Topic:Cryptorchidism

Expression pattern of germ cell markers in cryptorchid stallion testes.
Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene    April 13, 2024   Volume 59, Issue 4 e14561 doi: 10.1111/rda.14561
Shakeel M, Choi Y, Yoon M.Cryptorchidism affects spermatogenesis and testis development, often resulting in stallion subfertility/infertility. This study aims to identify the specific germ cells impacted by cryptorchism in stallions. In a previous study, we found that PGP9.5 and VASA are molecular markers expressed in different germ cells within stallions. Herein, we assessed the heat stress-induced response of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in the seminiferous tubules (ST) of cryptorchid stallion testes (CST) and normal stallion testes (NST). This goal was accomplished by comparing PGP9.5 and VASA expression pattern...
Testicular expression of heat SHOCK proteins 60, 70, and 90 in cryptorchid horses.
Theriogenology    January 17, 2024   Volume 217 83-91 doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.01.019
Cinone M, Albrizio M, Guaricci AC, Lacitignola L, Desantis S.Heat shock proteins are the most evolutionarily conserved protein families induced by stressors including hyperthermia. In the context of pathologies of the male reproductive tract, cryptorchidism is the most common genital defect that compromises the reproductive potential of the male because it induces an increase in intratesticular temperature. In equine species, cryptorchidism affects almost 9 % of newborns and few studies have been carried out on the molecular aspects of the retained testis. In this study, the expression pattern of HSP60, 70, and 90 in abdominal and inguinal testes, in t...
Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy using a resorbable self-locking loop device in dorsally recumbent horses.
Veterinary surgery : VS    July 18, 2023   doi: 10.1111/vsu.14001
Bonomelli N, Höglund OV, Bonilla AG.To report the use and feasibility of a self-locking resorbable loop device for cryptorchidectomy. Methods: Clinical prospective study. Methods: Twenty horses. Methods: Horses suspected to have an abdominal testicle/s after admission work-up were enrolled. Horses were anesthetized in dorsal recumbency and a standard laparoscopic technique was performed. The looped device was inserted into the abdomen, glided around the testis/cord and tightened. Then, the spermatic cord was transected prior testis removal. Surgical procedure details and remarks, perioperative complications and total surgical ti...
Testicular torsions in veterinary medicine.
Veterinary research communications    January 10, 2022   Volume 46, Issue 2 303-313 doi: 10.1007/s11259-021-09873-5
Raisi A, Davoodi F.The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive comparison of spermatic cord torsion in domestic animals. Spermatic cord torsion leads to occlusion of testicular blood flow resulting in ischemia and tissue hypoxia. Spermatic cord torsion has been reported in all domestic mammals but dogs and horses are overrepresented. Abdominal pain (colic), anorexia, vomiting, lameness, and stiff gait are the most common clinical signs reported. The condition may be asymptomatic in cases of a low degree of spermatic cord torsion. In dogs, spermatic cord torsion is most commonly reported in undescend...
The G-Protein-Coupled Membrane Estrogen Receptor Is Present in Horse Cryptorchid Testes and Mediates Downstream Pathways.
International journal of molecular sciences    July 1, 2021   Volume 22, Issue 13 7131 doi: 10.3390/ijms22137131
Witkowski M, Pardyak L, Pawlicki P, Galuszka A, Profaska-Szymik M, Plachno BJ, Kantor S, Duliban M, Kotula-Balak M.Cryptorchidism in horses is a commonly occurring malformation. The molecular basis of this pathology is not fully known. In addition, the origins of high intratesticular estrogen levels in horses remain obscure. In order to investigate the role of the G-protein-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (GPER) and establish histological and biochemical cryptorchid testis status, healthy and cryptorchid horse testes were subjected to scanning electron microscopy analysis, histochemical staining for total protein (with naphthol blue black; NBB), acid content (with toluidine blue O; TBO), and polysacchar...
Removal of equine cryptorchid testes through an enlarged umbilical portal in dorsally recumbent horses after intra-abdominal laparoscopic castration.
Equine veterinary journal    June 10, 2021   doi: 10.1111/evj.13483
Finley CJ, Fischer AT.Laparoscopic removal of cryptorchid testes has been routinely reported through enlarged parainguinal incisions in dorsally recumbent horses. Outcomes following removal through an extended umbilical incision have not been previously reported. Objective: To describe the surgical technique of removing cryptorchid testes in dorsally recumbent horses through an enlarged umbilical portal after laparoscopic intra-abdominal castration. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Medical records were reviewed for horses that underwent laparoscopic removal of unilateral or bilateral cryptorchid testes ...
Dentigerous Equine Teratoma in a Stallion: Surgical Management and Clinicopathology.
Veterinary sciences    May 13, 2021   Volume 8, Issue 5 84 doi: 10.3390/vetsci8050084
Leonardi L, Bertoletti A, Bellezza E, Pettinari I, Gialletti R.Teratoma is a rare germ cell testicular cancer composed of cells that are not normally present in the site where it originates. These tumors are rarely described in horses, where they may develop due to cryptorchidism. Teratomas consist of cells originating from different germinal layers, arising from germinal multi-potential cells with differentiation defects, and can simultaneously contain several tissues from two or more embryonic layers. Testicular teratomas are described in horses, cats, dogs, wild boars, bulls, and humans. In the rare descriptions found in literature of testicular terato...
A Retrospective Study of Cryptorchidectomy in Horses: Diagnosis, Treatment, Outcome and Complications in 70 Cases.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI    December 21, 2020   Volume 10, Issue 12 2446 doi: 10.3390/ani10122446
Straticu00f2 P, Varasano V, Guerri G, Celani G, Palozzo A, Petrizzi L.The aim of the study was to investigate the breed predisposition and the diagnostic and surgical management of horses referred for cryptorchidism. The breed, localization of retained testis, diagnosis, type of surgical treatment and complications were analyzed. Seventy horses were included in the study; the Western Riding horse breeds were the most affected (Quarter Horse 34/70, 48.5%; Appaloosa 9/70, 12.8%). In unilateral cryptorchids (65/70, 92.8%) the most common location for a retained testis was the left abdomen (28/65, 43%), while in bilateral cryptorchids (5/70, 7.1%), bilateral abdomin...
Changes in circulating concentrations of testosterone and estrone sulfate after human chorionic gonadotropin administration and subsequent to castration of 2-year-old stallions.
Animal reproduction science    December 3, 2020   Volume 225 106670 doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106670
Esteller-Vico A, Ball BA, Bridges JW, Hughes SE, Squires EL, Troedsson MHT.Reproductive steroids testosterone (T) and estrone sulfate (E1S) are used as diagnostic markers for cryptorchidism in horses. The human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation test is used as a diagnostic aid because administration of this hormone results in greater incremental differences in circulating steroid concentrations. Thoughts regarding optimal sampling times following hCG administration, however, are inconsistent. Additionally, determination of half-life of these steroids is important in postsurgical samples to confirm complete removal of testicular tissue. Objectives of this study...
Wound Retractor Laparoscopic Port System for Standing Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy in the Horse: A Case Report.
Journal of equine veterinary science    June 23, 2020   Volume 92 103168 doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103168
Cryptorchidectomy is the most commonly performed laparoscopic procedure in horses. However, its use for the extraction of an abdominal testis has disadvantages such as loss of a resected testis from grasp and fragmentation of the specimen because of the excessive tension required for extraction through a thick body wall. The ring wound retractor laparoscopic port system was recently used in human and small animal surgery to perform laparoscopic-assisted procedures and retrieve large specimens from the abdomen. In the present case, the wound retractor was placed as the ventral port in the right...
Serum concentrations and testicular expressions of insulin-like peptide 3 and Anti-Müllerian hormone in normal and cryptorchid male horses.
Theriogenology    May 23, 2020   Volume 154 135-142 doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.026
Tsogtgerel M, Komyo N, Murase H, Hannan MA, Watanabe K, Ohtaki T, Tsumagari S, Kawate N, Nambo Y.Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is an important hormone for testicular descent during embryonic development and a factor for assessing functional status of Leydig cells of testes, but there is limited number of equine studies. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a useful diagnostic marker for cryptorchidism in horses. This study aimed to compare serum concentrations and testicular expression intensity of INSL3 and AMH in intact and cryptorchid male horses. Serum INSL3 concentrations in intact (n = 9; mean ± SEM, 19.9 ± 5.9 ng/mL) and noncastrated unilateral cryptorchid (UC) male horses (n...
Characterization of A Homozygous Deletion of Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis Genes in Horse Chromosome 29 as A Risk Factor for Disorders of Sex Development and Reproduction.
Genes    February 27, 2020   Volume 11, Issue 3 251 doi: 10.3390/genes11030251
Ghosh S, Davis BW, Rosengren M, Jevit MJ, Castaneda C, Arnold C, Jaxheimer J, Love CC, Varner DD, Lindgren G, Wade CM, Raudsepp T.Disorders of sex development (DSD) and reproduction are not uncommon among horses, though knowledge about their molecular causes is sparse. Here we characterized a ~200 kb homozygous deletion in chromosome 29 at 29.7-29.9 Mb. The region contains genes which function as ketosteroid reductases in steroid hormone biosynthesis, including androgens and estrogens. Mutations in genes are associated with human DSDs. Deletion boundaries, sequence properties and gene content were studied by PCR and whole genome sequencing of select deletion homozygotes and control animals. Deletion analysis by PCR in ...
Comparative Transcriptomics Analysis of Testicular miRNA from Cryptorchid and Normal Horses.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI    February 21, 2020   Volume 10, Issue 2 338 doi: 10.3390/ani10020338
Han H, Chen Q, Gao Y, Li J, Li W, Dang R, Lei C.In the biological process of testicular spermatogenesis, the expression and interaction of many genes are regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). However, comparisons of miRNA expression between descended testes (DTs) and undescended testes (UDTs) are rarely done in horses. In this study, we selected two UDTs (CKY2b and GU4b) from Chakouyi (CKY) and Guanzhong (GU) horses and eight DTs (GU1-3, CKY1, CKY3, CKY2a, GU4a, and GU5). Three groups were compared to evaluate expression patterns of testicular miRNA in stallion testes. Group 1 compared normal CKY horses and GU horses (CKY1 and CKY3 vs. GU1-3). G...
Chitosan-based agent use for hemostasis after cryptorchidectomy in a horse.
Veterinary surgery : VS    January 9, 2020   Volume 49, Issue 4 758-763 doi: 10.1111/vsu.13363
Tucker ML, Wilson DG, Barber SM.To document marked hemorrhage as a complication of inguinal cryptorchidectomy and its successful treatment with a novel chitosan-based hemostatic agent. Methods: Case report. Methods: One healthy 5-year old quarter horse cryptorchid. Methods: The horse was presented for routine unilateral cryptorchidectomy after prior hemicastration. An inguinal approach was made to the abdomen, and the right external pudendal artery was lacerated at the level of the internal inguinal ring, requiring multiple anesthetic events over a 2-week period in attempts to control hemorrhage. A chitosan-based hemostatic ...
Transcriptomic Analysis of Testicular Gene Expression in Normal and Cryptorchid Horses.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI    January 8, 2020   Volume 10, Issue 1 102 doi: 10.3390/ani10010102
Han H, Dong H, Chen Q, Gao Y, Li J, Li W, Dang R, Lei C.Testes produce sperm, and investigations into gene expression in the testes will enhance the understanding of the roles of testicular genes in male reproduction. Cryptorchidism, the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotal sac, is a common congenital malformation in horses. The major clinical consequence of this abnormality is impaired fertility. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression patterns of testicular genes and to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in testes between cryptorchid and normal horses. In this study, the gene expression patterns in...
A case of equine cryptorchidism with undetectable serum anti-Müllerian hormone.
The Journal of veterinary medical science    December 26, 2019   Volume 82, Issue 2 209-211 doi: 10.1292/jvms.18-0057
Murase H, Ochi A, Tozaki T, Kakoi H, Munkhtuul T, Kurimoto S, Sato F, Hada T.Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a marker of equine cryptorchidism, is detectable in intact and cryptorchid stallions but not in geldings because it is secreted from Sertoli cells. A 4-year-old uncastrated Thoroughbred racehorse had no visible testes; therefore, the horse was considered a bilateral cryptorchidism. However, the serum AMH was undetectable (<0.08 ng/ml). Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) stimulating test result indicated that the horse was a gelding. The results of sex chromosomal analysis and sequence analysis of SRY gene suggested that the horse was a genetically-intac...
Morcellation for testes extraction in horses undergoing standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy.
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne    November 2, 2017   Volume 58, Issue 11 1215-1220 
Sassot LN, Ragle CA, Farnsworth KD, Lund CM.The major objective of this study was to describe the use of morcellation for standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in 30 client-owned horses. A second objective was to describe a laparoscopic-assisted standing scrotal technique for removal of a descended testis in unilateral cryptorchids. Morcellation for extraction of abdominal testes is effective, efficient, and well-tolerated. Morcellation enabled safe and straightforward extraction of testes from the abdomen through an approximately 13- to 20-mm incision using a 2-portal technique. No incisional or morcellator-related complications occu...
Castration in the standing horse combining laparoscopic and conventional techniques.
Equine veterinary journal    April 19, 2017   Volume 49, Issue 6 776-779 doi: 10.1111/evj.12681
Rijkenhuizen ABM, van der Harst MR.Standing laparoscopic castration without orchidectomy has been shown to be a reliable method of castration in animals with abdominal cryptorchidism, but it cannot be recommended as a method of castration in those with inguinal cryptorchidism or normal males. An alternative laparoscopic method for the castration of horses with descended testes was developed. Objective: To report the results of laparoscopy-assisted abdominal transection of the spermatic cord and a modified open method in the standing horse for castration of descended testes in unilateral abdominal cryptorchids. Methods: Descript...
Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy with a vessel-sealing device in dorsal recumbent horses: 43 cases.
Veterinary surgery : VS    March 3, 2017   Volume 46, Issue 4 559-565 doi: 10.1111/vsu.12624
Bracamonte JL, Thomas KL.To document laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy with a vessel-sealing device in dorsal recumbent horses. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: Forty-three male horses. Methods: Food was withheld for 36 hours before horses were placed under general anesthesia and positioned in dorsal recumbency. One laparoscopic portal and 2 instrument portals were placed for the laparoscopic procedure. A third instrument portal was created in bilateral cryptorchid horses. A vessel-sealing device was used for hemostasis and transection of retained testes. Descended testes were removed via closed castration with pri...
Biological Functions and Clinical Applications of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Stallions and Mares.
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice    October 8, 2016   Volume 32, Issue 3 451-464 doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2016.07.004
Claes AN, Ball BA.Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays a major role in sexual differentiation, Leydig cell differentiation, and folliculogenesis. In addition, AMH has clinical value in equine practice. In stallions, AMH can serve as an endocrine marker for equine cryptorchidism and as an immunohistochemical marker for Sertoli cell tumors. Considering that AMH is also an ovarian specific product, intact mares can be differentiated from ovariectomized mares. Peripheral AMH concentrations reflect the follicular population in mares, and therefore, are useful in the assessment of ovarian reserve and reproductive life...
What Is Your Diagnosis?
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    June 9, 2016   Volume 248, Issue 12 1345-1347 doi: 10.2460/javma.248.12.1345
Williams JM, Sharma A, Claunch K, Peroni J.No abstract available
Mature teratoma arising from an undescended testis in a horse: comparison between ultrasonographic and morphological features.
Folia morphologica    October 2, 2015   Volume 75, Issue 2 211-215 doi: 10.5603/FM.a2015.0088
Pasolini MP, Della Valle G, Pagano TB, Miele F, Paciello O, Fatone G, Greco M.Scant information is available on the ultrasonographic appearance of different testicular tumours in the stallion. Preoperative ultrasound imaging and gross and microscopic features of a testicular teratoma in a horse is described. An asymptomatic 4 years old cryptorchid Arabian horse was admitted for orchiectomy. Combined transabdominal and inguinal ultrasound examination revealed a large complex ovoid mass, containing both solid and cystic elements with internal echoes, located dorsally to the superficial inguinal ring. Two main hypoechoic cavities divided by a linear hyperechoic septum were...
Anatomical variations in epididymal-testicular fusion in stallions and their possible clinical significance.
Equine veterinary journal    July 23, 2015   Volume 48, Issue 4 490-495 doi: 10.1111/evj.12464
Pozor M, Freeman D, Troedsson M, Brown M, Morton A, Smith A, McNaughten J.Fusion anomalies of the epididymis with the testis may be clinically relevant in horses. However, anatomical variations in epididymal-testicular fusion have not been classified, and their clinical significance is unknown. Objective: To describe anatomical variations and clinical significance of epididymal-testicular fusion in stallions. Methods: Anatomical study of testes from castrations, and description of 2 clinical cases with atypical epididymal-testicular fusion. Methods: A total of 104 testes were obtained from equine castrations. Eight patterns of epididymal-testicular fusion were ident...
Characterization of the equine blood-testis barrier during tubular development in normal and cryptorchid stallions.
Theriogenology    May 15, 2015   Volume 84, Issue 5 763-772 doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.05.009
Rode K, Sieme H, Richterich P, Brehm R.The formation of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) is defined as occurring with the first appearance of spermatocytes at around puberty and is vital for normal spermatogenesis. This barrier between two adjacent Sertoli cells (SCs) consists of a cell junctional protein complex, which includes tight junctions (TJs), adherens junctions, and gap junctions. In many mammalian species, BTB composition has already been investigated, whereas little is known about the equine BTB. In the present study, immunohistochemistry and qualitative Western Blot analysis were used to assess the expression and distribu...
Anti-Müllerian hormone as an indicator of hemi-castrated unilateral cryptorchid horses.
Journal of equine science    March 31, 2015   Volume 26, Issue 1 15-20 doi: 10.1294/jes.26.15
Murase H, Saito S, Amaya T, Sato F, Ball BA, Nambo Y.Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a glycoprotein secreted from the fetal testis, is responsible for regression of the Müllerian duct in the male fetus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of serum AMH as a biomarker for diagnosis of cryptorchidism in horses. Serum AMH concentrations were measured in intact stallions, hemi-castrated unilateral cryptorchid stallions, and geldings. In addition, expression of AMH was characterized in cryptorchid testes by immunohistochemistry. Serum AMH was detected in intact stallions (n=11, 13.3 ± 1.8 ng/ml) and in hemi-castrated cryptorchid stal...
Cryptorchidectomy in equids: 604 cases (1977-2010).
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    March 21, 2015   Volume 246, Issue 7 777-784 doi: 10.2460/javma.246.7.777
Hartman R, Hawkins JF, Adams SB, Moore GE, Fessler JF.To evaluate the management of equids undergoing cryptorchidectomy at a referral hospital. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 604 client-owned equids. Methods: Medical records of all equids undergoing surgical treatment of cryptorchidism from 1977 to 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Analyses of breed, location of retained testes, accuracy of palpation per rectum for determining the location of retained testes, surgical technique, and postoperative complications were performed. Results: The most frequently affected breed was the Quarter Horse (282/604 [47%]), which was significantly...
Malignant seminoma in two unilaterally cryptorchid stallions.
Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene    March 10, 2015   Volume 50, Issue 3 510-513 doi: 10.1111/rda.12488
De Lange V, Chiers K, Lefu00e8re L, Cools M, Ververs C, Govaere J.Two unilateral cryptorchid stallions were referred to the clinic because of chronic debilitating condition with emaciation. Rectal examination, and ultrasound and gross examination revealed in both animals an abdominal mass, caudally of the kidney, and multiple nodules spread over the abdomen. Histologic analysis revealed an intra-abdominal malignant seminoma with intraperitoneal and renal metastasis. Interestingly, a seminoma was also present in the descended testis of the draught horse.
Protamine mRNA ratio in stallion spermatozoa correlates with mare fecundity.
Andrology    April 7, 2014   Volume 2, Issue 4 521-530 doi: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00211.x
Paradowska-Dogan A, Fernandez A, Bergmann M, Kretzer K, Mallidis C, Vieweg M, Waliszewski P, Zitzmann M, Weidner W, Steger K, Kliesch S.Highly compacted sperm DNA in protamine toroids and a minor fraction of nucleohistones are prerequisites for the efficient transmission of the paternal genome into the oocyte at fertilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether protamines might serve as a prognostic factor for stallion fertility. In situ hybridization detected specific expression of P1 mRNA in the cytoplasm of stage I to VII spermatids, whereas comparable immunohistochemical stainings showed that protein expression was delayed till elongating spermatids in differentiation stages III to VIII. No staining was de...
Surgical treatment of 4 horses for cryptorchidism caused by failure of regression of the cranial suspensory ligament of the testis.
Veterinary surgery : VS    April 5, 2014   Volume 43, Issue 3 266-270 doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12156.x
Ortved KF, Stewart AW, Fubini SL, Hackett RP.To report surgical management of 4 horses with cryptorchidism caused by failure of regression of the cranial suspensory ligament (CSL). Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Cryptorchid horses (n = 4). Methods: Horses with unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism caused by failure of regression of the CSL were treated by removing the retained testes through a standing laparoscopic approach (2), flank laparotomy (1), or paramedian celiotomy (1). After identification of the retained testis attached to the caudal pole of the kidney by the CSL, the vascular pedicle and ductus deferens were li...
Analgesic and gastrointestinal effects of epidural morphine in horses after laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy under general anesthesia.
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia    February 27, 2014   Volume 41, Issue 4 430-437 doi: 10.1111/vaa.12133
Martin-Flores M, Campoy L, Kinsley MA, Mohammed HO, Gleed RD, Cheetham J.To evaluate the hypothesis that epidural morphine (0.1 mg kg(-1) ) decreases pain in horses after laparoscopic surgery without adversely affecting gastrointestinal (GI) motility. Methods: Randomized clinical trial. Methods: Eighteen horses undergoing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy under general anesthesia. Methods: Horses were randomly assigned to receive either epidural morphine (0.1 mg kg(-1) ) or no epidural before the start of surgery. Pain behaviors were assessed during the first two post-operative days using a numerical rating scale. Barium-filled spheres were administered through a naso...
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