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Bone stress in the horse forelimb during locomotion at different gaits: a comparison of two experimental methods. Longitudinal stresses acting in the cranial and caudal cortices of the radius and the dorsal and palmar cortices of the metacarpus in the horse were determined using two independent methods simultaneously. One approach involved the use of rosette strain gauges to record in vivo bone strain; the other involved filming the position of the horse's forelimb as it passed over a force plate. Agreement between the two analyses was better for the radius than for the metacarpus. Both methods showed the radius to be loaded primarily in sagittal bending, acting to place the caudal cortex in compression a...
Infectivity of sarcocystis from donkey for horse via sporocysts from dogs. The dog is the final host for sarcosporidia cysts from the oesophagus and diaphragm of donkeys from Sardinia. The prepatent period lasted 9 to 10 days. Sporocysts measured 12.2-13.8 X 9.2-9.9 microns. Infection of a horse with 10(5) donkey/dog sporocysts increased the rectal temperature to more than 40 degrees C on days 10 and 20 after infection. On day 138 p.i. predominantly immature cysts containing metrocytes were found, especially in the oesophagus. Infection on day 117 p.i. with 2 X 10(5) horse/dog sporocysts did not give rise to a temperature increase during the following 21 days. The fi...
Identification of the second alpha-2-antiprotease of equine serum as antithrombin III. The alpha-2-protease inhibitor, of 65,000 daltons molecular weight, described by several authors in horse plasma and also present as a contaminant in alpha-1-isoinhibitor isolates previously described by us (Pellegrini & von Fellenberg (1980) Biochim. biophys. Acta 616, 351-361) has now been isolated to purity and identified as antithrombin III. The inhibitor is composed of a single polypeptide chain as judged by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The inhibitor was effective only against trypsin and thrombin. Serological cross-reaction existed between the inhibitor and the antiserum t...
Comparative studies of the effect of thermal stimulation on the permeability of the luminal cell junctions of the sweat gland to lanthanum. Lanthanum injected intradermally in vivo into the skin of cattle, sheep, goats and ponies penetrated the intercellular spaces of the sweat glands. It was not, however, detected in the glandular lumen either visually or by electron probe microanalysis even at elevated ambient temperatures when the animals were sweating. It is concluded that the luminal intercellular connections between epithelial cells in these glands are tight junctions, which remain so during sweating despite the occurrence of cell death and extrusion into the lumen.
Distribution of internal carotid artery blood flow in the pony. This study determined whether blood flow through the internal carotid artery (ICA) could be used to sample total cerebral blood flow in the pony. To answer this question we considered both the anatomic arrangement of the ICA in cadavers and the relative distribution of ICA blood flow to cerebral and extracerebral tissue using radioactive microspheres. Acrylic corrosion casts of the ICA indicated that this vessel traveled directly to the base of the brain, contributing to the formation of the circle of Willis, and did not send any significant branches to other tissues. Two vessels (internal eth...
Infectious center assay of intracellular virus and infective virus titer for equine mononuclear cells infected in vivo and in vitro with equine herpesviruses. A novel, simple method of infectious center assay was developed to detect and quantitate the intracellular existence of equine herpesvirus 1 and equine herpesvirus 2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected in vivo and in vitro with the viruses by cocultivation of these cells with a permissive equine cell culture. The infectious center titers were correlated with the infectious virus titers. In vivo equine herpesvirus 1-infected mononuclear cells obtained from ponies experimentally infected with the virus and equine herpesvirus 2-infected mononuclear cells obtained from selected naturall...
Immunochemical demonstration of a new pregnancy protein in the mare. An antiserum against the serum of a pregnant mare was absorbed with stallion serum. This antiserum then gave two precipitates in crossed immunoelectrophoresis with serum from pregnant mares as the antigen. The two precipitates exhibited beta-1 and alpha-2 electrophoretic mobility. Identity was demonstrated between the alpha-2 mobile protein and PMSG. The absorbed antiserum inhibited the biological action of the PMSG preparation when tested in mouse ovarian weight assays. The beta-1 mobile protein was not detected in the serum from non-pregnant mares, stallions or geldings and was detected earl...
Isolation and characterization of horse alpha 2-macroglobulin protease inhibitor. Several publications have described in the past properties of partly purified horse alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) which are strikingly different from the human alpha 2M. Horse alpha 2M was therefore isolated to purity by classical procedures, i.e. affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, and its properties are compared with those of its human counterpart. The molecular weight of the native protein and its subunits, the isoelectrofocusing pattern and the change in electrophoretic mobility caused by interaction with protease were similar to those of human alpha...
Reconstitution of primary, severe, combined immunodeficiency in man and horse. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) in foals is the only known animal model for the autosomal recessive form of primary SCID in man. A major requirement in the treatment of SCID is the maintenance of the patient in a disease free state until definitive therapy can be undertaken. This paper reviews the current status of prophylactic and definitive therapy in man and the horse. Particular emphasis is placed on the methods of reconstitution available, involving foetal tissues and bone marrow.
Linkage disequilibrium between the ELA and the A blood group systems in Standardbred horses. The linkage group formed by the ELA and A blood group system in horses was studied in American Standardbred horses. The distance between the ELA locus and the A blood group locus was measured as 1.61 centimorgans, observing only the haplotypes contributed by the sires. Strong linkage disequilibrium was found in pacing Standardbred horses for ELA-W1 with Aa, ELA-W5 with Ab and ELA-W10 with Ab. Linkage disequilibrium was apparent at both the population and family level. Among trotting Standardbred horses, linkage disequilibrium was found for ELA-W1 with Aa and for ELA-W10 with Ab. It was not pos...
A study of the effects of lasering on chronic bowed tendons at Wheatley Hall Farm Limited, Canada, January, 1983. Chronic bowed tendons of horses have been lasered with an infrared 904-nm laser at Wheatley Hall Farm Limited since 1980. A sample of 42 single injury/single treatment standardbreds which were racing within 120 days of laser treatment and met certain criteria, were evaluated for final race times, last quarter race times, and class changes. Results indicate that a significant percent of the standardbreds raced with similar or improved times and classes. Lasering bowed tendons presents a safe and less expensive alternative to traditional treatment methods which often requires a year layoff for t...
Genetics of four plasma protein loci in Equus przewalskii: new alleles at the prealbumin, postalbumin and transferrin loci. This paper reports genetic variation at the prealbumin (Pr), postalbumin (Pa) and transferrin (Tf) loci in Equus przewalskii found using thin layer isoelectric focusing and an amphoteric separator. The method resolves all three loci plus serum esterase (Es) on a single gel, and typing of all four loci is readily achieved. In addition to the esterase alleles previously reported by Fisher & Scott (1979), five alleles were found at the Pr locus, three at the Pa locus and six at the Tf locus. Analysis of several mating types confirms inheritance is autosomal and codominant for all four loci.
Diagnostic value of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in horse serum. Antiserum directed against equine intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) was produced in rabbits and used to develop a sensitive and quantitative assay for the detection of intestinal ALP in equine serum. This assay was then used to measure the half-life of intravenously injected intestinal ALP and to determine if the intestinal ALP was present in normal horse sera, sera from horses presented for lesions not involving the gastrointestinal tract and sera from horses presented with lesions involving the gastrointestinal tract. The results suggest that intestinal ALP is not likely to appear in equ...
Characterisation of the alpha 1-protease inhibitor system in Thoroughbred horse plasma by horizontal two-dimensional (ISO-DALT) electrophoresis. 1. Protein staining. The isoelectric points and the molecular weights of the major components of the eight Thoroughbred protease inhibitor (Pi) types have been determined by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide gel pore gradient (ISO-DALT) electrophoresis respectively. The major Pi proteins focus in the range pH 3.74-4.43 and have molecular weights ranging from 55 000-72 000 daltons. Using the ISO-DALT method of electrophoresis, protein maps for the eight Thoroughbred Pi types have been presented for the first time. None of the homozygous Pi types are identical except for the types S1 and S2 ...
Factors in the control of feed intake of horses and ponies. Ponies are large nonruminant herbivores which are capable of utilizing the products of both enzymatic digestion in the small intestine and bacterial fermentation (volatile fatty acids, VFAs) in the cecum and large colon as sources of metabolizable energy. Recent studies have demonstrated that ponies utilize nutrient stimuli from both carbohydrate and fat digestion in the small intestine and VFAs in the cecum and large colon in the control of meal frequency. These animals, however, rely primarily upon oropharyngeal and external stimuli to control the size and duration of meals. This is perhaps ...
Methods for the treatment of twin pregnancy in the mare. Within a group of 130 mares which, in the event, carried twin pregnancies, 29 (22.3 per cent) produced their twins following diagnosis of a single palpable follicle at service and a single pregnancy 42 days later. The whole group of 130 twin-pregnant mares gave birth to only 17 live foals (13 per cent). Breeding results for the following season were available for 102 of these mares, when 38 (37 per cent) produced live foals. Thus over the two seasons an average 23 per cent of this group produced live foals. In a second group, comprising 70 mares, twin pregnancy had been diagnosed in all of the...
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