The veterinary journal.
Publisher:
Ballière Tindall,. London : Balliere Tindall
Frequency: Bimonthly
Country: England
Language: English
Start Year:1997 -
ISSN:
1090-0233 (Print)
1532-2971 (Electronic)
1090-0233 (Linking)
1532-2971 (Electronic)
1090-0233 (Linking)
Impact Factor
2.2
2022
| NLM ID: | 9706281 |
| (DNLM): | SR0090528(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 35196731 |
| LCCN: | sn96-2143 |
| Classification: | W1 BR771 |
Flow cytometric determination of oxidative burst activity of equine peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage-derived leucocytes. Flow cytometric techniques were developed for the evaluation of oxidative burst activity in equine peripheral blood neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as bronchoalveolar lavage derived pulmonary alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes. The oxidation of dichlorofluorescin was measured by the increased fluorescence of cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or a variety of other stimulants. Flow cytometry was a suitable method for the evaluation of the intracellular oxidation in all cell populations evaluated. Analysis was rapid and cell separation before analysis was not required. Hetero...
The flow cytometric evaluation of phagocytosis by equine peripheral blood neutrophils and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Flow cytometry was used to assess the phagocytosis of fluorescent-labelled bacteria by equine peripheral blood neutrophils and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Cell populations were prepared from venous blood following ammonium chloride lysis and from washed bronchoalveolar lavage derived samples. Discrete clusters of cells, corresponding to different leucocyte groups, were readily identified on the basis of differing light scattering properties and could thus be discriminated, negating the need for prior cell separation. Cells able to associate with fluorescent-labelled bacteria (by attachment...
Rehydration following exercise: effects of administration of water versus an isotonic oral rehydration solution (ORS). The effects of administering (1) 6L isotonic oral rehydration solution (ORS), similar in composition to plasma (except for an elevated potassium concentration) and with an osmotic skeleton and (2) 6L water (no osmotic skeleton), were evaluated in five thoroughbred horses following exercise-induced dehydration. The horses were exercised on a treadmill for 10 min at walk (1.7 m.s-1; approximately 15% VO2max), 40 min at trot (3.7 m.s-1; approximately 25% VO2max) and 10 min at walk (1.7 m.s-1; approximately 15% VO2max). Exercise was undertaken on a 3 degrees incline at 30 degrees C/80% RH. Solutio...
A case-control study of grass sickness (equine dysautonomia) in the United Kingdom. A case-control study was performed to investigate the epidemiology of grass sickness in the United Kingdom from 1992 to 1995. Data were collected by means of postal questionnaire when cases of grass sickness were identified. Sets of three questionnaires were posted to owners of, or veterinary surgeons attending, cases of grass sickness, with a request to provide information on the case, on one healthy animal on the same premises as the case and on another healthy animal on other premises. Controls were matched to cases by date of onset. After univariate analyses, the probability of grass sickn...
Scintigraphical evaluation of alveolar clearance in horses. This study proposed a standardized method for measuring alveolar epithelium membrane permeability in the horse. The normal rate of clearance (%.min-1) from lung into blood of nebulized 99mTc-DTPA has been established for healthy horses (Group A) compared with values obtained with horses suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; Group B). The 99mTc-DTPA clearance was measured in the caudoventral (R1) and in the half caudal (R2) parts of the left lung during different time intervals. The two regions aimed to define the influence of the airways on measured clearance (R2 containe...
Molecular analysis of the virulence determinants of Clostridium perfringens associated with foal diarrhoea. During an epidemiological study of foal diarrhoea, over half of the cases yielded Clostridium perfringens which was significantly associated with disease (Netherwood et al., 1996b). However, the association could not be accounted for by enterotoxigenic isolates which had a low prevalence (Netherwood et al., 1997). Nonetheless, we have hypothesized that the association may be caused by a pathogenic sub-population which would be significantly more common amongst C. perfringens-positive cases compared with C. perfringens-positive healthy controls if it acted as a pathogen when present. Conversely...
Plasma aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activities in thoroughbred racehorses in relation to age, sex, exercise and training. In order to investigate the effect of age, sex and month on the response of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) to exercise, blood samples were collected once a month between March and September from a group of 40 2- and 3-year-old (2yo and 3yo) thoroughbred racehorses (kept under the same managemental regimen) at rest before exercise (PRE) and at 2 (2H) and 24 h (24H) post-exercise. The absolute change in activities between the 2H and PRE samples (2H delta) and the 24H and PRE samples (24H delta) was also calculated. Age had a significant effect on all measured an...
The diagnosis of lameness associated with distal limb pathology in a horse: a comparison of radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. A cadaver limb from an eight-year-old horse with right forelimb lameness that was relieved with an intra-articular distal interphalangeal joint block was imaged with radiographs, spiral computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Spiral CT demonstrated several lucencies within the deep digital flexor tendon immediately proximal to the navicular bone. On MRI these areas had increased signal and there was enlargement of the tendon at this site. Effusion in the proximal interphalangeal joint and navicular bursa and thinning of the fibrocartilage of the navicular bone were also ...
Equinins in equine neutrophils: quantification in tracheobronchial secretions as an aid in the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary disease. Equinins are a closely related group of proteins found in equine neutrophil granules. They demonstrate proteinase inhibiting activity restricted to microbial proteinase K and subtilisin, and they also possess antibacterial and antiviral properties. Antiproteinase K activity was measured in tracheobronchial secretions (TBS) of horses with mild (n = 15), moderate (n = 30) and severe (n = 16) chronic pulmonary disease, to determine its usefulness as an indicator of severity of disease and to measure neutrophil content. Determination of proteinase K inhibiting activity was based on a colorimetric ...
Induced diarrhoea in horses. Part 1: Fluid and electrolyte balance. Sodium, potassium and water balance, and measurements of acid-base status, haematocrit, packed cell volume and plasma total protein, were studied in four adult standardbred geldings following castor oil induced diarrhoea. Castor oil (2 mL kg-1) administration resulted in signs consistent with mild to moderate acute colitis. The total (combined faecal and urinary losses) losses of sodium and potassium ions were 2169 and 2864 mmol, respectively. Faeces constituted the major route for sodium loss, while urine was the major route for potassium loss at all times. Faecal dry matter potassium concent...
A preliminary study on the role of the equine guttural pouches in selective brain cooling. The equine guttural pouch is a large, air-filled diverticulum of the auditory tube whose function is not clear. Since the horse does not possess a known, well-developed brain-cooling mechanism that could satisfy cerebral thermoregulatory demands, an hypothesis is proposed that respiratory air enters the guttural pouches, when needed, to ventilate and cool the internal carotid arteries (ICA). Experiments were initially carried out on nine cadavers, where blood flow was mimicked with warmed saline propelled by peristaltic pumps. Subsequent experiments were conducted on an anaesthetized horse whe...
Induced diarrhoea in horses. Part 2: Response to administration of an oral rehydration solution. Hydration status, electrolyte balance and acid-base balance were studied in four adult standardbred geldings with castor oil-induced diarrhoea. The horses received an oral rehydration solution (ORS) at a point when signs consistent with mild decreases in effective circulating fluid volume were first detected. Within 1.5 h of ORS administration, all horses exhibited a significant metabolic acidosis. At this time, mean values for venous blood pH, [HCO3], and standard base excess were 7.264 +/- 0.011, 17.7 +/- 0.3 mmol L-1, and -8.2 +/- 0.4 mmol L-1, respectively. Throughout the duration of the s...
Effect of a set stabled environmental control on pulmonary function and airway reactivity of COPD affected horses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the respiratory function of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) when maintained in a barn on wood shavings and fed grass silage for a period of 6 weeks. The mechanics of breathing, blood gas analysis and bronchial reactivity were examined on five horses with COPD at the end of the environment-controlled period (Period B) and the results compared with values obtained after 2 months at pasture (Period A) and after the onset of clinical signs of acute crisis (Period C). The results showed that clinical and functional parameters w...
Chronic recombinant equine somatotropin (eST) administration does not affect aerobic capacity or exercise performance in geriatric mares. The purpose of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that chronic (89 days) administration of recombinant equine somatotropin (eST) would increase aerobic capacity and improve exercise performance in old mares. Fifteen, healthy, unfit, aged (20-26 year old) mares were randomly assigned to a treatment (eST, 12.5 mg day-1 in 3 ml glycine/manitol buffer, s.c., n = 7) or control (vehicle, 3 ml day-1, s.c., n = 8) group. Aerobic capacity and exercise performance were measured using a standardized exercise test (SET) performed on a high speed treadmill. Tests were conducted before (-21 days), d...
Effects of administration of water versus an isotonic oral rehydration solution (ORS) at rest and changes during exercise and recovery. The administration of 41 of an isotonic, plasma-like oral rehydration solution (ORS) with an osmotic skeleton and 41 of water (water; no osmotic skeleton), were evaluated in five thoroughbred horses. Solutions were administered by nasogastric tube 4 h after feeding. Uptake of deuterium, concentrations of plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, total protein and packed cell volume, pH, PCO2, HCO3-, total CO2, actual base excess, standard base excess, plasma volume and weight loss were assessed both at rest, and during and after exercise on a treadmill. Each horse underwent four experimenta...
Association between plasma vitamin E concentration and the risk of equine motor neuron disease. Equine motor neuron disease (EMND) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the somatic lower motor neurons that results in a syndrome of diffuse neuromuscular disease in the adult horse. The aetiology of this disorder is unknown, although prior studies have suggested that a deficiency in the lipid antioxidant vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) contributes to the development of EMND. This paper describes a case-control study designed to investigate the association between plasma vitamin E levels and the risk of EMND for horses. Signalment, plasma vitamin E levels at the time of referral, and information r...
Aerosol therapy in the equine species. Inhalation therapy plays an increasing role in the management of equine respiratory disorders. This alternative to systematic treatment permits a high concentration of medication to act locally while minimizing side effects and residues. In human medicine, literature in this field is prolific and continuously renewed, whereas in veterinary medicine, applications of aerosol therapy are less extensive. This review considers the principles of action of the different types of devices used for inhalation, i.e., nebulization, metered-dose inhalation and dry powder inhalation, describes the technical...
Airway response of horses with COPD to dry powder inhalation of ipratropium bromide. To determine the effects of the dry powder inhalation (DPI) of ipratropium bromide (ipratropium) on the airways of health horses and the dose-response curve in horses suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by means of pulmonary function tests, five healthy horses were first studied. Ipratropium (2400 micrograms ipratropium horse-1) was contained in gelatine capsules and administered using a dry powder device connected to an adapted face mask. Pulmonary function tests were recorded before inhalation and 15 and 60 min after inhalation. No modification of pulmonary function w...
Equine dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis)–histological findings and type VI collagen localization. This study describes (1) the histological appearance of dyschondroplasia, the primary lesion of osteochondrosis, in articular cartilage of the horse and (2) the localization of type VI collagen which is an important constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Dyschondroplastic cartilage was identified on the basis of the presence of cartilage cores (i.e., cartilage extending into the subchondral bone) and confirmed with subsequent histological examination. Full-thickness cartilage samples from 57 horses were collected and paraffin embedded. Histological examination was used to examine the n...
Functional anatomy observations of the pharyngeal orifice of the equine guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum). The pharyngeal orifice of the equine auditory tube has not been adequately described. Its larger size and position, further rostral within the nasopharynx compared with other species, cannot be easily explained, but could be important for the proposed brain-cooling function of the guttural pouches; however, unlike other species, it may not be the sole regulator of auditory tube aeration. A 'second orifice' (representing the final entrance to the auditory tube diverticulum) deserves recognition in performing a role in air exchange between the auditory tube, diverticulum and middle ear. The resu...
Herpesviral abortion in domestic animals. Abortion or neonatal disease may follow infection with several alpha, beta and gamma-herpesviruses. The alpha-herpesvirus, equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), causes single or epizootic abortions or neonatal deaths in equids, and the closely related virus EHV-4 causes sporadic equine abortions. In cattle, the alpha-herpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) and bovine herpesvirus-5 (bovine encephalitis virus), and a gamma-herpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus-4, have all been implicated as causes of abortion. In pigs, suid herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1: pseudorabies virus), an alp...
Oxidant injury, nitric oxide and pulmonary vascular function: implications for the exercising horse. The athletic ability of the horse is facilitated by vital physiological adaptations to high-intensity exercise, including a thin (but strong) pulmonary blood-gas barrier, a large pulmonary functional reserve capacity and a consequent maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) far higher than in other species. A high pulmonary artery pressure also serves to enhance pulmonary function, although stress failure of lung capillaries at high pulmonary transmural pressures, and the contribution of other factors which act in the exercising horse to increase pulmonary vascular tone, may lead to pathological or path...
Thermoregulation in sick foals aged less than one week. Metabolic rate, rectal temperature Tr and respiratory quotient (RQ) were determined in 16 sick foals, aged 0-182 h. The foals were categorized into three groups: premature, dysmature or those suffering from neonatal maladjustment syndrome. The mean metabolic rate of the premature foals was 71 watts per unit area of body surface (W m(-2)), significantly lower than that of the other two groups. The overall mean metabolic rate for the sick foals was 82 W m(-2), about 25% below that of healthy foals of similar age. Air temperature (Ta) was 9.5-26.3 degrees C, and several foals shivered despite the...