Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Gehlen H, Twickel S, Stöckle S, Weber C, Bartmann CP.Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction is the most prevalent endocrine disease in horses. Although donkeys and mules may also be affected, only a few data have been published. Reference values for diagnostic parameters, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), are especially scarce or even lacking. Therefore, in the present study, available data from the literature have been verified and completed to facilitate a reliable diagnosis. Clinical inspections and haematological and biochemical examinations were carried out four times in a three-month interval (February to November) in 44 donkeys a...
Goncalves GR, Morotti F, Colombo AHB, Bonato DV, Bizarro-Silva C, Rosa CO, Cavalieri FLB, Seneda MM.Age and antral follicle count (AFC) are related to fertility in cattle, but this information remains limited in mares. Methods: To verify the influence of age and AFC on the reproductive characteristics of mares, 15 Quarter Horse donors, with 5-15 antral follicles, ranging from three to 17 years old, healthy and in good nutritional status, were divided into groups with low AFC (≤9 follicles) or high AFC (≥10 follicles) and mares considered young (≤9 years) or old (≥10 years). Mares were submitted to ultrasonography to determine the dominant follicle diameter, follicular growth rate, de...
McDonnell S, Torcivia C.Feral horses, wherever managed, typically require population control involving capture for permanent removal or repeatedly for fertility control treatments. The most common method for capturing feral horses is helicopter chasing into traps. With this fear-based strategy, it is difficult to safely capture entire groups. Recapture becomes increasingly difficult, with greater safety risks for pilots and ground staff. As preliminary proof of the concept of capturing free-roaming horses by leading into enclosures with light aircraft rather than driving with helicopters, a consumer-grade quadcopter ...
Maharana BR, Potliya S, Ganguly A, Bisla RS, Mishra C, Ganguly I.Equine ocular setariasis arising mainly from ectopic infestation of Setaria digitata is a common vision impairing ophthalmic disease in India, and the identification of this filarial nematode is based solely on morphology. However, morphological characters alone are inadequate to detect and differentiate S. digitata from its congeners. The present communication reports the first phylogenetic characterization of equine S. digitata from India based on sequences derived from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI), the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (12S rDNA), and the n...
Mawhinney I.Taylorella equigenitalis, the cause of contagious equine metritis (CEM), can be detected by culture but in recent years polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has also been used. In 2008, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for CEM in the United Kingdom set up a ring trial for laboratories to assess their ability to identify T. equigenitalis in laboratory-prepared samples because the identification of T. equigenitalis in the laboratory was recognised to be difficult. Freeze-dried culture suspensions in various combinations of any of T. equigenitalis, Taylorella asinige...
Boone LH, DeGraves FJ, Klein CE, Cole RC, Schumacher J.To assess onset of analgesia for 3% chloroprocaine hydrochloride and 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride when used for median and ulnar nerve blocks in lame horses. Methods: 6 naturally lame horses. Methods: A crossover experiment was conducted. Horses were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (3% chloroprocaine or 2% mepivacaine first). Median and ulnar nerve blocks were performed in the lame limb with the assigned treatment. Lameness was objectively evaluated before treatment administration and at various points for 120 minutes after treatment with a wireless inertial sensor-based motion analysis sy...
Mayaki AM, Abdul Razak IS, Noraniza MA, Mazlina M, Rasedee A.Neurological disorders (NDs) are often fatal to horses. Thus, symptoms of equine NDs commonly indicate euthanasia. Current diagnostic approaches for equine NDs is based on clinical signs, differential diagnoses, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), assessment of histopathological lesions, and imaging. However, advances in biofluid biomarkers in the diagnosis of human neurological diseases can potentially be applied to equine NDs. In this review, we described the established human blood and CSF neurobiomarkers that could potentially be used to diagnose equine NDs.
Coultous RM, McDonald M, Raftery AG, Shiels BR, Sutton DGM, Weir W.Theileria equi, one of the primary pathogens causing equine piroplasmosis, has previously been sub-classified into a number of clades on the basis of 18S SSU rRNA gene sequence diversity. This partitioning of the parasite population has potential implications for host immunity, treatment and vaccine development. To detect and identify different clade genotypes among and within individual equine blood samples, a novel PCR-based technique was designed and optimized. Theileria equi has only recently been described in The Gambia, and the developed genotyping technique was used to analyse blood sam...
Won SY, Kim YC, Kim SK, Jeong BH.Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases and are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrP) in the brain. During the outbreak of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in the United Kingdom, prion diseases in several species were reported; however, horse prion disease has not been reported thus far. In previous studies, the shadow of prion protein (Sho) has contributed to an acceleration of conversion from normal prion protein (PrP) to PrP, and the shadow of prion protein gene () polymorphisms have been significantly associated with the susceptibi...
Nassar M.The present longitudinal study ascertained training-associated transformations in the neural underpinnings of diagnostic reasoning, using a simulation game named "Equine Virtual Farm" (EVF). Twenty participants underwent structural, EVF/task-based and resting-state MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) before and after completing their training on diagnosing simulated veterinary cases. Comparing playing veterinarian versus seeing a colorful image across training sessions revealed the transition of brain activity from scientific creativity regions pre-training (left middle frontal and temporal...
Lopez Sanchez CM, Kogan C, Gold JR, Sellon DC, Bayly WM.Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is diagnosed and its severity assessed by post-exercise tracheobronchoscopy, and enumeration of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid red blood cells (BALFRBC). Minimal information is available regarding the relationship of tracheobronchoscopy score to BALFRBC number. Objective: Evaluate the relationship between BALFRBC number and tracheobronchoscopy scores and determine their diagnostic sensitivities. Methods: Nine sedentary horses, 21 fit Thoroughbreds, 129 Barrel Racers. Methods: Normal BALFRBC number and the effect of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) on it w...
Durgam SS, Altmann NN, Coughlin HE, Rollins A, Hostnik LD.There is increased incidence of tendon disorders and decreased tendon healing capacity in people with diabetes mellitus (DM). Recent studies have also suggested pathological ossification in repair tendon of people with DM. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of insulin supplementation, an important pathophysiologic stimulus of DM, on tendon progenitor cell (TPC) proliferation and in vitro osteogenic capacity. Passage 3 TPCs were isolated from collagenase-digested, equine superficial digital flexor tendons. TPC proliferation was measured via MTT assay after 3 da...
Witarski W, Kij B, Nowak A, Bugno-Poniewierska M.A hucul mare with reproductive abnormalities was examined during karyotype analysis. The karyotype was analysed based on evaluation of 860 metaphase plates in chromosome preparations. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with an X chromosome painting probe showed premature X chromosome separation in 9.5% cases of examined chromosome spreads. In this report, we present the first identify premature centromere division (PCD) as a possible cause of abnormal X chromosome morphology in horses and as a probable cause of reproductive difficulties.
El-Gendy SAA, Alsafy MAM, Rutland CS, El-Khamary AN, Abu-Ahmed HM, El-Kammar MH.The donkey is of socio-economic value yet imaging techniques in both healthy and abnormal limbs are a limiting factor in research and medicine. The objective was to determine anatomical features of both healthy and clinically abnormal donkey metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (n = 13) using anatomical dissection, casting, X-ray and computed tomography. The joint capsule contained two palmar/plantar and two dorsal recesses. The proximal-palmar or plantar recess was larger than the distodorsal recess and potential sites of approaches to the recesses were determined. Soft tissue ...
Martin-Rosset W, Andueza D, Vermorel M.The accuracy and precision of the National Research Council (NRC), Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie (GfE) and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) systems for predicting the digestible energy (DE) value of hays were determined from the results of 15 digestibility trials with natural grassland hays and 9 digestibility trials with lucerne hays that all met strict experimental and a tight corpus of methods. The hays were harvested in the temperate zone. They covered broad ranges of chemical composition and DE value. The INRA system was more accurate than the other two syst...
Verma A, Beigel B, Smola CC, Kitts-Morgan S, Kish D, Nader P, Morgan J, Roberson J, Christmann U, Gruszynski K, Brandt L, Cho E, Murphy K, Goss R.Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease that causes reproductive losses and/or hepatorenal failure in a number of animal species. Wild reservoirs of the disease, such as rodents, harbor the causative bacterium, Leptospira spp., in their kidneys and contaminate the environment by excreting infected urine. In this study, we tested small wild mammals, environmental water, and livestock in the Cumberland Gap region of southeastern Appalachia for the presence of pathogenic Leptospira or leptospiral antibodies. Small wild mammals (n = 101) and environmental water samples (n = 89) were screene...
Siwinska N, Zak A, Slowikowska M, Szczepankiewicz B, Niedzwiedz A, Paslawska U.The aim of this study was to establish the value of the renal resistive index (RI) of intrarenal arteries in healthy warmblood non-racing horses of different ages to assess the influence of physiologic factors and repeatability of measurement. The kidney ultrasonography examination was performed in three age groups: 15 foals, 15 adults and 15 elderly horses. The procedure was performed in unsedated standing animals. RI values were measured using pulsed-wave Doppler at the medial part of each kidney in the intrarenal arteries. To evaluate repeatability, all measurements were repeated two hours ...
Takahashi Y, Mukai K, Ohmura H, Takahashi T.Muscle activities of the major hindlimb muscles have been reported to decrease with fatigue in horses. However, those in other muscles have been scarcely reported. We aimed to quantify fatigue-induced electromyographic changes in head and neck muscles and muscles around the shoulder joints in horses. Surface electromyographic recording of the splenius, brachiocephalicus, infraspinatus, and deltoid muscles was performed on a total of nine healthy Thoroughbred horses. Horses galloped on a treadmill inclined to 3% at a constant speed (12.7-14.6 m/second) to make them fatigued after approximately...
Journal of biomechanicsDecember 24, 2019
Volume 100 109594 doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109594
Malekipour F, Hitchens PL, Whitton RC, Lee PV.Subchondral bone (SCB) microdamage is prevalent in the joints of human athletes and animals subjected to high rate and magnitude cyclic loading of the articular surface. Quantifying the effect of such focal in vivo fatigue-induced microdamage on the mechanical response of the tissue is critical for the understanding of joint surface injury and the development of osteoarthritis. Thus, we aimed to quantify the mechanical properties of cartilage-bone from equine third metacarpal (MC3) condyles, which is a common area of accumulated microdamage due to repetitive impact loading. We chose a non-dest...
Immonen I, Cuervo-Arango J.The reproductive management of mares for frozen semen artificial insemination (AI) can be costly and labor intensive. Predicting the exact time of ovulation can be challenging even when ovulation-inducing drugs are used. The main objective of this retrospective study was to determine whether there was an effect of interval between examinations to detect ovulation on likelihood of pregnancy and early embryonic loss in mares after postovulatory breeding with a single straw of frozen/thawed semen. The second objective was to determine the efficacy of two different drugs (human chorionic gonadotro...
de Heus P, Kolodziejek J, Camp JV, Dimmel K, Bagó Z, Hubálek Z, van den Hoven R, Cavalleri JV, Nowotny N.We report details of the first seven equine cases of confirmed West Nile neuroinvasive disease in Austria. The cases presented during summer and autumn of 2016 (n = 2), 2017 (n = 3) and 2018 (n = 2). All horses showed gait abnormalities and 6 of 7 horses exhibited fasciculations and/or tremors, and we provide video recordings of these. Three horses also showed cranial nerve involvement. Following rapid improvement, three horses were discharged. Four horses were euthanized due to the severity of clinical signs and subjected to neuropathological examination. West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2...
Oliveira Spila D, Maranhão RPA, Ocarino NM, de Lima JTB, Melo FG, Boeloni JN, Serakides R.The effects of two concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3; 0.01 and 1,000 nM) on the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation abilities of equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) were evaluated. The osteogenic study evaluated the effect of T3 using alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) assay; cell viability and density; and formation of mineralized nodules at Days 7, 14, and 21 in culture. The chondrogenic study tested the effect of T3 through ALP assay, mitochondrial metabolism, cell density, and periodic acid-Schiff-positive (PAS+) matrix percentage at Days 7 and 14. In bot...
Tarazona AM, Ceballos MC, Broom DM.Excessive human population growth, uncontrolled use of natural resources, including deforestation, mining, wasteful systems, biodiversity reduction by agriculture, and damaging climate change affect the existence of all animals, including humans. This discussion is now urgent and people are rethinking their links with the animals we use for clothing, food, work, companionship, entertainment, and research. The concepts of one health, one welfare, and one biology are discussed as a background to driving global change. Nothing should be exploited without considering the ethics of the action and t...
Siwinska N, Zak A, Slowikowska M, Krupinska P, Niedzwiedz A.Asthma is one of the most common non-infectious respiratory diseases in horses. Ultrasound examination is a widely available non-invasive additional diagnostic tool. To date, there are no studies focusing on ultrasonographic findings in horses with asthma. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence and severity of ultrasound lesions in lung tissue in horses with asthma. Lung ultrasonography was carried out on six healthy horses (controls) and 12 horses with asthma (six with mild and six with severe asthma). The sonographic changes in three lung sections were assessed using a scoring s...
Ball AN, Hoaglund EL, Pool R, Barrett MF, Bass LD.Lameness remains a common cause of retirement in the equine athlete and among hobby enthusiasts. The distal limb is one of the most frequently imaged areas, and recent advances in diagnostic imaging capabilities help practicing veterinarians differentiate normal variants from informative pathology. Although acute, non-weight-bearing lameness is commonly associated with etiologies, such as fractures, abscesses, and laminitis, other uncommon differentials such as cystic lesions and neoplasia might also be considered. This report describes the characterization of a large, cystic lesion in the thi...
Maylin G, Fenger C, Machin J, Kudrimoti S, Eisenberg R, Green J, Tobin T.Aminorex, (RS)-5- Phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine, is an amphetamine-like anorectic and in the United States a Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA] Schedule 1 controlled substance. Aminorex in horse urine is usually present as a metabolite of Levamisole, an equine anthelmintic and immune stimulant. Recently, Aminorex identifications have been reported in horse urine with no history or evidence of Levamisole administration. Analysis of the urine samples suggested a botanical source, directing attention to the Brassicaceae plant family, with their contained GlucoBarbarin and Barbarin as p...
Chowdhury SI, Kubin G, Ludwig H.Out of 30 cases of abortion and perinatal deaths in a Lipizzaner stud in Austria 10 mares died after having shown central nervous system disturbances, ataxias and paralysis. The etiological agent of this "abortion storm" was equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). The restriction enzyme pattern of the DNA from 5 isolates recovered from fetuses has been analyzed and compared with the known reference strains of EHV-1, -2, -4 and an Austrian vaccine strain. The DNA restriction profiles of the Lipizzaner isolates as well as of the vaccine strain could be identified as being typical of abortigenic strai...
Babrak L, Lin A, Stanker LH, McGarvey J, Hnasko R.Potent Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) represent a threat to public health and safety. Botulism is a disease caused by BoNT intoxication that results in muscle paralysis that can be fatal. Sensitive assays capable of detecting BoNTs from different substrates and settings are essential to limit foodborne contamination and morbidity. In this report, we describe a rapid 96-well microfluidic double sandwich immunoassay for the sensitive detection of BoNT-A from animal sera. This BoNT microfluidic assay requires only 5 μL of serum, provides results in 75 min using a standard fluorescence microplate ...
Maly IP, Sasse D.Microquantitative measurements of ADH-activity were carried out on the livers of male and female rats, guinea-pigs and horses (two geldings and a mare). Lyophilized cryostat sections of liver parenchyma were microdissected the whole way along the sinusoidal length from the terminal afferent vessels to the terminal efferent venule. ADH activity in samples of about 50-150 ng was measured in a microbiochemical assay using the oil-well technique without enzymatic cycling, by direct luminometric determination of NADH. On the basis of the single measurements, mean values of total hepatic ADH activit...
Roy TK, Popel AS.Characterizing the resistances to O2 transport from the erythrocyte to the mitochondrion is important in understanding potential transport limitations. A steady-state model of this process was developed to predict the minimum (critical) end-capillary PO2 required to prevent hypoxia at maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) in a circular region of tissue surrounding the venular end of a capillary. Capillary density was used as a measure of O2 delivery, and mitochondrial density was used as a measure of O2 consumption. The effects of oxyhemoglobin dissociation kinetics and diffusion facilitation by hem...
Zhao S, Smits C, Schuurman N, Barnum S, Pusterla N, Kuppeveld FV, Bosch BJ, Maanen KV, Egberink H.Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is considered to be involved in enteric diseases in foals. Recently, several outbreaks of ECoV infection have also been reported in adult horses from the USA, France and Japan. Epidemiological studies of ECoV infection are still limited, and the seroprevalence of ECoV infection in Europe is unknown. In this study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method utilizing ECoV spike S1 protein was developed in two formats, and further validated by analyzing 27 paired serum samples (acute and convalescent sera) from horses involved in an ECoV outbreak and 1...
Muñoz A, Riber C, Trigo P, Castejón F.Leukemia, i.e., the neoplasia of one or more cell lines of the bone marrow, although less common than in other species, it is also reported in horses. Leukemia can be classified according to the affected cells (myeloproliferative or lymphoproliferative disorders), evolution of clinical signs (acute or chronic) and the presence or lack of abnormal cells in peripheral blood (leukemic, subleukemic and aleukemic leukemia). The main myeloproliferative disorders in horses are malignant histiocytosis and myeloid leukemia, the latter being classified as monocytic and myelomonocytic, granulocytic, prim...
Özben M, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Freiin von Streit MKB, Wilkes EJA, Hughes KJ, Krücken J.Benzimidazoles resistance is widespread in strongyle parasitic nematodes and associated with polym orphisms in the codons 167, 198 and 200 of isotype 1 β-tubulin (tbb-1). In ascarids, benzimidazole (BZ) resistance has rarely been reported and in none of these cases were any of these polymorphisms detected. Here, available genome and transcriptome data from WormBase ParaSite were used to compare the complete β-tubulin reservoirs of , and . Adult spp. specimens collected in Australia from horses after BZ treatment (susceptible, n = 13) or surviving BZ treatment and collected after ivermectin...
McWilliam HE, Nisbet AJ, Dowdall SM, Hodgkinson JE, Matthews JB.Parasitic nematodes of the group Cyathostominae are an important cause of disease in horses. This group consists of approximately 50 species, all of which have similar life cycles that involve encystment of larval stages in the large intestinal wall. Encysted larvae can persist for months to years and, occasionally, large numbers can accumulate and emerge synchronously to cause severe pathology, resulting in diarrhoea, weight loss, colic and/or oedema. This syndrome, known as larval cyathostominosis, can be fatal in up to 50% of cases, despite treatment. There is no diagnostic method that enab...
Moriyama H, Kasashima Y, Kuwano A, Wada S.To identify morphologically the locations of equine corneal epithelial stem cells (CESCs) and to culture these cells. Methods: We studied the eyes of 12 adult thoroughbred horses. Methods: Eye tissues were immunostained for two positive stem cell markers (p63, CK14) and one negative marker (CK3) to identify the locations of CESCs, so we could compare their immunostaining patterns with those of human stem cells previously reported. We compared the proliferation rates and morphological features of epithelial cells isolated from the corneal limbus and central cornea. Results: Undifferentiated cel...
Drogemuller M, Schnieder T, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G.The molecular mechanism of benzimidazole (BZ) resistance in cyathostomins of horses is still unclear. Previous studies revealed that the TTC or TAC polymorphism in codon 200 of the beta-tubulin isotype 1 gene is not as strictly correlated with BZ resistance as in trichostrongyles in sheep. To identify further sites of polymorphism within the beta-tubulin gene related to BZ resistance, complete complementary DNAs (cDNAs) encoding beta-tubulin of adult worms of Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cyathostomum pateratum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, and Cylico...
Zolfaghari Emameh R, Purmonen S, Sukura A, Parkkila S.Foodborne parasites are a source of human parasitic infection. Zoonotic infections of humans arise from a variety of domestic and wild animals, including sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses, pigs, boars, bears, felines, canids, amphibians, reptiles, poultry, and aquatic animals such as fishes and shrimp. Therefore, the implementation of efficient, accessible, and controllable inspection policies for livestock, fisheries, slaughterhouses, and meat processing and packaging companies is highly recommended. In addition, more attention should be paid to the education of auditors from the quality c...
Tanaka K, Yamada M, Tamiya-Koizumi K, Kannagi R, Aoyama T, Hara A, Kyogashima M.Free ceramides and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are important components of the membrane microdomain and play significant roles in cell survival. Recent studies have revealed that both fatty acids and long-chain bases (LCBs) are more diverse than expected, in terms of i) alkyl chain length, ii) hydroxylation and iii) the presence or absence of double bonds. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) have been well utilized to characterize sphingolipids with high throughput, but reports to date have not ...
Kumar R, Kumar S, Khurana SK, Yadav SC.The importance of Trypanosoma evansi as the etiological agent for surra is often overlooked due to difficulty in accurate diagnosis of the disease. In the present study, an antibody-ELISA was developed using whole cell lysate antigen prepared from purified trypanosomes and used for seroprevalence study of T. evansi in equids. A total of 3695 equids were surveyed and blood samples were collected from each animal during September 2009 to August 2011. Out of these, 420 serum samples were found positive for presence of antibodies against T. evansi collected from equids of six agro-climatic zones o...
Bellaw JL, Nielsen MK.Traditional methods of diagnosing equine Strongylinae infections require culturing feces, sedimenting the culture media in Baermann apparatuses, collecting the sediment, and morphologically identifying recovered third stage larvae. However, this method is plagued by low negative predictive values. This study evaluated sedimentation time within the Baermann apparatus by comparing larval recovery from the traditionally collected sediment, "sediment 1", and from the usually discarded remaining fluid contents, "sediment 2", of the Baermann apparatus after 12, 24, and 48 h. A grand total of 147,482...
Kligler EB, Shkap V, Baneth G, Mildenberg Z, Steinman A.Sera from 800 asymptomatic horses were examined for the presence of antibodies to Neospora caninum by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The presence of antibodies to N. caninum was also tested in sera from 52 mares that had aborted and 40 horses exhibiting neurological signs. A total of 95 (11.9%) of the 800 sera had antibodies for Neospora. Significantly higher seropositivity was obtained from horses that had neurological signs (21.2%) and from aborted mares (37.5%). There was significant linear-by-linear association between age and seropositivity. This is the first serologic survey fo...
Yang Y, Zheng N, Wang W, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Han R, Ma L, Zhao S, Li S, Guo T, Zang C, Wang J.Glycosylation of proteins has been implicated in various biological functions and has received much attention; however, glycoprotein components and inter-species complexity have not yet been elucidated fully in milk proteins. N-linked glycosylation sites and glycoproteins in milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fractions were investigated by combining N-glycosylated peptides enrichment and high-accuracy Q Exactive identification, to map the N-glycoproteome profiles in Holstein and Jersey cows, buffaloes, yaks, goats, camels, horses, and humans. A total of 399 N-glycoproteins with 677 glycosylation...
Frank M, Weckman TJ, Wood T, Woods WE, Tai CL, Chang SL, Ewing A, Blake JW, Tobin T.Hordenine is an alkaloid occurring naturally in grains, sprouting barley, and certain grasses. It is occasionally found in post race urine samples, and therefore we investigated its pharmacological actions in the horse. Hordenine (2.0 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]) was administered by rapid intravenous (iv) injection to 10 horses. Typically, dosed horses showed a flehmen response and defecated within 60 secs. All horses showed substantial respiratory distress. Respiratory rates increased about 250 per cent and heart rates were approximately double that of resting values. All animals broke out in a sw...
Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Laval K, Descamps S, Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ.Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), such as sodium butyrate (SB), sodium propionate (SPr), and sodium acetate (SAc), are metabolic end-products of the fermentation of dietary fibers. They are linked with multiple beneficial effects on the general mammalian health, based on the sophisticated interplay with the host immune response. Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) is a major pathogen, which primarily replicates in the respiratory epithelium, and disseminates through the body via a cell-associated viremia in leukocytes, even in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Infected monocytic CD172a cells and ...
de Laat MA, Kyaw-Tanner MT, Nourian AR, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC.Metalloproteinases have been implicated in the pathogenesis of equine laminitis and other inflammatory conditions, through their role in the degradation and remodelling of the extracellular matrix environment. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors are present in normal equine lamellae, with increased secretion and activation of some metalloproteinases reported in horses with laminitis associated with systemic inflammation. It is unknown whether these enzymes are involved in insulin-induced laminitis, which occurs without overt systemic inflammation. In this study, gene expressi...
Strohmayer C, Klang A, Kummer S, Walter I, Jindra C, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Redmer T, Kneissl S, Brandt S.Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is a common malignant tumor in humans and animals. In humans, papillomavirus (PV)-induced HNSCCs have a better prognosis than papillomavirus-unrelated HNSCCs. The ability of tumor cells to switch from epithelial to mesenchymal, endothelial, or therapy-resistant stem-cell-like phenotypes promotes disease progression and metastasis. In equine HNSCC, PV-association and tumor cell phenotype switching are poorly understood. We screened 49 equine HNSCCs for equine PV (EcPV) type 2, 3 and 5 infection. Subsequently, PV-positive versus -negative lesi...
Leigh JA, Hodgkinson SM, Lincoln RA.The activation of plasminogen and the binding of plasmin by bacteria may have many effects which promote infection. The occurrence of such activities in streptococci is well documented; however, these are yet to be demonstrated for S. dysgalactiae. Consequently, the ability of this bacterium to activate mammalian plasminogen and bind either plasmin or its zymogen was investigated. Activation of bovine plasminogen was dependent on both the strain and the growth medium used for cultivation. Eighteen strain were able to activate bovine and ovine plasminogen and some of these also activated plasmi...
Khamesipour F, Taktaz-Hafshejani T, Tebit KE, Razavi SM, Hosseini SR.Equines are subject to infection with many parasites, which threaten their health. In the present study, we systematically reviewed existing literature on the prevalence of endo- and ectoparasites of equines in Iran. Major electronic databases, including PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scientific Information Database (SID), were searched (Last updated 11/05/2018) for relevant literature of parasites that have been identified from equines in Iran. Of the 1809 titles produced by bibliographic search, 38 were included in the review. Twenty-seven of the studies were on h...
Benoit S, Taouji S, Benachour A, Hartke A.Rhodococcus equi is an important gram-positive intracellular facultative pathogen in foals of less than 3 months of age, that causes suppurative bronchopneumonia, lymphadenitis and/or enteritis. The disease in young foals mainly occurs in spring and summer when weather conditions are favorable for survival and multiplication of the bacteria in the environment. R. equi is widespread in the environment of horsebreeding farms: it has been isolated from the soil of paddocks and from the feces of adult horses and foals. Aerosol infection via dust of paddocks seems to be the major route of foal infe...
Urayama S, Tanaka A, Kusano K, Sato H, Nagashima T, Fukuda I, Fujisawa C, Matsuda H.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as flunixin meglumine have been used to treat signs of systemic inflammatory conditions, but it is also known to have the side effect to small intestine mucosa. It may be considered to be due to inhibition of both cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2. On the other hand, meloxicam is widely used in equine clinical practice and an effective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with the preferential inhibitory effect on COX-2. However, it has not yet been evaluated in equine systemic inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of meloxicam a...
Rombach N, Stubbs NC, Clayton HM.To determine the gross morphology of the multifidus, longus colli, and longus thoracis muscles in the cervical and cranial thoracic portions of the equine vertebral column. Methods: 15 horse cadavers. Methods: The vertebral column was removed intact from the first cervical vertebra (C1) to the seventh thoracic vertebra (T7). After removing the superficial musculature, detailed anatomic dissections of the multifidus, longus colli, and longus thoracis muscles were performed. Results: The multifidus cervicis muscle consisted of 5 bundles/level arranged in lateral, medial, and deep layers from C2 ...
Chen C, Montelaro RC.Synthesis of Gag-Pol polyproteins of retroviruses requires ribosomes to shift translational reading frame once or twice in a -1 direction to read through the stop codon in the gag reading frame. It is generally believed that a slippery sequence and a downstream RNA structure are required for the programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting. However, the mechanism regulating the Gag-Pol frameshifting remains poorly understood. In this report, we have defined specific mRNA elements required for sufficient ribosomal frameshifting in equine anemia infectious virus (EIAV) by using full-length provirus rep...
Pickles KJ, Berger J, Davies R, Roser J, Madigan JE.The aim of this study was to investigate the use of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine in the treatment of headshaking in horses. Fifteen geldings received two doses of the GnRH vaccine four weeks apart. Serum was collected before and after vaccination to measure concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH) (10 horses) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (six horses). Owners recorded the frequency of seven common headshaking behaviours using a visual analogue scale (VAS) before vaccination and at two, four, eight, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after vaccination. Serum LH (P=0.008) and FSH...
Cieslak J, Mackowski M, Czyzak-Runowska G, Wojtowski J, Puppel K, Kuczynska B, Pawlak P.Apart from the well-known role of somatic cell count as a parameter reflecting the inflammatory status of the mammary gland, the composition of cells isolated from milk is considered as a valuable material for gene expression studies in mammals. Due to its unique composition, in recent years an increasing interest in mare's milk consumption has been observed. Thus, investigating the genetic background of horse's milk variability presents and interesting study model. Relying on 39 milk samples collected from mares representing three breeds (Polish Primitive Horse, Polish Cold-blooded Horse, Pol...
Carrasco L, Utrilla MJ, Fuentes-Romero B, Fernandez-Novo A, Martin-Maldonado B.West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic, vector-borne pathogen affecting humans and animals, particularly in Europe. The virus is primarily transmitted through mosquitoes that infect birds, which serve as the main reservoirs. Humans and horses are incidental hosts. This review focuses on the epidemiology of WNV in southern Europe, particularly its increasing prevalence. Methods included an extensive literature review and analysis of recent outbreaks. WNV is largely asymptomatic in humans, but a small percentage can develop West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND), leading to severe neurological symp...
