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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Identification and characterization of the structural and nonstructural proteins of African horsesickness virus and determination of the genome coding assignments. Proteins present in purified African horsesickness virus (AHSV) and in infected cells were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twelve viral proteins were identified, one minor and four major structural proteins, three major and two minor nonstructural proteins, as well as variable amounts of two additional structural proteins. Cell-free translation of total AHS virion RNA in a rabbit reticulocyte system resulted in the synthesis of proteins which were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those found in infected cells. The in vivo and in vitro synthesized proteins were vi...
The veterinary importance of the toxic syndrome induced by ionophores. Monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, narasin and maduramicin are carboxylic ionophores intended for use as anticoccidial drugs for poultry and as growth promotants for ruminants. Generally, ionophores have been found safe and effective in the target animals receiving recommended dosage levels. However, toxic syndromes can result from overdosage and misuse situations. More information and reports of adverse reactions are available for monensin than the other ionophores because of monensin's longstanding and widespread use in the poultry and livestock industries. Care must be exercised in the diagn...
Species richness in helminth communities: the importance of multiple congeners. Using data sets derived from published literature, the contribution of congeneric species to helminth component community richness is evaluated. Consideration of the frequency distribution of congeners in relation to host and parasite groups reveals that the distributions are unimodal, that singletons are the commonest class and that the frequency of occurrence of congeners decreases with increasing number of species per genus. Congeners may be found in any group of hosts or parasites, but are more common amongst cestodes of aquatic birds. Two patterns of occurrence of congeneric species are r...
Characterization of the regulatory functions of the equine herpesvirus 1 immediate-early gene product. Use of the translation-inhibiting drug cycloheximide has indicated that the equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) immediate-early (IE) gene, the sole EHV-1 IE gene, encodes a major viral regulatory protein since IE mRNA translation is a prerequisite for all further viral gene expression (W.L. Gray, R. P. Baumann, A. T. Robertson, G. B. Caughman, D. J. O'Callaghan, and J. Staczek, Virology 158:79-87, 1987). An EHV-1 IE gene expression vector (pSVIE) in combination with chimeric EHV-1 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter constructs was used in transient transfection assays to charact...
[Virologico-serologic studies in horses with respiratory tract diseases]. Of 1081 acute and chronically respiratory diseased as well as clinically normal horses 824 sera and 257 paired serum samples collected 1986 and 1987 were tested for antibodies against several different respiratory viruses such as influenza virus A/equi 1 and 2 (Influenza 1 a. 2), equine herpesvirus type 1/4 (EHV 1/4), mammalian reovirus type 1-3 (Reovirus 1-3), equine rhinovirus type 1 (ERV 1), equine adenovirus type 1 (EAdV 1), and equine arteritis virus (EAV). The investigations resulted in an antibody prevalence of 57.2% (Influenza 1), 59.5% (Influenza 2), 81.5% (EHV 1/4), 50.3% (Reovirus 1...
Latent equid herpesviruses 1 and 4: detection and distinction using the polymerase chain reaction and co-cultivation from lymphoid tissues. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and co-cultivation were used to identify the lymphoreticular system as the site of latency of equid herpesvirus I (EHV-1). Primers for PCR were designed from aligned nucleotide sequences of the glycoprotein gB genes to amplify the same region of both the EHV-1 and EHV-4 genomes. Subsequent restriction digests using specific enzymes distinguished the amplified fragments of the EHV-1 genome from those of the EHV-4 genome. Ten weeks following an experimental infection of five ponies with EHV-1, latent virus was detected by PCR and recovered by co-cultivation, p...
The implications of naturally occurring levels of fumonisins in corn for human and animal health. Contamination of corn with the fungus Fusarium moniliforme and its secondary metabolites, the fumonisins, has been associated with several human and animal diseases. This paper summarizes present knowledge and presents new data on the levels of fumonisins present in foods and feeds associated with these diseases as well as in commercial corn and corn-based products. The doses of fumonisins to which humans and animals consuming these products would be exposed are compared with those doses known to produce LEM in horses and hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. It is concluded that the known naturally o...
Evidence for two serotype G3 subtypes among equine rotaviruses. Ten cultivable equine rotavirus isolates, two of North American, six of British, and two of Irish origin, were compared with standard rotavirus strains and with each other by cross neutralization, neutralization with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), hybridization to a simian rotavirus (SA-11) VP7 gene probe, and reaction with rotavirus subgrouping and serotyping MAbs in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Six isolates, two of which had previously been serotyped as G3 by other workers, were found to be serotype G3; one was confirmed to be G5, and three were not related to serotypes G1 t...
Fecalith impaction in four miniature foals. Four miniature foals admitted with signs of progressive nonresponsive abdominal pain and no fecal production had fecalith impaction of the small colon. Duration of clinical signs ranged from 10 hours to 5 days. Removal of the fecalith via small colon enterotomy was a successful treatment in all 4 cases. Miniature foals may be predisposed to fecalith impaction of the small colon. If a miniature foal has signs of progressive nonresponsive abdominal pain, fecalith impaction needs to be considered. Surgical correction may be required.
Volvulus of the cecum and large colon caused by multiple mesenteric defects in a horse. A 2-year-old Standardbred colt was examined because of signs of abdominal pain of 12 hours' duration. Clinical signs of disease, including tachycardia and abdominal distention, and rectal palpation findings of distention and thickening of the ventral colon, were consistent with displacement or early strangulation obstruction of the large colon. Surgical exploration revealed volvulus of the large colon around an axis formed by the dorsal mesenteric attachment of the transverse colon. The cecum could be completely exteriorized and lacked the cecocolic ligament and dorsal mesenteric attachments. ...
Solid-phase extraction techniques for the determination of glycopyrrolate from equine urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Glycopyrrolate (Robinul) is a quaternary ammonium salt which serves as a respiratory enhancing drug. It is reportedly used in horse racing to improve breathing. Extraction of glycopyrrolate from equine urine employing unique solid-phase extraction techniques gave a residue suitable for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). LC-MS-MS analysis employed an extract derived from 5 ml of urine subjected to cation-exchange chromatography. The daughter ion of m/z 318 monitored in the positive-ion mode was m/z 116. Recovery of glycopy...
Hematuria and weight loss in a mare with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This clinical report describes an 11-yr-old Thoroughbred mare that presented with clinical signs of weight loss and hematuria. History and clinical findings suggested the mare had neoplasia of the urogenital system. Although ultrasound-guided biopsy of the perirenal mass did not yield abnormal cells, large irregular cells were isolated from the thoracic and peritoneal fluid. At necropsy, multiple firm nodules were disseminated throughout the peritoneal cavity. Histological examination of the nodules revealed cells that were consistent with a pancreatic exocrine adenocarcinoma. This is the firs...
Transmission and diagnosis of equine babesiosis in South Africa. The transmission and prevalence of Babesia equi and B. caballi are being studied. Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus an ixodid tick from Namibia was identified as a new vector of B. equi, however, R. turanicus, previously reported to be a vector, failed to transmit both B. equi and B. caballi in the laboratory. The accurate diagnosis of B. caballi is being investigated because the nature of its low level parasitaemia does not allow easy detection in thin blood smears, routinely used for diagnosis, by clinicians. Consequently its role as a pathogen remains obscure. The importance of identifying in...
The diagnostic value of the D-xylose absorption test in horses with unexplained chronic weight loss. A D-xylose absorption test was performed on 40 horses with chronic weight loss which could not be explained on history, physical findings, dietary evaluation, or initial laboratory data, i.e. unexplained weight loss. Six of the horses had D-xylose malabsorption and at post-mortem examination small intestinal lesions which accounted for the malabsorption were found in five. Five of the horses with normal absorption were examined post mortem and no lesions in any organs were found to account for the weight loss. The other 29 cases were still unexplained, and lost to follow-up.
An immunoperoxidase method applied to the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus abortion, using conventional and rapid microwave techniques. An indirect immunoperoxidase (IMP) technique was applied to cryostat and paraffin sections of liver from ten aborted equine foetuses. Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) had been isolated from seven of them and EHV-4 from one: the remaining two were virologically negative and were not used as controls. In the eight virus-infected cases the immunostaining revealed foci of cells exhibiting a distinct brown cytoplasmic and inclusion body pigmentation. No specific signal was present in the non-infected controls. The method also was adapted for incubation in a microwave oven, which allowed the total l...
Putative fragile sites in the horse karyotype. After fluorouracil/5-bromodeoxyuridine synchronization and subsequent FPG-staining, the karyotype of 15 phenotypically normal horses displayed several breaks and gaps. Twelve bands 1q24, 4p12, 8q23, 11p12, 16q21, 17q21, 23q31, 23q32, Xp21, Xq22, Xq25 and Xq27 showed relatively frequent fragility. After thymidine/cytidine synchronization and subsequent GWL-banding the same horses display karyotypes without any fragility. Hence it is suggested that the above listed bands harbour folate and/or 5-bromodeoxyuridine sensitive fragile sites.
A new genetic variant Z2 in the Pi system of horses. A new genetic variant in the horse Pi system, designated Z2, was reported in Polish Arabs by using two-dimensional agarose polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The frequencies of Pi alleles F, G, L, L2, N, S, U, W, Z and Z2 were found to be 0.036, 0.005, 0.171, 0.013, 0.008, 0.237, 0.416, 0.003, 0.107 and 0.004 respectively.
[An outbreak of allergy to horses in children. A review of 56 recent cases]. Over the past 11 years, signs of allergy were observed in 56 children and adolescents in contact with horses. The cases consisted of 35 boys and 21 girls, 35 of them were under 10 years of age. The main clinical signs were ocular symptoms (36), asthma (30) and rhinopharyngitis (24). All the children had very positive cutaneous prick tests and specific IgE (class 3 and 4: 62%) and were polysensitized. In several children, the first manifestation occurred at the time of the first known contact with a horse or pony. No further contact was usually the only therapeutic solution. In disabled childre...
An evaluation of the effect of reagent modification on routine laboratory coagulation tests. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of modifying commercial reagents for the laboratory evaluation of several haemostatic parameters in normal, non-pregnant mares. The routine coagulation screening assays, namely, the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and the one-stage prothrombin time (PT), and the specific coagulation assays for the determination of the biological activity of Factors VII, VIII:C and IX, are discussed.
Interference of maternal antibodies with the immune response of foals after vaccination against equine influenza. The purpose of the study was twofold. First, using two groups of 22 foals each, we investigated the extent to which maternal antibodies interfere with the humoral response against equine influenza. The foals were born to mares that had been vaccinated twice yearly against influenza since 1982. Foals of group I were vaccinated three times at early ages (12, 16, and 32 weeks of age), and foals of group II were likewise vaccinated but a later ages (24, 28, and 44 weeks of age). After the first and second vaccinations, neither group showed an increase in antibodies that inhibit haemagglutination. ...
Paralaryngeal accessory bronchial cyst as a cause of laryngeal haemiplegia in a horse. LARYNGEAL haemiplegia is common in horses and most often
involves the left haemilarynx (Baker 1983; Haynes 1984).
Although specific processes have been incriminated in the
pathogenesis of laryngeal haemiplegia, most cases involve an
idiopathic distal axonopathy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The
purpose of this report is to describe a case of laryngeal
haemiplegia associated with an anomalous respiratory cyst. A
description of the lesion, method of surgical repair of the
laryngeal collapse and a proposed term to describe the
abnormality based on pathological and functional consider...
Urolithiasis in 68 horses. Medical records of 68 horses with urolithiasis were examined. Calculi were in the bladder in 47 horses, urethra in 11 horses, kidneys in 15 horses, and ureter in two horses. They occurred at several sites in six horses. Common clinical signs included hematuria, altered micturition (pollakiuria, dysuria, urinary incontinence), and tenesmus. Weight loss, possibly attributable to chronic renal failure and colic, was associated more commonly with renal and ureteral calculi. Weight loss also occurred in 13% of horses with cystic calculi only. In male horses, most cystic calculi were removed by peri...
