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Topic:Anesthesia

Anesthesia in horses involves the administration of drugs to induce a temporary loss of sensation or consciousness, facilitating surgical procedures and other medical interventions. This complex process requires a deep understanding of equine physiology and pharmacology to ensure the safety and well-being of the animal. Anesthesia in horses can be challenging due to their size, temperament, and unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Common anesthetic agents used in equine practice include inhalants like isoflurane and sevoflurane, as well as injectable drugs such as ketamine and xylazine. The management of anesthesia in horses also involves careful monitoring of vital signs and the use of supportive measures to prevent complications such as hypotension, hypoventilation, and post-anesthetic myopathy. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the techniques, advancements, and clinical outcomes associated with anesthesia in equine medicine.
Letter: Postoperative lameness after the use of halothane as a general anaesthetic in horses.
Australian veterinary journal    May 1, 1976   Volume 52, Issue 5 244 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1976.tb00095.x
Frobes JR.No abstract available
Proceedings: Assessment of myocardial function in conscious and anaesthetized ponies.
The Journal of physiology    March 1, 1976   Volume 256, Issue 1 22P-23P 
Hillidge CJ, Lees P.No abstract available
Concentration of prostaglandins F in uterine venous plasma of anesthetized mares during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy.
Prostaglandins    February 1, 1976   Volume 11, Issue 2 251-260 doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(76)90148-9
Douglas RH, Ginther OJ.Prostaglandins F were quantitated by radioimmunoassay in uterine venous plasma of anesthetized mares on day 7 of estrus, days 2, 6, 10, 14 or 18 of diestrus and days 10, 14 or 18 of pregnancy. The PGF concentration was greater (P less than .01) at day 14 of diestrus than at all other days studied. The concentrations at days 10 and 18 of diestrus and at days 10, 14 and 18 of pregnancy were greater (P less than .05) than at day 7 of estrus and days 2 and 6 of diestrus. PGF concentrations at days 10 and 14 were greater (P less than .01) for diestrous than for pregnant mares.
Surgical repair of a fistula of the urethral diverticulum in a horse.
Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC    January 1, 1976   Volume 71, Issue 1 96 
Munger RJ, Meagher DM.No abstract available
[Determination of blood-gas and acid-base relationships in the horse during fluothane anesthesia with special reference to comparison of arterial and venous blood].
Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde    December 1, 1975   Volume 117, Issue 12 713-730 
Skarda R.No abstract available
Equine joint surgery in the standing position.
Veterinary medicine, small animal clinician : VM, SAC    November 1, 1975   Volume 70, Issue 11 1293-1296 
Johnston G.No abstract available
Proceedings: Influence of etorphine acepromazine and diprenorphine on respiratory function in ponies.
British journal of pharmacology    October 1, 1975   Volume 55, Issue 2 269P 
Hillidge CJ, Lees P.No abstract available
[The systolic blood pressure during fluothane anesthesia in horses].
Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift    October 1, 1975   Volume 88, Issue 19 365-367 
Neumann H, Wintzer HJ.No abstract available
Aspects of respiration in anaesthetized newborn foals.
Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement    October 1, 1975   Issue 23 681-684 
Littlejohn A.The arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in clinically normal newborn foals at 1300 m above sea-level is considerably lower (less than 60 mmHg) than in similarly aged foals at lower altitudes. This figure is further reduced to less than 50 mmHg without adverse effect in newborn foals at 1300 m maintained under pentobarbitone anaesthesia for prolonged periods. Measurement of O2 dissociation curves indicates that haemoglobin becomes saturated at a lower blood O2 tension in newborn foals than adult horses.
The use of intravascular catheters for long-term studies on the mare and fetus.
Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement    October 1, 1975   Issue 23 583-588 
Comline RS, Hall LW, Lavelle R, Silver M.Methods developed for the insertion of catheters into the umbilical artery and vein and the uterine vein of the pregnancy mare are described. The technique requires careful anaesthesia and the maintenance of normal blood gas tensions, pH and arterial blood pressure. Fetal survival was variable: three mares delivered live foals and six fetuses survived more than 15 days with a maximal period of 41 days. The erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) of the fetal foal was always very low at operation but subsequently increased slightly; a sudden large rise in ESR usually indicated imminent fetal deat...
Cardiopulmonary effects of positive end-expiratory pressure in anesthetized horses.
American journal of veterinary research    October 1, 1975   Volume 36, Issue 10 1435-1438 
Beadle RE, Robinson NE, Sorenson PR.The cardiopulmonary effects of 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm of H2O positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) were determined in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing horses, using a 4 by 4 Latin-square design with one repetition. Cardiac output, alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference, alveolar ventilation, dead space/tidal volume ratio, and carbon dioxide elimination were not significantly altered by the procedure. As PEEP was increased, alveolar and arterial oxygen tensions, respiratory exchange ratio, and pH decreased, whereas arterial carbon dioxide tension and oxygen consumption increased. Thes...
Evaluation of xylazine as a sedative and preanesthetic agent in horses.
American journal of veterinary research    October 1, 1975   Volume 36, Issue 10 1421-1429 
McCashin FB, Gabel AA.Xylazine administered intramuscularly (IM) to horses at the dose level of 2 mg/kg was an effective sedative and preanesthetic for thiamylal sodium narcosis or thiamylal sodium and halothane anesthesia. Evaluation of response of cardiovascular, respiratory, and hepatic function did not indicate serious untoward effects, although cardiac and respiratory rate decreased, calculated vigor of left ventricular contraction decreased, calculated peripheral vascular resistance increased, and transient innocuous cardiac arrhythmias occurred. Effects of the anesthetics used on respiratory function (blood ...
Positive end-expiratory pressure in anaesthetized spontaneously breathing horses.
British journal of anaesthesia    August 1, 1975   Volume 47, Issue 8 819-824 doi: 10.1093/bja/47.8.819
Hall LW, Trim CM.Horses breathing spontaneously under halothane anaesthesia were subjected to expiratory resistance by the introduction of a water-trap into the expiratory limb of a circle absorber. Resistances of 10 and 20 cm H2O produced no significant increase in PaO2 (P greater than 0.05) during halothane/air and halothane/oxygen anaesthesia. The imposition of resistance was associated with an increase in PaCO2 and a significant increase in mixed venous PCO2. In three animals subjected to 20 cm H2O resistance under halothane/air anaesthesia, the cardiac output was reduced (P less than 0.01). It was conclud...
Vascular responses in the equine digit.
American journal of veterinary research    August 1, 1975   Volume 36, Issue 08 1249-1253 
Robinson NE, Dabney JM, Weidner WJ, Jones GA, Scott JB.The digital circulation was isolated in 12 ponies under pentobarbital anesthesia. Blood flow was either controlled by a pump or measured under natural perfusion. The responses to rapid changes and stoppages of blood flow indicated no evidence of autoregulation or reactive hyperemia. Local administration of acetylcholine, histamine, and prostaglandins E1 and E2 decreased prevenous resistance, whereas epinephrine and serotonin caused prevenous constriction. Large doses of epinephrine and serotonin decreased venous caliber. The effects of prostaglandins A1 and F2alpha were variable. The equine di...
Papers and articles measurement of central venous pressure in horses.
The Veterinary record    July 26, 1975   Volume 97, Issue 4 66-69 doi: 10.1136/vr.97.4.66
Hall LW, Nigam JM.Central venous pressure measurements were made in 74 horses and ponies free from clinical evidence of cardiopulmonary disease. Using the sternal manubrium as the zero reference point, the mean value obtained was 12 cm H2O (S.D. +/- 6). There was a significant correlation with body weight (r=0.6, p less than 0.001) but there was none with age, sex, breed or type. During halothane anaesthesia, using the same reference point, the mean value was 24.5 cm H2O (S.D. +/- 6) in 28 animals in right lateral recumbency, 29 cm H2O (S.D. +/- 8) in 17 animals in left lateral recumbency and -6 cm H20 (S.D. +/...
Closure of ductus arteriosus determined by cardiac catheterization and angiography in newborn foals.
American journal of veterinary research    July 1, 1975   Volume 36, Issue 7 1021-1023 
Scott EA, Kneller SK, Witherspoon DM.The physiologic closure of the ductus areteriosus was determined in 4 foals less than 16 hours old. The common carotid artery was catheterized, using local anesthesia and tranquilization, and contrast medium was injected into the ascending aorta. Radiographs were made of heart and great vessels during and after the injection to visualize the pathway of injected contrast medium.
Influence of induced hypermagnesemia and hypocalcemia on neuromuscular blocking property of oxytetracycline in the horse.
American journal of veterinary research    July 1, 1975   Volume 36, Issue 7 1025-1028 
Bowen JM, McMullan WC.The neurally evoked contractile response of the upper lip muscles of horses anesthetized with halothane was used to evaluate the neuromuscular blocking property of oxytetracycline which was administered intravenously at total dose rate of 21 to 28 mg/kg. This dose rate did not alter the contractile response which had a mean control value (and standard error; SE) of 1.76 plus or minus 0.22 kg. Arterial blood pressure was not affected by these dose rates. Neuromuscular blocking effect of the antibiotic occurred when it was administered during partial neuromuscular blockade which had been induced...
The use of ultrasonic energy to vaporize anaesthetic liquids.
British journal of anaesthesia    May 1, 1975   Volume 47, Issue 5 541-545 doi: 10.1093/bja/47.5.541
Cabler P, Geddes LA, Rosborough J.Ultrasonic energy, provided by a commercially available water vaporizer, was used to vaporize methoxyflurane, halothane, and chloroform. The vaporizer was placed directly in the respiratory line, and the anaesthetic liquid was vaporized one drop at a time. Anaesthesia was maintained for periods up to 6 hr in horses, ponies, calves, sheep, dogs, and one pig. This method of vaporizing liquids is applicable to a wide variety of anaesthetics. It is easily controlled, and the same vaporizer can be used with a wide range of sizes of subjects. The vaporizer can be placed directly in the respiratory c...
Static pulmonary compliance in ponies.
Journal of applied physiology    April 1, 1975   Volume 38, Issue 4 657-660 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1975.38.4.657
Rawlings CA, Birnbaum ML, Bisgard GE.Static pulmonary and total compliance during expiration was measured in fifteen healthy anesthetized ponies. Mean body weight of the ponies was 140.6 kg and ranged from 83.6 to 211.4 kg. For the fifteen ponies, mean values and SD were: total compliance (Ct), 168.7 plus or minus 47.2 ml/CMH2O, and mean pulmonary compliance (Cl), 368.4 plus or minus 90.3 ml/cmH2O. Both Ct and Cl were significantly dependent on body weight, calculated surface area, height at the withers, and circumference about the chest. Repeatability of compliance measurement from day to day was confirmed by measuring complianc...
Post-operative management of equine abdominal patients.
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association    March 1, 1975   Volume 46, Issue 1 123-125 
Boles C.Adequate post-operative management of equine abdominal patients is as necessary to patient survival as the most heroic corrective surgery. Post-operative management must begin during the anaesthesia recovery phase to insure adequate oxygen supply, ventilation, and minimize any abdominal discomfort. The animal's physiological status must be constantly monitored to detect and determine the degree of abnormalities concerning serum electrolytes, fluid balance, and acid-base abnormalities. The most commonly observed serum electrolyte imbalance is hypokalaemia. Replacement potassium is usually suppl...
Monitoring and evaluating the physiological changes in the horse with acute abdominal disease.
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association    March 1, 1975   Volume 46, Issue 1 111-114 
Coffman JR.Initial examination and therapy, and the avoidance of maltreatment are emphasized. Gastric decompression is of prime importance, after which no compound should be administered via stomach tube. Where large amounts of high starch grains are fed, primary acute gastric dilatation must be differentiated from that secondary to small bowel dilatation, by immediate gastric intubation and irrigation of the cardia with lidocaine. If cessation of pain and improvement of peristalsis and general attitude follow, the former state may be assumed. If pain persists and peristalsis does not improve markedly, o...
Succinylcholine for restraint of horses.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    January 1, 1975   Volume 166, Issue 1 10-14 
Lindley WH.No abstract available
Respiration in newborn Percheron foals when anaesthetized at a medium altitude of 1300 M.
The British veterinary journal    January 1, 1975   Volume 131, Issue 1 40-49 doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)35386-1
Littlejohn A, Van Heerden JS.No abstract available
Influence of azaperone and metomidate on cardiovascular and respiratory functions in the pony.
The British veterinary journal    January 1, 1975   Volume 131, Issue 1 50-64 doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)35387-3
Hillidge CJ, Lees P, Serrano L.No abstract available
The indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure in the horse.
Equine veterinary journal    January 1, 1975   Volume 7, Issue 1 22-26 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1975.tb03224.x
Ellis PM.An accurate modified auscultatory technique for the indirect measurement of arterial pressure in the horse is described. Limitations of the method were sensitivity to external motion in nervous, conscious horses, and the failure to detect Korotkoff sounds in shocked, anaesthetized surgical cases. The apparatus required for the method is expensive and is probably impractical for routine monitoring during anaesthesia.
Ventilation and cardiovascular studies during mechanical control of ventilation in horses.
Equine veterinary journal    January 1, 1975   Volume 7, Issue 1 9-15 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1975.tb03222.x
Weaver BM, Walley RV.Eleven out of 12 horses were underventilating while breathing spontaneously during halothane anaesthesia with high arterial carbon dioxide tensions. In addition, large alveolar to arterial oxygen tension gradients were found to be present. Mechanically, controlled ventilation with an intermittent positive pressure of 20-30 cm H2O reduced arterial carbon dioxide levels to normal. The alveolar to arterial oxygen gradients did not increase and in some cases decreased. These (A - a) Po2 gradients were due mainly to true shunt of the order of 30 per cent and not to ventilation perfusion inequality....
Cardiac output in the conscious and anaesthetised horse.
Equine veterinary journal    January 1, 1975   Volume 7, Issue 1 16-21 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1975.tb03223.x
Hillidge CJ, Lees P.Cardiac output in the horse was measured before and at predetermined times during 2-hour periods of thiopentone-halothane and thiopentone-diethyl ether anaesthesia. Left ventricular stroke volume was decreased to a similar extent during anaesthesia with each volatile agent, but a greater reduction in cardiac output occurred during halothane anaesthesia. This finding reflected the differing effects of halothane and ether on heart rate, a slight bradycardia occurring with the former agent while ether produced a small degree of tachycardia. The latter effect was attributed to enhanced sympathoadr...
Thiambutene and acepromazine as analgesic and preanaesthetic agents in horses and sheep.
Australian veterinary journal    December 1, 1974   Volume 50, Issue 12 543-546 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1974.tb14073.x
Harbison WD, Slocombe RF, Watts SJ, Stewart GA.No abstract available
The induction of general anaesthesia in the horse with glyceryl guaiacolate. Comparison when used alone and with sodium thiamylal (Surital).
Equine veterinary journal    October 1, 1974   Volume 6, Issue 4 164-169 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1974.tb03953.x
Schatzman U.No abstract available
The effect of anaesthesia and posture on the exchange of respiratory gases and on the heart rate.
Equine veterinary journal    October 1, 1974   Volume 6, Issue 4 177-178 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1974.tb03956.x
Mitchell B, Littlejohn A.No abstract available
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