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All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Journal of equine veterinary science.
Publisher:
William E. Jones,. New York : Elsevier (2003)
Frequency: Monthly
Country: United States
Language: English
Start Year:1981 -
ISSN:
0737-0806 (Print)
0737-0806 (Linking)
0737-0806 (Linking)
Impact Factor
1.3
2022
| NLM ID: | 8216840 |
| (DNLM): | J20290000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 07643410 |
| Classification: | W1 JO644CD |
Comparison of xylazine-ketamine-guaifenesin and xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam protocols for constant rate infusion anesthesia in horses undergoing field castration. The common use of "triple drip" (xylazine, ketamine, and guaifenesin; XKG) is a popular protocol for constant rate infusion (CRI) in equine practice. However, due to restrictions on ketamine and guaifenesin in many countries, tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) could serve as an alternative. To date, there have been limited studies evaluating the use of xylazine in combination with TZ (XTZ) administered via CRI to maintain surgical anesthesia in equine field practice. Objective: To compare the effectiveness and safety of XTZ infusion with the classical XKG protocol for field anesthesia. Methods: Twelve ...
Seroprevalence, risk factors and hematological parameters associated with Equine Infectious Anemia from Casanare, Colombia. Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a persistent lentiviral disease with important sanitary and economic implications in tropical regions; however, epidemiological information in Colombia remains limited. Objective: To estimate seroprevalence, identify risk factors, and evaluate hematological alterations associated with EIA in horses from Casanare, Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 1,228 horses from 204 production units across 121 rural districts. Serological diagnosis was performed using agar gel immunodiffusion. Demographic and management data were obtained through an epidem...
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response and glucose homeostasis during exercise to fatigue before and after training in old and young adult Standardbred mares. While reduced cortisol responses to exercise have been described in older horses, the effects of aging and training on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and downstream metabolic signaling are currently unknown. Unassigned: This study tested the hypothesis that age and exercise training alter the response of the HPA axis, insulin, and glucose during an acute exercise challenge to fatigue. Methods: Six old (22.0±0.7 years) and six young adult (7.3±0.6 years) unfit Standardbred mares were tested. Mares ran a graded exercise test before (GXT1) and after (GXT2) 8 weeks of trainin...
Oxidative Stress and Immunomarkers in Equine Dermal Melanomatosis: Single-Case Comparison with Healthy Individual. Dermal melanomatosis is a common tumor in grey horses, characterized by cutaneous/subcutaneous lesions with metastatic potential. While clinically well-described, oxidative stress involvement remains poorly understood. This case report compared oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes' activities in total protein extracts from melanomatosis lesions (grey horse) versus healthy control skin (black horse), alongside histopathology and immunohistochemistry, to correlate oxidative imbalance and tumor behavior. Melanomatosis tissue exhibited decreased antioxidant defenses confirmed by catala...
Combined effects of pre-freeze cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin and post-thaw pentoxifylline on the functional longevity of cryopreserved stallion sperm. Cryopreservation causes structural and metabolic damage to stallion spermatozoa, impairing post-thaw functional competence. Objective: This study evaluated whether cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) supplementation before freezing, combined with pentoxifylline (PTX) after thawing, improves the functional quality, oxidative status, mitochondrial activity, and preliminary fertility outcomes of cryopreserved stallion semen. Methods: Semen from twelve stallions was assigned to four CLC concentrations (0, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg), frozen, thawed, and divided into subgroups with or without PTX supplemen...
In-Hand Training of Piaffe and Passage with Leg Stimulation: A Literature-Based Biomechanical Argument for Why This Method Fails to Produce True Collection. In-hand training of piaffe and passage via tactile leg stimulation (Handarbeit mit Touchieren) is widely practised in dressage, yet consistently produces horses that elevate their legs without achieving collection - a pattern termed Schenkelgänger (leg-movers) in classical German equitation. Based on published kinetic, kinematic, and electromyographic literature, this review argues that tactile leg stimulation activates the spinal nociceptive withdrawal reflex, an unloading movement mechanistically opposed to the elastic tendon rebound and ventral muscular chain activation that define true co...
Plasma and Urinary Concentrations of Synephrine in Horses Following Controlled Oral Administration. Synephrine is a sympathomimetic alkaloid of regulatory interest in both horse racing and equestrian sports, where feed‑related exposure may lead to its detection in equine blood and urine. This study characterized plasma and urinary concentrations of synephrine in horses following controlled oral administration. Six Thoroughbred horses received single oral doses of 100 mg or 800 mg synephrine, and blood and urine samples were collected sequentially. Each sample was analyzed both before and after β‑glucuronidase hydrolysis, demonstrating that synephrine was present predominantly as conjuga...
Equine upper limb kinematics: Comparison between biplanar high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography and optoelectronic motion capture in one Mini Shetland Pony. There are no studies describing the kinematics of the proximal limb skeleton in living equids. In horses like in all other therian mammals studied so far, the scapula rotates around an instantaneous center of rotation rather than a fixed pivot point, which increases the susceptibility of skin marker-based methods to inaccuracies. Objective: The aim of the study was to describe the skeletal movement of the proximal equine limb and to overcome limitations traditionally associated with skin marker displacement errors. Methods: Optoelectronic motion capture (OMC) and biplanar high-speed fluoroscop...
Platelet indices’ dynamic in broodmares: Effects of parity and lactation. Lactation and parity are physiological factors influencing platelet (PLT) indices, yet their combined effects in mares remain poorly characterized. As a dynamic process, lactation involves metabolic and endocrine changes that may influence thrombopoiesis; therefore, reproductive history and lactation stage may modulate PLT indices. Objective: To characterize longitudinal platelet (PLT) indices during early lactation in mares and evaluate the influence of parity on thrombopoietic responses. Methods: Fifty-five clinically healthy Spanish Purebred mares were included (20 primiparous and 25 multip...
When genes meet money: Genotype-by-prize interaction in Quarter Horses. Barrel racing performance reflects a complex interplay among genetic merit, rider ability, training strategies, and competition-specific conditions. In practice, events differ substantially in their economic scale, and prize money can serve as a proxy for management intensity, rider expertise, and selection pressure. Objective: This study investigated whether economic stratification, represented by total prize money per event, is associated with changes in (co)variance components for barrel racing time in Brazilian Quarter Horses. Methods: A reaction-norm model was implemented using 349,262 ra...
Factors Influencing Equine Embryo Outcomes in OPU‑ICSI Systems: Insights from a Large‑Scale Program in Brazil. Equine OPU‑ICSI supports commercial IVEP, yet substantial variability persists. We retrospectively analyzed a large dataset generated in Brazil spanning Quarter Horses, Warmbloods, and Mangalarga to evaluate whether predictors previously identified in the literature show comparable patterns under distinct ecological and breeding conditions. Overall oocyte and embryo outcomes were aligned with broadly reported trends from previous studies. Oocytes retrieved from estrous mares bearing a dominant follicle exhibited higher maturation and blastocyst rates. Stallion effects segregated into distinc...
Sixty minutes of daily solitary turnout improved physiological and behavioral indicators of stress and welfare in stall-housed horses. Housing horses in stalls restricts natural roaming behaviors, which in turn increases stress and stereotypic behaviors. Daily turnout for voluntary exercise is common for stress mitigation, but there is no consensus for optimal duration of turnout sessions. Objective: We sought to understand how minimal and moderate-duration daily turnout affects behavioral and physiological stress indicators. Methods: In a Latin-square design, adult Quarter horses (N=11) were allowed 0, 15, or 60 minutes/day of solitary turnout for 12-day periods. In-stall behaviors and 24-hour time budgets were assessed on d...
Effects of Nebulized Alpha-2 Macroglobulin in Horses with Lower Airway Inflammation. Equine asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease with limited safe long-term treatments. Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), a natural anti-inflammatory protease inhibitor, may provide a novel non-steroidal therapeutic option for horses with lower respiratory tract inflammation. Objective: To characterize the impact of nebulization with alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) on clinical signs, bronchoalveolar lavage cytology, and local and systemic cytokine response in horses with lower respiratory tract inflammation. Methods: Thirteen university-owned horses with lower airway inflammation were randomized...
Genetic Diversity in Domestic Horses: Temporal Patterns, the Influence of Assisted Reproductive Technologies, and Implications for the American Quarter Horse. Genetic diversity is the heritable variation within and among populations and is essential for the long-term health and selection potential of domestic horses. Previous studies show diversity across breeds is shaped by effective population size, founder events, artificial selection, and levels of inbreeding. While some closed-studbook breeds retain moderate genetic diversity, others have experienced rapid losses due to popular-sire effects and recent and extensive inbreeding. Even so, mare lines continue to help maintain genetic diversity within these populations. Assisted Reproductive Technol...
Short-term provision of moderate dietary starch alters fecal microbiota but does not exacerbate exercise-induced inflammation in yearling Quarter Horses. Energy-dense feeds commonly provided to equine athletes may be high in starch, which alter gastrointestinal microbiota and could promote systemic inflammation. Objective: To test the hypothesis that exercise-induced inflammation would be greater in horses receiving a starch- versus fiber-based concentrate. Methods: Quarter Horses (mean±SD 16±1mo; 337±30kg) received either a fiber-based control (CON; 7 fillies, 8 geldings) or an isocaloric, isonitrogenous starch concentrate (STARCH; 8 fillies, 7 geldings) for 24d. Fecal metagenomics were evaluated on d0 and 21. Blood inflammatory mediators w...
Fecal microbiota of weaned equine and mule foals grazing bermudagrass pastures. Weaning is a critical period in the lives of foals. After weaning, forage consumption represents a major challenge for both equine or mule foals. Objective: This study evaluated the fecal bacterial concentration, composition, diversity and differential abundance in weaned equine and mule foals under rotational grazing on Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) pasture. Methods: A randomized design was used with equine and mule foals grazing two rotations on three Bermudagrass cultivars (Coastcross, Florakirk, and Tifton-85). Pasture rotation occurred every 20 days. The first rotation was evaluated at 20, ...
The progression values of heart rate and biochemical plasma parameters during training of 3-years old warmblood stallions for breeding licensing. Physiological adaptation to training in young sport horses remains incompletely characterized, particularly during standardized preparation for breeding licensing. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular and plasma biochemical responses to acute exercise and long-term training in three-year-old Czech Warmblood stallions during standardized free jumping exercise. Methods: Thirteen Czech Warmblood stallions were monitored over a 112-day training period. Heart rate parameters (minimum, maximum, and mean) were recorded during standardized free jumping tests. Plasma biochemi...
Forage nutritive analysis in practical equine feeding: challenges and opportunities. Previous research has shown that forage nutritive analyses are not used to any large extent in equine nutrition. As forages differ widely in nutritional quality, knowledge of the nutritive value is essential to avoid under- or overfeeding of horses. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate how forage nutritive analyses were used among horse owners in Sweden, and to identify challenges horse owners encounter with such analyses. Methods: Data was collected through an online survey with questions about the respondent, access to forage analytical reports, if and how the respondent used ...
Phenotypic characterization through identification of gait and coat color phenotype of the Mountain Pleasure Horse. Phenotypic characterization of traits like gait and coat color is useful for minor breed identification and conservation. The Mountain Pleasure Horse (MPH) is a minor American breed as it is listed as threatened by the Livestock Conservancy. Objective: The study objective was to utilize phenotypic characterization for identifying gait and coat color phenotype of the MPH. Methods: Gait was characterized utilizing frame-by-frame analysis to identify spatiotemporal variables of purebred horses (n = 6) performing the flat walk and saddle rack. Coat color was characterized using coat color assi...
Achieving Success in Conventional Equine Embryo Transfer: A Practical Review. Equine embryo transfer is a well-established procedure in horse breeding programs and it's used to increase the number of offspring from valuable mares, obtain embryos from mares in competition and produce foals from mares unable to carry a pregnancy to term. The success of embryo recovery depends mainly on the day of flushing, management of insemination, and the fertility of donor mare and stallion. Other relevant factors include donor age and reproductive status, number of ovulations, operator experience, and flushing technique. Pregnancy rates after transfer are influenced by donor-recipien...
Mastication characterization of horses fed bermudagrass hay in a two-part field study. Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) is a common forage in the southeastern United States but remains controversial in equine diets due to reported associations with impaction colic. Reduced fiber digestibility has been proposed as a contributing factor, however differences in mastication of fine-stemmed bermudagrass hay have not been studied and may play a role in digestive disturbances. Objective: To compare chewing characteristics, including chews per unit weight and chews per minute, in horses consuming bermudagrass hay compared to other common hay types. Methods: Two studies were conducted....
Chromosomal chaos: understanding aneuploidy associated with assisted reproductive technologies. Pregnancy loss remains a significant challenge for the equine breeding industry, with substantial economic and management consequences. Chromosomal abnormalities have emerged as a central driver of pregnancy loss, particularly during early gestation, highlighting the need to better understand the etiology of this inherent genetic instability. Concurrently, the rapid expansion of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) offers promise for improving equine reproductive efficiency alongside the traditional practice of natural cover. However, the increasing use of in vitro embryo production (IVP) ...
Prevalence and spatial distribution of Brucella spp. seropositive equids from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease in equids, characterized by suppurative lesions in joints and bursae, with potential impacts on animal performance and public health. Objective: To investigate the prevalence and spatial distribution of Brucella spp. seropositive equids in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Methods: A total of 3,858 serum samples from 3,230 horses, 602 mules, and 26 donkeys were analyzed using the Buffered Acidified Antigen Test (AAT) and Complement Fixation Test (CFT), following Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture guidelines. Samples were obtained from all municipaliti...
Evaluation of a canine Coll2-1 ELISA kit for use in equine serum and its correlation with radiographic joint disease. This study evaluated an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Coll2-1, a peptide fragment of type II collagen released during cartilage degradation in horses using a kit originally developed for dogs. Objective: The objectives of this study were to: 1) assess the analytical applicability of the canine Coll2-1 ELISA in equine serum and 2) explore the correlations between Coll2-1 concentrations and radiographic scores of osteoarthritis (OA) in horses. Methods: Twelve Lusitano stallions, of similar age and workload but presenting different radiographic scores were include...
Maternal age-related changes in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and electrolyte homeostasis during equine pregnancy. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a key role in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis during pregnancy. In humans and laboratory animals, maternal age has been shown to modulate RAAS activity, potentially altering the secretion of renin (REN), angiotensin II (ANG-II), and aldosterone (ALD), thereby influencing sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) regulation. Objective: To evaluate whether maternal age influences RAAS activity in pregnant mares. Methods: Forty-five Spanish Purebred mares were monitored monthly over 11 months of pregnancy and categorized into three age groups: You...
Cracks in the ice: biological challenges and incremental progress in equine oocyte vitrification. Equine oocyte vitrification could enhance the flexibility of in vitro embryo production, yet developmental competence remains reduced. Only vitrification of oocytes matured in vivo yields foaling rates comparable to fresh oocytes. Recent advances in vitrification at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, supported by systematic comparisons of cryoprotective agents and exposure times, has enabled consistent blastocyst production and birth of several foals. Comparative studies of GV and metaphase II (MII) stages suggest biological advantages of vitrification after in vitro maturation (IVM), warranting...
Epidemiological evidence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in horses at a global level (years 2015 to 2025): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease with clinical consequences and potential sequelae in horses. Objective: To estimate the pooled global seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in horses, detected with the Microscopic Agglutination Test, the frequency by serogroups and serovars, the geographical distribution of studies and the main reported clinical signs and organic manifestations through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted for cross-sectional epidemiologic studies published between 2015 and 2025. The risk of bias was determined...
The “gait keeper” mutation does not influence gait scores in Pêga donkeys: a preliminary result. The DMRT3 "gait keeper" mutation is a major determinant of locomotor patterns in horses, but its role in donkeys remains unclear. This study evaluated the association between this polymorphism and gait performance in Pêga donkeys, a breed selected for gaited locomotion. A total of 260 animals were phenotyped for gait scores and genotyped by PCR-sequencing targeting exon 2 of DMRT3. All individuals were homozygous for the wild-type allele (CC), and the mutant A allele was not detected. The monomorphism precludes any association with gait scores, possibly indicating that this DMRT3 mutation has...
Bacteroides fragilis – an overlooked cause of abortion in the mare? A near late-term pregnant mare developed purulent vaginal discharge, fever and peripheral edema. Preterm foaling was medically induced, and the mare delivered a weak foal that was subsequently euthanized. Necropsy revealed an extensive, severe allantochoroiditis affecting the entire corpus segment. Necrosuppurative choroiditis with multiple colonies of gram-negative bacilli and suppurative bronchioalveolitis was found at histology. Anaerobic culture of the chorion revealed a mixed culture clearly dominated by Bacteroides fragilis. B. fragilis has not previously been associated with abortion in...
Aqua training promotes changes of skeletal muscle mass in show jumping horses. The correct prescription of aquatic treadmill training for equine athletes depends on understanding the muscular changes generated by working in the water. Objective: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the inclusion of a water treadmill in a routine training protocol would alter muscle mass of show jumping horses. Methods: Six fit-to-compete horses were trained for 10 weeks with a water treadmill (twice a week, 20 minutes, water level at the carpus), in addition to regular physical exercise. Body composition, infrared thermography (IRT) of propulsive muscles (m. brachiocepha...
