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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Cartilage T2 assessment: differentiation of normal hyaline cartilage and reparative tissue after arthroscopic cartilage repair in equine subjects. To prospectively assess T2 mapping characteristics of normal articular cartilage and of cartilage at sites of arthroscopic repair, including comparison with histologic results and collagen organization assessed at polarized light microscopy (PLM). Methods: Study protocol was compliant with the Canadian Council on Animal Care Guidelines and approved by the institutional animal care committee. Arthroscopic osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) and microfracture arthroplasty (MFx) were performed in knees of 10 equine subjects (seven female, three male; age range, 3-5 years). A site of art...
Effects of two different dosages of dobutamine on pulmonary artery wedge pressure, systemic arterial blood pressure and heart rate in anaesthetized horses. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of two different dobutamine concentrations on pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) and on mean systemic arterial blood pressure (MAP) in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane, after induction of general anaesthesia with xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. Eight healthy warm-blood horses were included in the study. Each horse was subjected to general anaesthesia twice with two different dosages of dobutamine, 3 and 5 microg/kg bw/min, being infused over 15 min, starting 50 min after induction of general anaesthesia (T(0)). The heart ...
Effect of seminal plasma fractions on stallion sperm survival after cooled storage. This study aimed to evaluate stallion sperm survival after 24 h of cooled storage in the presence of seminal plasma (SP) derived from the sperm-rich fractions (SRF) or sperm-poor fractions(SPF) of the ejaculate, without SP, or in the presence of SP from other stallions. Ejaculates were collected from four stallions using an automated phantom, which separated the semen into five cups. Centrifuged and washed spermatozoa from cup 2 (SRF) were mixed with skim milk extender to a concentration of 100 x 10(6) sperm/ml and then 1:1 (v/v) with SP from the stallion's own or another stallions' second (SP...
Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile isolates recovered from horses with diarrhea. Clostridium difficile is an important cause of diarrhea in horses, causing sporadic and epidemic disease of varying severity. This study evaluated the molecular characteristics of 48 C. difficile isolates recovered from diarrheic horses admitted to a veterinary hospital by using PCR-ribotyping and toxin gene profile. Additionally, feces were tested for the presence of C. difficile toxin A/B via enzyme immunosorbant assay (EIA) in 38 horses. The toxin genes tcdA, tcdB and cdtB were present in 27 (56.25%), 35 (72.91%) and 2 (4.1%) strains, respectively. Eight isolates (16.6%) were A(-)B(+) varia...
Alobar holoprosencephaly, mobile proboscis and trisomy 13 in a fetus with maternal gestational diabetes mellitus: a 2D ultrasound diagnosis and review of the literature. Alobar holoprosencephaly is a rare and severe brain malformation due to early arrest in brain cleavage and rotation. Methods: We report a congenital anomalous fetus with alobar holoprosencephaly, prenatally diagnosed by two-dimensional (2D) sonography at the 40 weeks of gestation. The mother was affected by gestational diabetes mellitus and was obese (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)). 2D Ultrasound depicted the cerebral malformation, cyclopy, proboscis, cardiac defects (atrial septal defect, hypoplastic left heart, anomalous communication between right ventricle and aorta) and extremities defects. The new...
In vitro heterogeneity of osteogenic cell populations at various equine skeletal sites. Bone cell cultures were evaluated to determine if osteogenic cell populations at different skeletal sites in the horse are heterogeneous. Osteogenic cells were isolated from cortical and cancellous bone in vitro by an explant culture method. Subcultured cells were induced to differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts. The osteoblast phenotype was confirmed by immunohistochemical testing for osteocalcin and substantiated by positive staining of cells for alkaline phosphatase and the matrix materials collagen and glycosaminoglycans. Bone nodules were stained by the von Kossa method and counted....
Effect of rostrocaudal mobility of the mandible on feed digestibility and fecal particle size in horses. To evaluate the effect of rostrocaudal mobility (RCM) of the mandible during extension and flexion of the atlanto-occipital joint on weight gain, feed digestibility, and fecal particle size in horses. Methods: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: 34 pregnant mares housed in 1 barn. Methods: Horses were randomized into a treatment (n = 17) or control (17) group. All horses were sedated, and the distance between the rostral portions of the upper and lower incisor arcades was determined during extension and flexion of the atlanto-occipital joint; mandibular RCM was calculated as the difference b...
Myeloperoxidase concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from healthy horses and those with recurrent airway obstruction. The aim of this work was to measure the myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collected from horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), both in crisis and in remission, as well as from healthy horses. Seven horses with RAO were exposed to moldy hay until the maximum change in pleural pressure was greater than 1.5 kPa. At that point, BAL was performed, and the total cell counts and percentages in the fluid were immediately determined. To measure the MPO concentration in BAL-fluid supernatant, we used a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with poly...
The effects of equine skin preparation on transdermal drug penetration in vitro. An increasing number of formulations are applied to equine skin, yet variable penetration can affect efficacy, or the incidence of adverse effects, or both. To investigate the effects of common methods of skin preparation on transdermal drug penetration in vitro, we clipped, harvested, and froze skin samples from 5 Thoroughbred geldings. Thawed samples were prepared as follows: control (no preparation); cleaned with aqueous chlorhexidine (Aq-C, 0.1% w/v); cleaned with alcoholic chlorhexidine (Al-C, 0.5% w/v); shaved (Sh); or tape-stripped (Ta) with the use of adhesive tape. The samples were th...
Postoperative effects of anesthesia and surgery on resting energy expenditure in horses as measured by indirect calorimetry. In this study, we aimed to define the effects of anesthesia and surgery on the resting energy expenditure of horses in experimental conditions. Six horses were used in a longitudinal study with 2 study periods: before and after anesthesia and surgery. Every horse underwent a standard 90-min ventral midline exploratory laparotomy. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide output (VCO2) were measured, with the use of a closed-circuit spirometry system, on 5 consecutive days immediately before and after the surgery. In 3 consecutive 5-min periods each day, the expired air was collected in a Collins ...
Five year analysis of Jockey Club horse-related injuries presenting to a trauma centre in Hong Kong. Professional horse riding-related injuries have not been studied before in Hong Kong, although horse racing takes place very regularly in the territory. In addition, the equestrian events of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will come to Hong Kong. This study analysed the pattern of horse-related injury among patients who presented to a trauma centre in a teaching hospital in Hong Kong. Methods: Information from the trauma centre database was analysed retrospectively. The database includes trauma patients who had sustained potentially severe injuries that warranted initial assessment and resuscit...
Enrofloxacin use in a long-distance transport model of equine respiratory disease. Successful clinical management of bacterial pneumonia in horses depends on the administration of an appropriate antimicrobial agent at an adequate dosage and frequency, given by the correct route of administration for an adequate duration. Empiric antimicrobial therapy should be based on the clinician's experience and current veterinary literature. Based on the frequency of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens isolated from horses with bacterial pneumonia, every effort should be made to provide antimicrobial coverage for this class of pathogens. Gram-negative pathogens may co-exist; therefore, br...
A comparison of N-butylscopolammonium and lidocaine for control of rectal pressure in horses. In its FDA approved formulation, N-butylscopolammonium bromide (Buscopan Injectable Solution, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica) is an anticholinergic spasmolytic agent indicated for management of abdominal pain associated with spasmodic colic, flatulent colic, and simple impactions in horses. Use of this drug ablates gastrointestinal peristalsis and rectal pressure. It ahs been suggested that N-butylscopolammonium bromide could be used to facilitate rectal examinations in horses. This study compared the effects of N-butylscopolammonium bromide versus lidocaine and a saline control on rectal pres...
Evaluation of traditional instruction versus a self-learning computer module in teaching veterinary students how to pass a nasogastric tube in the horse. To evaluate the effectiveness of a self-learning computer module (SLCM) versus traditional instruction in teaching how to pass a nasogastric tube (NG) in the horse. Methods: A double-blind, monocentric study. Methods: 52 third-year students in the DVM program were randomly assigned to two groups: traditional instruction (N = 25) or SLCM instruction (N = 27). Methods: Traditional instruction consisted of an instructor and live demonstration; SCLM students were given a CD-ROM each. Both sessions lasted one hour. The students were then united in one session to practice passing the NG tube. Their ...
Evaluation of tulathromycin in the treatment of pulmonary abscesses in foals. Tulathromycin is a new injectable macrolide antibiotic used for the treatment of pulmonary diseases of swine and cattle. In this study, 37 foals with sonographic evidence of lung abscesses were treated with tulathromycin (2.5mg/kg intramuscularly [IM] once weekly, group 1) and 33 foals (group 2) with a combination of azithromycin (10mg/kg per os [PO] once daily for the first seven days of therapy, thereafter every other day) and rifampin (10mg/kg PO twice daily). The bacterial aetiological agent was not determined. The foals were only mildly sick and the median number of pulmonary abscesses wa...
Mandibular condylectomy and meniscectomy for the treatment of septic temporomandibular joint arthritis in a horse. To report use of mandibular condylectomy for treatment of advanced degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) caused by sepsis. Methods: Clinical case report. Methods: Two-year-old Noriker filly. Methods: Computed tomography (CT) was used to confirm advanced degenerative joint disease of the left TMJ and for follow-up after mandibular condylectomy and removal of necrotic meniscus. Results: Painful swelling (3 weeks duration) with drainage located just caudal to the left lateral canthus of the eye was associated with atrophy of the left masseter muscle, masticatory problems...
In vitro evaluation of an inverted end-to-end equine jejunojejunal anastomosis using skin staples. To compare functional indices of end-to-end (EEA) jejunojejunal anastomosis using skin staples in horses with a 2-layer inverting hand-sewn technique. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Jejunal segments from 8 fresh equine cadavers. Methods: For each bowel segment, 2 EEA anastomoses were created: one 2-layer hand-sewn and one 1-layer using skin staples. Time for anastomosis creation was recorded and compared. Lumen diameter of each anastomosis was measured on digital radiographs after intraluminal instillation of contrast medium and inflation of the jejunal segments to 14 mm Hg. Anastomotic...
The effect on creatinine kinase activity of freezing plasma from healthy foals. To assess the stability of creatine kinase (CK) activity in plasma collected from healthy foals and frozen at -20 degrees C for up to 12 weeks. Methods: Samples of venous blood drawn from 25 foals were analysed for CK activity soon after collection, and again after 1 and 12 weeks of freezing at -20 degrees C. Results: CK activity decreased (p<0.001) between Week 0 and Week 1 and between Week 0 and Week 12. Conclusions: Decreases in CK activity were statistically significant but clinically insignificant.
Effect of sperm numbers and concentration on sperm transport and uterine inflammatory response in the mare. Our objective was to determine whether the concentration of cooled sperm inseminated influenced sperm transport and intensity of the uterine inflammatory reaction 2, 4 and 24h after insemination. Experimental subjects were 189 estrous mares with a dominant follicle > or =35 mm in diameter and no bacterial growth or neutrophils detected in uterine smears. Each mare was randomly assigned to receive one of the following intrauterine treatments (volume, 20 mL): insemination with 5x10(6) mL(-1) or 25x10(6) mL(-1) or 50x10(6) mL(-1) sperm diluted in 3 mL seminal plasma (SP) and 17 mL skim milk; s...
In vitro evaluation of a closed-bowel technique for one-layer hand-sewn inverting end-to-end jejunojejunosotomy in the horse. To report a technique for closed-bowel 1-layer inverting end-to-end jejunojejunal anastomosis in horses. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Fresh cadaveric jejunal segments from 12 horses. Methods: For each bowel segment a 1-layer closed and a 2-layer inverting end-to-end jejunojejunosotomy was created. Anastomosis construction time and anastomotic bursting pressure were measured and compared. Results: Closed-bowel anastomosis was significantly faster to create than a 2-layer technique. Luminal narrowing (<30%) was similar with both techniques and comparable with other inverting techniqu...
A comparison of laryngoplasty and modified partial arytenoidectomy as treatments for laryngeal hemiplegia in exercising horses. To compare upper airway mechanics, arterial blood gases, and tracheal contamination in horses with induced left laryngeal hemiplegia (recurrent laryngeal neuropathy [RLN]) treated by laryngoplasty/vocal cordectomy (LPVC) or modified partial arytenoidectomy (MPA). Methods: Repeated measures under the following conditions: Control, RLN, LPVC, and MPA. Methods: Six horses. Methods: Two trials were conducted under all conditions at 80% and 100% of maximal heart rate (HR(max)). In Trial 1, arterial blood gases, tracheal and pharyngeal pressures, and laryngeal videoendoscopy were recorded. In Trial ...
Comparison of radiography and computed tomography to evaluate metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint pathology of paired limbs of thoroughbred racehorses with severe condylar fracture. To compare the orthogonal radiographic (OR) and computed tomographic (CT) appearance of paired Thoroughbred racehorse limbs with severe condylar fracture. Methods: In vitro study. Methods: Cadaveric paired limbs with severe condylar fracture (n=11 horses). Methods: Four standard radiographic and multiple transverse CT images were obtained of the fractured and contralateral limbs centering on the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joints. Radiographs and CT images were graded by 4 raters, and interobserver agreement was calculated. Imaging evaluations were supplemented by fetlock joint dis...
Ventriculocordectomy as the sole treatment for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy: long-term results from ninety-two horses. To evaluate the effect ventriculocordectomy (VC) for treatment of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) on exercise performance and owner satisfaction in a mixed-breed population of horses. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: Adult horses (n=92) with a history of abnormal respiratory noise and RLN. Methods: Retrospective analysis of horse that had unilateral VC (and contralateral ventriculectomy in 63 horses) for treatment of idiopathic RLN. Owners/trainers completed a questionnaire about complications and outcome at least 1 year after surgery. Performance index was determined using race rec...
Standing surgical removal of inspissated guttural pouch exudate (chondroids) in ten horses. To report use of a modified Whitehouse approach in standing horses for management of inspissated guttural pouch empyema. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: Adult horses (n=10) with guttural pouch empyema. Methods: Inspissated exudate in 1 or both guttural pouches was removed surgically through a modified Whitehouse approach, with the horses standing and sedated. Medical records of affected horses were reviewed to determine history; physical, endoscopic, and radiological examination findings; surgical technique; complications, and outcome. Results: All horses had purulent nasal discharge; 3...
Comparison of one-layer (continuous Lembert) versus two-layer (simple continuous/Cushing) hand-sewn end-to-end anastomosis in equine jejunum. To evaluate single and double layer end-to-end anastomosis in equine jejunum. Methods: Experimental in vitro study. Methods: Mid-jejunal sections from 12 adult horses without gastrointestinal disease. Methods: Jejunal end-to-end anastomoses were performed by a continuous Lembert pattern or a simple continuous pattern oversewn with a Cushing pattern. Jejunal segments were distended with fluid at 1 L/min, and intraluminal pressure at failure, and mode of failure were recorded. Bursting pressure and bursting wall tension were calculated. Anastomosis construction time and degree of luminal reducti...
Initial evaluation of a technique for complete cecal bypass in the horse. To describe a novel stapling technique for creation of a complete cecal bypass, without ileal transection in horses. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Four adult horses. Methods: Through a ventral median celiotomy, jejunocolostomy was made with an intraluminal anastomosis device (ILA-100) and oversewn with a Cushing pattern to reinforce the staple line. Immediately distal to the anastomosis, 4 rows of staples were applied using a thoracoabdominal stapling device (TA-90) to occlude the lumen of the distal jejunum and proximal ileum. Necropsy exams were performed at least 60 days after surge...
Computer-assisted surgery for screw insertion into the distal sesamoid bone in horses: an in vitro study. To compare the precision of computer-assisted surgery with a conventional technique (CV) using a special guiding device for screw insertion into the distal sesamoid bone in horses. Methods: In vitro experimental study. Methods: Cadaveric forelimb specimens. Methods: Insertion of a 3.5 mm cortex screw in lag fashion along the longitudinal axis of intact (non-fractured) distal sesamoid bones was evaluated in 2 groups (8 limbs each): CV and computer-assisted surgery (CAS). For CV, the screw was inserted using a special guiding device and fluoroscopy, whereas for CAS, the screw was inserted using ...
Levator labii superioris muscle transposition to treat oromaxillary sinus fistula in three horses. To describe surgical transposition of the levator labii superioris muscle to treat oromaxillary sinus fistula in horses. Methods: Clinical study. Methods: Three horses with chronic oromaxillary sinus fistula. Methods: After severing its tendinous insertion, the muscle belly of the levator labii superioris muscle was retracted and transposed through the oromaxillary sinus fistula. The tendon exited the oral cavity through a full-thickness buccal incision created adjacent to the oral end of the fistula and was then tunneled subcutaneously in a ventral direction before being anchored by sutures t...
