Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice.
Publisher:
W.B. Saunders,
Frequency: Three no. a year
Country: United States
Language: English
Start Year:1985 -
ISSN:
0749-0739 (Print)
1558-4224 (Electronic)
0749-0739 (Linking)
1558-4224 (Electronic)
0749-0739 (Linking)
Impact Factor
1.1
2022
| NLM ID: | 8511904 |
| (DNLM): | SR0053812(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 11078671 |
| LCCN: | sn 84006968 |
| Classification: | W1 VE929F |
Regional anesthesia. Organ toxicity from local anesthetic agents is rare. This makes these agents an attractive option in the high-risk patient. Complications associated with local anesthetics are related to overdosage. Overdosage with local anesthetic agents administered epidurally may cause motor paralysis and hind-limb weakness. Systemic signs of local anesthetic overdosage include changes in central nervous system activity (excitement or depression), muscle tremors, and hypotension. Because the dose required to produce these effects in the horse is high (12 mg/kg), this complication is uncommon. Few side effec...
Local anesthetic techniques for diagnosis of lameness. Successful diagnostic local anesthesia is dependent upon a thorough knowledge of appendicular anatomy, application of correct technique, and accurate interpretation. Use of cadaver specimens to review anatomy and practice needle placement is strongly recommended. A marker solution, such as new methylene blue, can be injected into cadaver limbs, which can be subsequently dissected to verify accuracy. Detailed interpretation of local anesthetic blocks in the lame horse reaches beyond the scope of this article. Interpretive difficulties, however, can be responsible for the failure of a block to p...
Intravenous anesthesia. Anticholinergics, tranquilizers, and sedative-hypnotics are the usual agents used for preanesthetic sedation of the horse. Of these drugs, the anticholinergics are of little importance in the horse. Acepromazine is the most useful and widely used tranquilizer, whereas xylazine is a safe and popular sedative. A newer sedative recently made available to the veterinarian for clinical use in horses is detomidine. Thiobarbiturates are seldom used alone any longer but are still useful when combined with guaifenesin for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Other, more contemporary drug combinatio...
Management of anesthesia in the foal. Several unique pharmacologic and physiologic factors must be considered when attempting to anesthetize premature or neonatal foals. Juvenile foals are similar to adults in their physiology and metabolism. Anesthetic drug and protocol selection should reflect the differences between these two age groups. Neonates are best anesthetized using an inhalation technique, whereas older foals can be safely anesthetized with either parenteral or inhalation anesthetic agents. Careful monitoring is absolutely essential when anesthetizing foals. The clinician should plan to routinely administer fluids and ...
Use of halothane and isoflurane in the horse. When compared with halothane, isoflurane has several distinct characteristics. Vaporizer settings are higher because of its lower potency. Respiratory rates will be slower, and intraoperative changes in depth and recovery from surgical depth of anesthesia will be more rapid, although total recovery times frequently will not be different. Halothane and isoflurane appear similar in their effects on ocular reflexes and mean arterial blood pressure. Recovery from isoflurane should be managed to provide added sedation or physical support if the horse attempts to stand prematurely.
General clinical considerations for anesthesia of the horse. The peculiarities of the equine species present a number of unique situations that must be addressed when horses are anesthetized. Perhaps the most troublesome situation is related to the horse's size. Though the horse's large lungs are responsible in part for its sustainable athletic ability, they are detrimental to effective ventilation when the horse is anesthetized and placed in a recumbent position. Of major concern is depression of ventilation and cardiovascular function. Hypercapnia and hypoxemia usually result from hypoventilation, and with time all anesthetized horses suffer from some...
Neuromuscular blocking agents in equine anesthesia. In summary, neuromuscular blocking agents can be used safely and to advantage in equine anesthesia. Muscle-relaxant use in equine anesthesia has been helped by the development of new relaxants such as atracurium, which has a reliable and reproducible duration of action. There are certain cases that benefit particularly by the use of relaxants but their use is not limited to these cases. These cases involve horses that experience persistent movement and hypotension during anesthesia, are undergoing ophthalmic or abdominal surgery or fracture repair, or are severely ill. Horses receiving muscle ...
Equipment for inhalation anesthesia. Inhalation anesthesia has three requirements: delivery of oxygen, delivery of an appropriate concentration of a volatile anesthetic agent, and removal of carbon dioxide. Halothane and isoflurane are the most commonly used anesthetic agents. They are usually delivered with a semiclosed circle system using an out-of-the-circuit vaporizer. Carbon dioxide is eliminated by chemical absorption and by flow of excess oxygen and waste anesthetic agent through the pop-off valve. These gases should be scavenged to prevent room contamination. A variety of ancillary equipment is available to assist the ane...
Monitoring equine anesthesia. In conclusion, monitoring the depth of anesthesia plays an integral role in the anesthetic regimen. Although the use of sophisticated monitoring equipment has replaced some of the art of anesthesia and made assessment of depth of anesthesia more precise, a vigilant clinician still needs to serve as the animal's advocate. He or she must gather the data that are generated by machines, acquire data that monitoring equipment cannot obtain, assimilate all the facts, and make appropriate changes in anesthetic management.
General anesthesia for horses with specific problems. We have discussed anesthetic techniques, special considerations, and expected complications involved in anesthetizing horses for abdominal, orthopedic, and head and neck surgery, and myelography and have described expected physiologic dysfunction that may require changes in anesthetic technique or supportive measures. The objective is high-quality patient care and reduction in anesthesia-related morbidity and death.
Supportive therapy in the anesthetized horse. In conclusion, vigilant supportive care is necessary to prevent morbidity and death in the anesthetized horse. Because some of the equipment and drugs are specialized and the consequences of some postanesthetic complications are severe, availability of those items must be confirmed prior to anesthesia. Proper positioning and padding will help to reduce the incidence of postanesthetic myopathy-neuropathy syndrome in these large patients. Adequate tissue perfusion is important and can be achieved by controlling anesthetic depth, increasing intravascular volume with fluid administration, and by a...
Molds, mycotoxins, and mycotoxicosis. Interest in mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in humans and animals has greatly increased in recent years. Horses have long been considered very susceptible to molds. The signs, treatment, and prevention of several conditions, such as leukoencephalomalacia, aflatoxicosis, ergotism, fescue toxicity, slobbering disease, ryegrass staggers, and moldy sweet clover disease, are discussed.
Dietary aspects of developmental orthopedic disease in young horses. The clinician may choose between two approaches to nutritional intervention. One is to evaluate the ration and make a painstaking effort to identify those specific factors operating in a particular case, then correct them. The second is to evaluate the ration, inspect for obvious aberrations, and, if finding none, proceed with no further delay to formulate an optimal diet, or a series, for the animals, and design a feeding program to suit farm management. Veterinarians should counsel clients on the possible or probable consequences of level of feeding on growth rate and clinical expression of ...
A conceptual approach to optimal nutrition of brood mares. Cumulative nutritional demands on good brood mares are unrivalled among domestic livestock, but little attention has been given to the influence of nutrition on their reproductive performance and efficiency. We suggest that part of the decline in racing performance of progeny of mares over 10 years of age may be caused by suboptimal nutrition. This article contrasts the concepts of minimal and optimal nutrient requirements, revives Hammond's concept of nutrient partitioning to the conceptus and mammary gland, and discusses energy and nutrient requirements during gestation and lactation. Furthe...
Feed additives and contaminants as a cause of equine disease. The equine practitioner often encounters serious diagnostic and therapeutic challenges regarding the specific origin of a disease. Such challenges may occur when horses become unaccountably ill after consuming what was thought to be acceptable feed but which in fact was contaminated or contained additives intended for other species. Examples of such additives and contaminants are monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, blister beetles, and such antimicrobics as lincomycin and clindamycin.
Feeding and digestive problems in horses. Physiologic responses to a concentrated meal. The association of feeding practices with the development of digestive disorders in horses has long been recognized, although the underlying mechanisms had been barely considered. The physiologic consequences of meal frequency may help to explain the relationship and prove to be of major significance in the induction of many conditions. Many Equidae kept for performance and leisure activities are fed high-energy, low-forage rations twice daily, with limited access to hay or grazing. Rapid ingestion of such meals stimulates a copious outpouring of upper alimentary secretions and results in tran...
Environmental effects on thermoregulation and nutrition of horses. Horses are reared in all types of weather. Temperatures as diverse as -40 degrees C to 40 degrees C are tolerated by horses. The nutrient requirement most influenced by cold weather is energy. In cold weather, feeding good quality hays free-choice is usually sufficient for mature horses in good body condition. Grain may have to be fed when poor quality hays are used. Hot weather (greater than 30 degrees C) necessitates heat loss to maintain body core temperature. Horses sweat to reduce body heat. Heat stress can be minimized by feeding diets that reduce the heat increment. Use of grain and fat...
Mineral and vitamin intoxication in horses. Horses are subject to poisoning from many sources. This article considers poisonings from minerals and vitamins of nutritional significance and from minerals as environmental contaminants.
Ingestive behavior. In summary, horses spend 60% or more of their time eating when grazing or when feed is available free choice. Grasses are their preferred food, but they supplement the grass with herbs and woody plants. Sweetened mixtures of oats and corn are the most preferred concentrate. Horses can increase or decrease the time spent eating and amount eaten to maintain caloric intake. Their intake is stimulated by drugs such as diazepam and by the presence of other horses. Horses stop eating when gastric osmolality increases; increases in plasma osmolality, protein, and glucose accompany digestion. Foals ea...
Nutrition and fuel utilization in the athletic horse. Substrate depletion and end product accumulation are two important factors in exercise fatigue. Fatigue during long-term exercise results from a depletion of muscle and liver glycogen and coincides with an inability to maintain blood glucose levels. During high intensity exercise, the rapid catabolism of carbohydrate and the resultant production of lactate and hydrogen ions cause a reduction in muscle pH that inhibits maximum force generation. Dietary manipulations that can influence carbohydrate status or lactate accumulation may be beneficial to performance. In human athletes, carbohydrate l...
Clinical nutrition of adult horses. Horses suffering from trauma, sepsis, and severe burns need 12% to 16% of protein (dry matter basis) in their diet. Since reduced appetite may be a problem, relatively energy dense (greater than 2 Mcal DE/kg) feeds should be offered. In hepatic failure, maintenance protein requirements (8% on a dry matter basis for adult horses) should be met with feeds that are high in short branched-chain amino acids and arginine but low in aromatic amino acids and tryptophan (for example, milo, corn, soybean, or linseed meal) in addition to grass hay. Vitamins A, C, and E should also be supplemented. In cas...
Electrolytes: clinical applications. Many factors can influence electrolytes in the horse. With the major electrolytes (sodium and potassium), alterations in serum or plasma values do not reflect changes in total body status. However, estimates of electrolyte alterations may be made by combining assessments of body weight changes with plasma sodium values by using the formula of Edelman et al. In planning electrolyte therapy, it has to be remembered that access to green feed or hay is important in correcting any total body potassium depletion and that diets marginal in sodium may interfere with exercise capacity by limiting sweat...
Lameness diagnosis and treatment in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Thoroughbred racehorses are susceptible to any and all of the commonly described conditions that affect soundness in the horse. This discussion does not include every conceivable ailment or orthopedic condition that afflicts these animals. Rather, it confines itself to a few specific conditions of the racing Thoroughbred that are either unique to their particular endeavor or so overwhelmingly important to a successful racing career that they must, of necessity, be discussed.
Clinical experience with quantitative analysis of superficial digital flexor tendon injuries in Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses. A method to quantitate as well as to document SDFT pathology has been described. This report indicates that computer-assisted evaluation of SDFT damage can improve the accuracy of prognosis in clinical practice. It would appear that a 3.8 severity rating is a limit past which prognosis for successful racing starts to worsen rapidly.
Pathologic findings and pathogenesis of racetrack injuries. Many lesions of the musculoskeletal system of racing horses are either acute traumatic lesions or are chronic biomechanically induced lesions that become suddenly unstable and provoke acute clinical signs. The latter lesions along with those of DJD are much more common and are of much greater overall economic importance to the racing industry than are the acute traumatic injuries. Chronic biomechanical lesions occur at predictable sites and are the result of an imbalance between repetitive microtrauma sustained in athletic performance and adaptive repair mechanisms of skeletal tissues. The dis...
Respiratory problems in the racehorse. Racetracks are ideal environments for the promotion of lower respiratory disease. The stabling is close and unclean, the population is nationally and internationally mobile, and the work the racehorse performs is traumatic to the respiratory tract. The running horse must complete a respiratory cycle with each stride. This relationship requires 130-150 breaths a minute in the running horse. Minute volume has been measured at 1300 L per minute and peak flow rates of 60 L/second in horses traveling at a modest 8 meters per second. As a comparison, the fastest running horse approaches 18 meters pe...
Orthopedic surgery in the racehorse. This article attempts to address what the authors consider to be the major orthopedic problems in the racehorse, with particular attention to their treatment and prognosis. These problems include fractures, osteochondral fragments, synovitis, degenerative joint disease, tendinitis, desmitis, osteochondritis dissecans, and subchondral cystic lesions of the joints.
Surgery of the upper respiratory tract in the racehorse. The authors discuss the surgical treatment of selected diseases of the upper airway of the racehorse. Although most of these conditions occur commonly and are easily diagnosed, their surgical management is often less straight-forward and may be surprisingly controversial. The authors' intent is to provide an overview of these problems and give some information regarding current treatment options.
