Animals : an open access journal from MDPI.
Periodical
Animal Welfare
Animals
Human-Animal Bond
Publisher:
Molecular Diversity Preservation International,
Frequency: Quarterly
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Start Year:2010 -
ISSN:
2076-2615 (Electronic)
2076-2615 (Linking)
2076-2615 (Linking)
Impact Factor
4.2
2022
| NLM ID: | 101635614 |
| (OCoLC): | 667255765 |
| LCCN: | 2012254619 |
A Potential Role for Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Development of Insulin Resistance in Horses.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
May 2, 2012
Volume 2, Issue 2 243-260 doi: 10.3390/ani2020243
Suagee JK, Corl BA, Geor RJ.Understanding the mechanisms involved in the development of insulin resistance in horses should enable development of effective treatment and prevention strategies. Current knowledge of these mechanisms is based upon research in obese humans and rodents, in which there is evidence that the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by adipose tissue negatively influences insulin signaling in insulin-responsive tissues. In horses, plasma concentrations of the cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α, have been positively correlated with body fatness and insulin resistance, leading to the hypo... Supplementation of Ascorbic Acid in Weanling Horses Following Prolonged Transportation.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
April 16, 2012
Volume 2, Issue 2 184-194 doi: 10.3390/ani2020184
Ralston S, Stives M.Though horses synthesize ascorbic acid in their liver in amounts that meet their needs under normal circumstances, prolonged stress results in low plasma concentrations due to enhanced utilization and renal excretion and can reduce immune function. It was hypothesized that plasma ascorbic acid could be maintained in weanling horses by oral supplementation following prolonged transportation. Weanlings were supplemented with no ascorbic acid (Tx 0: n = 4), 5 grams ascorbic acid twice daily for 5 days (Tx 1: n = 4) or for 10 days (Tx 2: n = 4) following >50 hours of transportation. Supplementa... Welfare of Aged Horses.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
October 31, 2011
Volume 1, Issue 4 366-376 doi: 10.3390/ani1040366
McGowan C.Horses form a unique and special part of their owners' lives and aged horses are no exception. This review considers the health and management of aged horses, including the role of the owner and their perceptions of aged horses, potential threats or risks to their welfare and finally, factors affecting quality of life and euthanasia of aged horses. Owners of aged horses are concerned about the health, welfare and quality of life of their aged animals. Yet surveys of management and preventive healthcare reflect that there may be some limitations to what owners are actually achieving in practice... Human Relationships with Domestic and Other Animals: One Health, One Welfare, One Biology.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
December 24, 2019
Volume 10, Issue 1 43 doi: 10.3390/ani10010043
Tarazona AM, Ceballos MC, Broom DM.Excessive human population growth, uncontrolled use of natural resources, including deforestation, mining, wasteful systems, biodiversity reduction by agriculture, and damaging climate change affect the existence of all animals, including humans. This discussion is now urgent and people are rethinking their links with the animals we use for clothing, food, work, companionship, entertainment, and research. The concepts of one health, one welfare, and one biology are discussed as a background to driving global change. Nothing should be exploited without considering the ethics of the action and t... Read More
48
Using the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) to Assess Pain Associated with Acute Laminitis in Horses (Equus caballus).
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
August 3, 2016
Volume 6, Issue 8 47 doi: 10.3390/ani6080047
Dalla Costa E, Stucke D, Dai F, Minero M, Leach MC, Lebelt D.Acute laminitis is a common equine disease characterized by intense foot pain, both acutely and chronically. The Obel grading system is the most widely accepted method for describing the severity of laminitis by equine practitioners, however this method requires movement (walk and trot) of the horse, causing further intense pain. The recently developed Horse Grimace Scale (HGS), a facial-expression-based pain coding system, may offer a more effective means of assessing the pain associated with acute laminitis. The aims of this study were: to investigate whether HGS can be usefully applied to a... Read More
44
Using the Five Domains Model to Assess the Adverse Impacts of Husbandry, Veterinary, and Equitation Interventions on Horse Welfare.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
March 18, 2018
Volume 8, Issue 3 41 doi: 10.3390/ani8030041
McGreevy P, Berger J, de Brauwere N, Doherty O, Harrison A, Fiedler J, Jones C, McDonnell S, McLean A, Nakonechny L, Nicol C, Preshaw L, Thomson P....The aim of this study was to conduct a series of paper-based exercises in order to assess the negative (adverse) welfare impacts, if any, of common interventions on domestic horses across a broad range of different contexts of equine care and training. An international panel (with professional expertise in psychology, equitation science, veterinary science, education, welfare, equestrian coaching, advocacy, and community engagement; = 16) met over a four-day period to define and assess these interventions, using an adaptation of the domain-based assessment model. The interventions were consid... Read More
42
Indicators of Horse Welfare: State-of-the-Art.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
February 13, 2020
Volume 10, Issue 2 294 doi: 10.3390/ani10020294
Lesimple C.Animal welfare is defined as a chronic state reflecting an individual's subjective perception of its situation. Because it is possible to be in a good welfare state and nevertheless experience acute fear or pain, and conversely, short-term positive emotions can be experienced during impaired welfare states, welfare as a chronic state has to be clearly distinguished from temporary states related to emotions, pain or stress. The evaluation of non-verbal individuals' welfare state, particularly in interspecific situations, is a real challenge that necessarily implies animal-based measures and req... Read More
41
A Critical Review of Horse-Related Risk: A Research Agenda for Safer Mounts, Riders and Equestrian Cultures.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
July 17, 2015
Volume 5, Issue 3 561-575 doi: 10.3390/ani5030372
Thompson K, McGreevy P, McManus P.While the importance of improving horse-related safety seems self-evident, no comprehensive study into understanding or reducing horse-related risk has been undertaken. In this paper, we discuss four dimensions of horse-related risk: the risk itself, the horse, the rider and the culture in which equestrian activities takes place. We identify how the ways in which risk is constructed in each dimension affects the applicability of four basic risk management options of avoidance, transference, mitigation and acceptance. We find the acceptance and avoidance of horse-related risk is generally high,... Read More
36
Equine Discomfort Ethogram.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
February 23, 2021
Volume 11, Issue 2 580 doi: 10.3390/ani11020580
Torcivia C, McDonnell S.In recent years, there has been a growing interest in and need for a comprehensive ethogram of discomfort behavior of horses, particularly for use in recognizing physical discomfort in domestically managed horses. A clear understanding of the physical discomfort behavior of horses among caretakers, trainers, and professional health care personnel is important to animal welfare and caretaker safety. This is particularly relevant to pain management for hospitalized equine patients. Various pain scale rubrics have been published, typically incorporating only a few classically cited pain behaviors... Read More
33
Genetic Diversity and Signatures of Selection in a Native Italian Horse Breed Based on SNP Data.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
June 8, 2020
Volume 10, Issue 6 1005 doi: 10.3390/ani10061005
Ablondi M, Dadousis C, Vasini M, Eriksson S, Mikko S, Sabbioni A.Horses are nowadays mainly used for sport and leisure activities, and several local breeds, traditionally used in agriculture, have been exposed to a dramatic loss in population size and genetic diversity. The loss of genetic diversity negatively impacts individual fitness and reduces the potential long-term survivability of a breed. Recent advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics have allowed researchers to explore biodiversity one step further. This study aimed to evaluate the loss of genetic variability and identify genomic regions under selection pressure in the Bardigiano breed ba... Read More
29
Health Problems and Risk Factors Associated with Long Haul Transport of Horses in Australia.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
December 10, 2015
Volume 5, Issue 4 1296-1310 doi: 10.3390/ani5040412
Padalino B, Hall E, Raidal S, Celi P, Knight P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G.Equine transportation is associated with a variety of serious health disorders causing economic losses. However; statistics on horse transport are limited and epidemiological data on transport related diseases are available only for horses transported to abattoirs for slaughter. This study analysed reports of transport related health problems identified by drivers and horse owners for 180 journeys of an Australian horse transport company transporting horses between Perth and Sydney (~4000 km) in 2013-2015. Records showed that 97.2% (1604/1650) of the horses arrived at their destination with no... Read More
29
In-Person Caretaker Visits Disrupt Ongoing Discomfort Behavior in Hospitalized Equine Orthopedic Surgical Patients.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
January 27, 2020
Volume 10, Issue 2 doi: 10.3390/ani10020210
Torcivia C, McDonnell S.Horses have evolved to show little indication of discomfort or disability when in the presence of potential predators, including humans. This natural characteristic complicates the recognition of pain in equine patients. It has been our clinical impression that, whenever a person is present, horses tend to "perk up" and ongoing discomfort behavior (DB) more or less ceases. The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate and describe this effect. For each of 20 orthopedic surgical patients, continuous 24-h video was reviewed to record all occurrences of DB during a caretaker visit (3... Read More
27
Determining a Welfare Prioritization for Horses Using a Delphi Method.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
April 9, 2020
Volume 10, Issue 4 647 doi: 10.3390/ani10040647
Rioja-Lang FC, Connor M, Bacon H, Dwyer CM.Equine welfare issues are receiving increasing attention in the UK, but welfare problems can arise from a wide range of causes. In order to identify the most important welfare concerns for horses, we used a Delphi method with 19 equine welfare experts. An initial list of 84 equine welfare issues was generated using an online discussion board and NVivo thematic analysis. Subsequently, experts ranked these welfare issues for perceived prevalence, severity and duration of suffering associated with each issue on a 6-point Likert scale. All issues with a mean score of 3 or above ( = 37) were includ... Read More
24
Enhanced Understanding of Horse-Human Interactions to Optimize Welfare.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
May 9, 2021
Volume 11, Issue 5 1347 doi: 10.3390/ani11051347
Merkies K, Franzin O.Horses () have been domesticated for millennia and are regularly utilized for work, sport, and companionship. Enhanced understanding of human-horse interactions can create avenues to optimize their welfare. This review explores the current research surrounding many aspects of human-horse interactions by first highlighting the horse's sensory capabilities and how they pertain to human interactions. Evidence exists that suggests that horses can read humans in various ways through our body odours, posture, facial expressions, and attentiveness. The literature also suggests that horses are capable... Read More
24
Luminal and Mucosal Microbiota of the Cecum and Large Colon of Healthy and Diarrheic Horses.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
August 12, 2020
Volume 10, Issue 8 doi: 10.3390/ani10081403
Arroyo LG, Rossi L, Santos BP, Gomez DE, Surette MG, Costa MC.The aim of this study was to compare the mucosal and luminal content microbiota of the cecum and colon of healthy and diarrheic horses. Marked differences in the richness and in the community composition between the mucosal and luminal microbiota of the cecum and large colon of horses with colitis were observed. Microbial dysbiosis occurs in horses with colitis at different levels of the intestinal tract, and microbiota composition is different between the mucosa and luminal content of diarrheic horses. The changes in some key taxa associated with dysbiosis in the equine intestinal microbiota,... Read More
24
Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome: An Update on Current Knowledge.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
April 5, 2023
Volume 13, Issue 7 doi: 10.3390/ani13071261
Vokes J, Lovett A, Sykes B.Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a term that has been used since 1999, initially being used to describe all gastric mucosal disease in horses. Since this time, the identification of two distinct main disease entities of the equine gastric mucosa have been described under the umbrella of EGUS; these are Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD). In 2015 the European College of Equine Internal Medicine (ECEIM) released a consensus statement defining these disease entities. This document highlighted the lack of evidence surrounding EGGD compared to ... Read More
22
Social Networks and Welfare in Future Animal Management.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
March 17, 2014
Volume 4, Issue 1 93-118 doi: 10.3390/ani4010093
Koene P, Ipema B.It may become advantageous to keep human-managed animals in the social network groups to which they have adapted. Data concerning the social networks of farm animal species and their ancestors are scarce but essential to establishing the importance of a natural social network for farmed animal species. Social Network Analysis (SNA) facilitates the characterization of social networking at group, subgroup and individual levels. SNA is currently used for modeling the social behavior and management of wild animals and social welfare of zoo animals. It has been recognized for use with farm animals ... Read More
22
Does Feeding Management Make a Difference to Behavioural Activities and Welfare of Horses Reared for Meat Production?
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
July 6, 2022
Volume 12, Issue 14 1740 doi: 10.3390/ani12141740
Raspa F, Tarantola M, Muca E, Bergero D, Soglia D, Cavallini D, Vervuert I, Bordin C, De Palo P, Valle E.Horses reared for meat production are generally fed a diet rich in starch with the aim of maximizing production performances. This study evaluated the effects of two feeding management systems on horse welfare by analysing the relative time spent engaged in different behavioural activities. Nineteen Bardigiano horses aged 14.3 ± 0.7 months were randomly assigned to one of two group pens: one group was fed high amounts of starch-rich concentrates (HCG; = 10), the other was fed a fibre-based diet (HFG; = 9). Behavioural activities performed by each horse were video-recorded over a 96-h period... Read More
22
Quantifying the Impact of Mounted Load Carrying on Equids: A Review.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
May 7, 2021
Volume 11, Issue 5 1333 doi: 10.3390/ani11051333
Bukhari SSUH, McElligott AG, Parkes RSV.There are approximately 112 million working equids in developing countries, many of which are associated with brick kilns. Brick kilns and overloading are associated with welfare problems in working equids. Understanding equids' abilities and influencing factors are important for both effective performance and welfare. Traditionally, measurement of the amount of 'bone' was used, and more recently, gait symmetry has been identified as a potential marker for loading capacity. Assessment of stride parameters and gait kinematics provides insights into adaptations to loading and may help determine ... Read More
21
Regenerative Medicine for Equine Musculoskeletal Diseases.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
January 19, 2021
Volume 11, Issue 1 234 doi: 10.3390/ani11010234
Ribitsch I, Oreff GL, Jenner F.Musculoskeletal injuries and chronic degenerative diseases commonly affect both athletic and sedentary horses and can entail the end of their athletic careers. The ensuing repair processes frequently do not yield fully functional regeneration of the injured tissues but biomechanically inferior scar or replacement tissue, causing high reinjury rates, degenerative disease progression and chronic morbidity. Regenerative medicine is an emerging, rapidly evolving branch of translational medicine that aims to replace or regenerate cells, tissues, or organs to restore or establish normal function. It... Read More
21
The Use of Draught Animals in Rural Labour.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
September 13, 2021
Volume 11, Issue 9 2683 doi: 10.3390/ani11092683
Mota-Rojas D, Braghieri A, Álvarez-Macías A, Serrapica F, Ramírez-Bribiesca E, Cruz-Monterrosa R, Masucci F, Mora-Medina P, Napolitano F.This study discusses scientific findings on the use of draught animals such as equids (i.e., horses, mules, and donkeys) and bovids (i.e., cattle and water buffaloes) in rural labours. Relevant peer-reviewed literature published between 1980 and 2021 was retrieved from CAB Abstracts, PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus databases. Although animals were used to produce draught power since their domestication and are still being used for this purpose, mechanisation has markedly reduced animal labour demand in agriculture. However, the process was uneven across continents according to economi... Read More
20
Alterations in the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome of Horses with Antimicrobial-Associated Diarrhea Compared to Antibiotic-Treated and Non-Treated Healthy Case Controls.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
June 17, 2021
Volume 11, Issue 6 1807 doi: 10.3390/ani11061807
Arnold C, Pilla R, Chaffin K, Lidbury J, Steiner J, Suchodolski J.Diarrhea is an adverse effect of antimicrobial therapy in horses. This matched, case-controlled study compared the fecal microbiome and metabolome of horses on antibiotics that developed diarrhea (AAD, = 17) to those that did not develop diarrhea (ABX, = 15) and to a control population not exposed to antibiotics (CON, = 31). Fecal samples were collected from horses that were matched for diet and antimicrobial agent (including dose, route, and duration of therapy). Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes was performed, and QIIME 2.0 was used to generate alpha and beta diversity metrics. Untarg... Read More
20
Champing at the Bit for Improvements: A Review of Equine Welfare in Equestrian Sports in the United Kingdom.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
May 5, 2022
Volume 12, Issue 9 1186 doi: 10.3390/ani12091186
Holmes TQ, Brown AF.Equestrian sports, including racing (e.g., flat, steeple-chasing, harness or donkey derby); show-jumping; cross-country; dressage; polo; polocrosse; endurance; carriage driving; vaulting and hunting; are hugely popular in the UK, and they involve a significant number of people, both as participants and spectators, and tens of thousands of equids. In this paper, we discuss animal welfare as a complex and disputed issue, clarifying what the term means and how it can be measured. We review many aspects of welfare risk to equids used for sport, addressing issues encountered throughout their lives,... Read More
20
Pressure Algometry for the Detection of Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds in Horses.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
November 24, 2020
Volume 10, Issue 12 doi: 10.3390/ani10122195
Haussler KK.The clinical assessment of pain is subjective; therefore, variations exist between practitioners in their ability to identify and localize pain. Due to differing interpretations of the signs or severity of pain equine practitioners may assign varying levels of clinical significance and treatment options. There is a critical need to develop better tools to qualify and quantify pain in horses. Palpation is the most common method to detect local tenderness or sensitivity. To quantify this applied pressure, pressure algometry has been used to gradually apply pressure over specified landmarks until... Read More
20
Discriminant Canonical Analysis of the Contribution of Spanish and Arabian Purebred Horses to the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Hispano-Arabian Horses.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
January 21, 2021
Volume 11, Issue 2 269 doi: 10.3390/ani11020269
Marín Navas C, Delgado Bermejo JV, McLean AK, León Jurado JM, Torres ARBYR, Navas González FJ.Genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed using the historical and current pedigree information of the Arabian (PRá), Spanish Purebred (PRE), and Hispano-Arabian (Há) horse breeds. Genetic diversity parameters were computed and a canonical discriminant analysis was used to determine the contributions of ancestor breeds to the genetic diversity of the Há horse. Pedigree records were available for 207,100 animals born between 1884 and 2019. Nei's distances and the equivalent subpopulations number indicated the existence of a highly structured, integrated population for the Há ... Read More
20
Infrared Thermography Correlates with Lactate Concentration in Blood during Race Training in Horses.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
November 9, 2020
Volume 10, Issue 11 2072 doi: 10.3390/ani10112072
Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Maśko M, Domino M, Winnicka A.In horse racing the most acceptable way to objectively evaluate adaptation to increased exertion is to measure lactate blood concentration. However, this may be stressful for the horse, therefore, a simple, noninvasive procedure to monitor race progress is desirable. Forty Thoroughbreds attended race training, with blood samples collected at rest, immediately after, and 30 min after exercise. The lactate concentration was determined 60 s after blood collection using an Accusport. Thermal imaging of the neck and trunk areas was performed following international veterinary standards from a dista... Read More
20
Welfare Status of Working Horses and Owners’ Perceptions of Their Animals.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
August 1, 2017
Volume 7, Issue 8 56 doi: 10.3390/ani7080056
Luna D, Vásquez RA, Rojas M, Tadich TA.Appropriate interventions to improve working equine welfare should be proposed according to scientific evidence that arises from different geo-cultural contexts. This study aims to assess and compare the welfare status of working horses in two administrative regions of Chile and to determine how owners perceive their horses. Horses' welfare status was assessed through direct indicators (direct observation and clinical examination) and indirect indicators (an interview with the owner). Owners' perceptions of their horses were determined through a discourse analysis of their statements. In total... Read More
20
Equine Milk Production and Valorization of Marginal Areas-A Review.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
February 22, 2020
Volume 10, Issue 2 doi: 10.3390/ani10020353
Miraglia N, Salimei E, Fantuz F.The equine dairy chain is renewing the interest toward horse and donkey breeding for the production of milk with potential health promoting properties. The dairy equine chain for human consumption could contribute to the rural eco-sustainable development for the micro-economies of those areas threatened by marginalization. As a part of the whole equine industry, and its possible impact in the modern and future society, the main traits of the equine dairy enterprise are reviewed with a special focus on management of animals and milk. Equine milk compositional and nutritional peculiarities are d... Read More
19
Eye Blink Rates and Eyelid Twitches as a Non-Invasive Measure of Stress in the Domestic Horse.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
August 15, 2019
Volume 9, Issue 8 562 doi: 10.3390/ani9080562
Merkies K, Ready C, Farkas L, Hodder A.Physiological changes provide indices of stress responses, however, behavioural measures may be easier to determine. Spontaneous eye blink rate has potential as a non-invasive indicator of stress. Eyelid movements, along with heart rate (HR) and behaviour, from 33 horses were evaluated over four treatments: (1) control-horse in its normal paddock environment; (2) feed restriction-feed was withheld at regular feeding time; (3) separation-horse was removed from visual contact with their paddock mates; and (4) startle test-a ball was suddenly thrown on the ground in front of the horse. HR data wa... Read More
19
An Ethical Framework for the Use of Horses in Competitive Sport: Theory and Function.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
June 9, 2021
Volume 11, Issue 6 1725 doi: 10.3390/ani11061725
Campbell MLH.Growing ethical concern about equestrian sport is reflected in publications by regulatory authorities, animal charities, and the lay press; and in government debate and social media. However, attempts by regulators and stakeholders to address ethical issues in equine sport have been discipline specific and ad hoc. Ethical frameworks can help stakeholders to make contextual decisions about what should or should not be done in a particular situation. However, when existing animal welfare frameworks and existing sports ethics frameworks are reviewed in this paper, it becomes clear that none provi... Read More
19
Horse Welfare During Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) Production.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
December 1, 2019
Volume 9, Issue 12 1053 doi: 10.3390/ani9121053
Manteca Vilanova X, De Briyne N, Beaver B, Turner PV.Collection of blood from pregnant mares for extraction of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) is a critical but relatively unknown and poorly regulated practice in the countries in which it occurs. Equine chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone that is widely used to enhance reproductive performance and management of dairy and beef cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs kept under intensive housing systems. eCG is extracted from the blood of brood mares between days 40-120 of gestation. Although alternatives have been sought, there is currently no efficacious replacement, natural or synthetic, for eCG. Re... Read More
19
Effects of Transport Conditions on Behavioural and Physiological Responses of Horses.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
January 17, 2020
Volume 10, Issue 1 doi: 10.3390/ani10010160
Padalino B, Raidal SL.The regulations for minimal space and direction of travel for land transport in horses vary worldwide and there is currently no definitive guidance to promote equine health and welfare. This study evaluated the effects of bay size and direction of travel (forwards/backwards) in horses by comparing the behavioural, physiological, laboratory and gastroscopy parameters between transported and confined horses. A total of twenty-six mares took part in the study; 12 horses were confined for 12 h, and all mares underwent 12 hours' transportation, travelling in single (n = 18) or wide bays (n = 8), an... Read More
18
Equine Welfare during Exercise: An Evaluation of Breathing, Breathlessness and Bridles.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
May 26, 2017
Volume 7, Issue 6 doi: 10.3390/ani7060041
Mellor DJ, Beausoleil NJ.Horses engaged in strenuous exercise display physiological responses that approach the upper functional limits of key organ systems, in particular their cardiorespiratory systems. Maximum athletic performance is therefore vulnerable to factors that diminish these functional capacities, and such impairment might also lead to horses experiencing unpleasant respiratory sensations, i.e., breathlessness. The aim of this review is to use existing literature on equine cardiorespiratory physiology and athletic performance to evaluate the potential for various types of breathlessness to occur in exerci... Read More
18