, Patton E, Coombs D, Lien L, Darien BJ.Accurate determination of plasma endotoxin concentration is critical for ex vivo and in vitro cellular and molecular studies of endotoxemia in horses. However, reports are conflicting with respect to anticoagulant, handling, and sample preparation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of blood sample fraction and handling time on measurement of endotoxin concentration in horses. Methods: Whole blood, anticoagulated with 3.8% (0.12 M) sodium citrate (9:1), was collected from 5 healthy horses. Whole blood (WB), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and platelet-poor plasma (PPP...
Denny HR.Brucella abortus infection in horses is important not only as a clinical entity but also as a potential source of infection for man and other animals. A review of the current knowledge of this disease in the horses is therefore thought to be useful. The incidence of infection in horses has been the subject of many surveys. Most authors used the serum agglutination test as an indication of infection. The majority of surveys were carried out in about 1930 and these showed a wide range in the proportion of positive reactors from 0.5 to 40 percent. Several factors would account for this: variation...
Athanasiou LV, Katsogiannou EG, Tyrnenopoulou P, Gougoulis D, Apostolidis KN, Papadakis SM, Kokkinaki KCG, Papatsiros VG, Tsokana CN.Among the various zoonotic pathogens that infect horses, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia spp. and Leishmania spp. have gained scientific interest, and relevant molecular and serological studies in horses have been conducted worldwide. Moreover, human and veterinary medicine have extensively applied alternatives to serum diagnostic samples-such as saliva-for detecting pathogens or antibodies. In this study, we investigated the exposure of horses in Greece to A. phagocytophilum, B. burgdorferi, and L. infantum, and we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of saliva compared to serum in detecting ...
Ramirez M, Duncan C, Schaffer PA, Wobeser B, Magzamen S.Ultraviolet light (UV) is a risk factor for the development of cutaneous neoplasia in many mammalian species. This study evaluated UV exposure as a risk factor of concern for the development of cutaneous neoplasia in equine species due to the significant UV exposure that may accrue over their lifetimes. Neoplastic biopsy specimens from 3272 horses that were submitted over a 10-year period to the Colorado State University Diagnostic Medicine Center and to the University of Saskatchewan Western College of Veterinary Medicine and Prairie Diagnostic Services were evaluated. This retrospective stud...
Grönthal TSC, Lehto AK, Aarnio SS, Eskola EK, Aimo-Koivisto EM, Karlsson T, Koskinen HI, Barkoff AM, He Q, Lienemann T, Rimhanen-Finne R, Mykkänen A.Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans, when producing toxin, are the cause of diphtheria, a potentially life-threatening illness in humans. Horses (Equus ferus caballus) are known to be susceptible to infection that may manifest clinically on rare occasions. In late 2021 and early 2022, specimens from five horses suffering from pastern dermatitis were cultured at the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland. C. diphtheriae and/or C. ulcerans were recovered from all of these. This study aimed to (1) analyse the...
Nocera I, Sgorbini M, Meucci V, Gracia-Calvo LA, Tapio H, Camisi M, Sala G, Citi S.Early diagnosis of joint diseases is fundamental for prompt and appropriate management, particularly in septic arthritis. Procalcitonin (PCT) and protein carbonylated content (PCC) have been investigated in both human and veterinary medicine. An increase in PCT has been shown in infectious bacterial diseases, while higher levels of PCC have been shown in inflammatory pathologies characterized by oxidative damage. This study evaluated PCT and PCC in plasma and synovial fluid (SF), in healthy and pathological equine joints, affected by different types of arthropathy. Twenty-nine joints were eval...
Qasem B, Dąbrowska A, Króliczewski J, Łyczko J, Marycz K.Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a significant global health concern in veterinary medicine. There is increasing interest in utilizing molecular agents to modulate hepatocyte function for potential clinical applications. Recent studies have shown promising results in inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) to maintain cell function in various models. In this study, we investigated the effects of the inhibitor Trodusquemine (MSI-1436) on equine hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) under lipotoxic conditions. We examined proliferative activity, glucose uptake, and mitochondrial morphogenesi...
Gearhart MA, Webb PA, Knight AP, Salman MD, Smith JA, Erickson GA.Two doses of a formalin-killed, cell culture-derived vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv)-New Jersey serotype vaccine were administered intramuscularly, 30 days apart, to all lactating and nonlactating cows in a 350-cow dairy herd. Serum specimens were obtained serially from 96 cows before vaccination and at 30, 52 and 80 days after vaccination and from 24 of these cows 175 days after vaccination. Serum neutralizing antibody titers to vsv-New Jersey serotype were determined from serum-dilution, plaque-reduction tests. Serum neutralizing antibody titers also were determined during the same period f...
Klymiuk MC, Balz N, Elashry MI, Wenisch S, Arnhold S.Nanoparticles including extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells are of increasing interest for research and clinical use in regenerative medicine. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including also previously named exosomes, provide a promising cell-free tool for therapeutic applications, which is probably a safer approach to achieve sufficient healing. Storage of EVs may be necessary for clinical applications as well as for further experiments, as the preparation is sometimes laborious and larger quantities tend to be gained. For this purpose, nanoparticles were obtained from mes...
