Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Warmerdam EP.Ultrasonography of the femoral artery in the horse, including color, power and spectral Doppler, provides morphologic and dynamic information. This paper describes the use of the techniques in six clinically normal horses and three with femoral artery thrombosis. Useful landmarks for orientation are the saphenous artery and the medial saphenous vein. The lateral circumflex femoral artery can not be visualized. Recognition of the genus descendens artery is complicated due to the presence of multiple distal caudal femoral arteries. The femoral artery feeds a high resistance bed. In normal horses...
Widmer WR, Blevins WE, Jakovljevic S, Levy M, Teclaw RF, Han CM, Hurd CD.A prospective clinical trial comparing adverse postmyelographic effects and myelographic quality of metrizamide and iohexol was conducted. Using a predetermined, randomized assignment, 24 horses exhibiting neurologic signs were administered either metrizamide (180 mgl/ml) or iohexol (180 mgl/ml) via cerebellomedullary puncture. Each horse was evaluated postmyelographically for adverse effects. Myelographic quality was assessed by a numerical scoring method. Adverse effects were observed more frequently with metrizamide (21) compared with iohexol (6) myelography (p < 0.05). Seizures, intensific...
Dyke TM, Sams RA.The objective of this study was to determine the urinary excretion of methylxanthines in horses following ingestion of chocolate over eight days. The study was performed in response to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmation of the presence of caffeine in a positive urine test in a racehorse. The trainer of the horse alleged that he often administered chocolate-coated peanuts as treats to his horses, and he believed that the ingestion of chocolate was responsible for the positive urine test. The urinary excretion of theobromine and caffeine after the ingestion of chocolate-co...
Ross MW.To correlate scintigraphic and clinical findings of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) in Standardbreds, radiographic findings in horses with confirmed MTPJ lameness, and determine if stress reaction and more advanced bone remodelling occurred in the MTPJ, medical records of 114 Standardbreds admitted between September 1993 and April 1995 in which bone scintigraphy included standing lateral and plantar views of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) were reviewed. Images obtained using a large field of view gamma camera were evaluated visually for location, definition and intensity of increase...
Manohar M, Goetz TE, Sullivan E, Griffin R.The present study was carried out to examine the effects of phenylbutazone treatment on the pulmonary haemodynamic effects of frusemide in strenuously exercising horses. Using catheter mounted manometers, whose in vivo signals were referenced at the point of the shoulder, heart rate, right atrial, right ventricular and pulmonary vascular pressures were measured in 3 different sets of experiments. Seven Thoroughbreds were subjected to 1) control (no medications), 2) frusemide control and 3) phenylbutazone + frusemide. The experiments were carried out in random order and were separated by 7 days...
Vandenput S, Duvivier DH, Votion D, Art T, Lekeux P.The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that stabled COPD horses can be maintained in clinical remission by replacing hay by grass silage and bedding made of wood shavings (Period B) and of wheat straw (Period C) during 6 weeks, respectively. At the end of these different periods, the pulmonary function of the horses was assessed by mechanics of breathing and arterial blood analyses. These results were compared to those measured in clinical remission obtained after 2 months in pasture (Period A). No significant difference was observed between these 3 periods neither to values ob...
Johnson KG, Tyrrell J, Rowe JB, Pethick DW.Abnormal behaviour commonly develops in intensively managed horses. A possible cause is the change in diet occurring when the horse is stabled. An experiment was performed to examine this possibility by manipulating the diet with the feed supplement virginiamycin, as Founderguard. During 4 weeks, 18 horses were fed diets ranging from hay alone to concentrate plus hay in the ratio of 3:1. The rations of half the horses given concentrate were supplemented with Founderguard. Horses eating high concentrate rations displayed abnormal oral behaviours at a higher frequency than those eating only hay....
Wiemer P, Ugahary F.A 6-year-old trotter gelding presented with exercise intolerance and swelling of the left side of the head during exercise and grazing. The complaints were caused by a complete thrombosis of the left jugular vein. In this case report a surgical approach is described in which a bypass was created with a synthetic vascular graft. After treatment the horse was capable of racing at his former level. The patency of the synthetic graft was 11 months.
La Perle KM, Piercy RJ, Long JF, Blomme EA.Multisystemic, eosinophilic, epitheliotropic disease and intestinal lymphosarcoma were diagnosed in a Paso Fino mare that presented with anorexia and weight loss. The stomach, ileum, cecum, colon, pancreas, and lungs were infiltrated by large numbers of eosinophils forming prominent eosinophilic granulomas, as well as lymphocytes and plasma cells. Two jejunal masses composed of solid sheets of neoplastic lymphocytes were present. In contrast to the regions of inflammation, the infiltrates in these masses did not contain plasma cells, eosinophils, and eosinophilic granulomas. Immunohistochemica...
van Schaik AM, van der Pol BA, van der Linde-Sipman JS.A healthy, 10-day-old Welsh A pony colt was totally blind 1 day after arrival at a studfarm. Both eyes appeared normal on external inspection. The young animal had been very distressed during the 40-km journey to the studfarm. Intravenous corticosteroids were administered for 2 days, but did not result in any observable improvement. The animal was euthanized at the owner's request. Both eyes with the optic nerves were removed for histological examination. Both optic nerves showed Wallerian degeneration, a well-known response of peripheral nerves to trauma. The foal, which was not tethered duri...
Fischer AT, Vachon AM.Laparoscopic intra-abdominal ligation and removal of cryptorchid testes in horses was evaluated retrospectively in 50 horses that underwent the procedure between 1991 and 1996. Sixty-one cryptorchid testes were removed by one of the following methods; the use of 1) an endoscoping stapling and transection device, 2) an endoscopic clipping device, 3) an endoscopic ligating loop. Monopolar electrosurgery was combined with these methods to facilitate coagulation and cutting of tissue. In 8 horses, 9 testes were retained between the internal and external inguinal rings. The inguinal testes were rem...
Bailey SR, Elliott J.Cumulative concentration response curves to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; 10(-10)-10(-4) mol/l) were constructed using isolated rings of equine digital, facial, tail and coronary arteries (endothelium intact). 5-HT was 17.7 and 41 times more potent as a vasoconstrictor of digital arteries than facial and tail arteries respectively. Removal of the endothelium increased the vasoconstrictor potency of 5-HT in the facial artery by 3.7-fold (P<0.05) but did not alter the sensitivity of digital arteries to 5-HT. Coronary arteries failed to contract to 5-HT. Coronary arteries pre-contracted with U440...
Young LE, Scott GR.In order to assess the reliability and repeatability of transthoracic echocardiography for detecting serial changes in cardiac function in horses, day to day variability of a number of echocardiographic indices of ventricular function were studied. The variables investigated were, from 2-dimensional (2-D) and M-mode echocardiography - aortic diameter in systole (Aos), pulmonary artery diameter in systole (Pas), left ventricular internal diameter in systole (LLVIDs) and diastole (LLVIDd), and left ventricular fractional shortening (%FS) and estimated ejection fraction (EF). From pulsed Doppler ...
Rahmanian MS, Thompson DL, Melrose PA.Gonadotropin-specific primary antisera and gold-conjugated secondary antibodies were used to immunocytochemically localize gonadotropins in the anterior pituitary of intact pony mares. Electron microscopy was then used to characterize the ultrastructure and immunoreactive staining characteristics of equine gonadotropes. Cells containing LH were morphologically indistinguishable from those containing FSH. Gonadotropes were relatively large and commonly had eccentric nuclei. The rough endoplasmic reticulum was well developed and dilated. Secretory granules were present in two morphologically dis...
Sarwar G, Botting HG, Davis TA, Darling P, Pencharz PB.Preterm and term transitional milks of human subjects and mature milks of human subjects, non-human primates and non-primates were analysed for free amino acids (AA) using precolumn phenylisothiocyanate derivatization and liquid chromatography. Differences in free AA between three types of human milk were small. Milks of pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) contained the highest levels of total free AA (8634-20,862 mumol/l), while the milks of cows and sheep had the lowest levels of total free AA (1061-1357 mumol/l). The milks of human subjects, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), gorillas (Gorilla gori...
Nagata S, Miyake YI, Nambo Y, Nagamine N, Watanabe G, Tsunoda N, Taniyama H, Hondo E, Yamada J, Taya K.To examine the physiological role of inhibin in the stallion, a heterologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) based on a bovine RIA was validated and used to measure immunoreactive (ir)-inhibin concentrations in plasma and testicular homogenates. The bioactivity of equine testicular inhibin was also examined using an assay for suppression of FSH secretion from rat anterior pituitary cells. In addition, to identify the cell responsible for secreting testicular inhibin, the localisation of inhibin in the testis was investigated by an immunohistochemical method using a polyclonal antibody against (Tyr30)-p...
Huszar G, Patrizio P, Vigue L, Willets M, Wilker C, Adhoot D, Johnson L.Although in several species there is a relationship between epididymal sperm transport and fertility, in human in vitro fertilization (IVF), spermatozoa recovered from the caput epididymidis or even the rete testis are fertile. We studied two objective markers of sperm maturity in the sperm of men and stallions: creatine kinase (CK) concentrations, which are a measure of cytoplasmic retention in immature spermatozoa, and the ratio of CK-M and CK-B isoforms (% CK-M/[CK-M + CK-B]), which is proportional to the incidence of mature sperm. The CK markers and the fertilizing function are closely rel...
Ammann VJ, Vrins AA, Lavoie JP.The effects of beclomethasone dipropionate on pulmonary function and arterial blood gas values were investigated in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Six mature mares, diagnosed as having COPD based on clinical signs, cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage and pulmonary function testing, were used. Beclomethasone dipropionate (3750 microg) was administered b.i.d. for a 2 week period with a metered dose inhaler using a mask. Pulmonary function tests and arterial blood gas analyses were performed at weekly intervals, starting before beclomethasone administratio...
Art T, Duvivier DH, Votion D, Anciaux N, Vandenput S, Bayly WM, Lekeux P.The present study was conducted to understand better the mechanisms leading to the decrease in exercise capacity observed in horses suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Five COPD horses were submitted to a standardized submaximal treadmill exercise test while they were in clinical remission or in acute crisis. Respiratory airflow, O2 and CO2 fractions in the respired gas, pleural pressure changes and heart rate were recorded, and arterial and mixed venous blood were analyzed for gas tensions, hemoglobin, and plasma lactate concentrations. O2 consumption, CO2 production,...
Brinsko SP, Squires EL, Pickett BW, Nett TM.The objective of this study was to determine if prolonged pulsatile administration of homologous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at therapeutic or 5x therapeutic doses would cause down-regulation of the stallion's hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Fifteen stallions were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (n=5/group) and received a 0.5 ml subcutaneous dose of saline (group 1), 50 microg GnRH (group 2), or 250 microg GnRH (group 3) every 2 hours for 75 days. Weekly evaluations of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone and monthly evaluations of d...
Lennard SN, Gerstenberg C, Allen WR, Stewart F.Northern blot and in situ hybridization techniques have demonstrated a marked increase in mRNA encoding epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the endometrium of mares, coincident with the start of interdigitation between the allantochorion and endometrium during placentation. In the present study, the unusually high EGF expression in the epithelium of the endometrial glands was shown to be maintained until at least day 250 of gestation (term = 320-340 days) in mares carrying normal horse conceptuses. However, in mares carrying failing donkey-in-horse pregnancies created by embryo transfer, EGF expr...
Luna SP, Taylor PM.Cannulation of the pituitary effluent in horses is a useful method for investigating the release of pituitary hormones in loco (Irvine and Alexander 1987). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and arginine vasopression (AVP) concentrations in plasma collected from the intercavemous sinus, which receives all the pituitary outflow, were several times greater than those measured in peripheral plasma (Redekopp et at 1986). However, no studies evaluating the pituitary contribution to endogenous opioid secretion have been reported in the equine species. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) directly reflects CNS ...
Higuchi T, Taharaguchi S, Hashikura S, Hagiwara S, Gojo C, Satoh S, Yoshida M, Takai S.To evaluate results of physical and serologic examinations of foals at 30 and 45 days of age on 3 types of farms with various prevalences of clinical disease (endemic, sporadic, none) caused by Rhodococcus equi and to determine whether evaluations were helpful in early diagnosis and control of the disease. Methods: Prospective cohort study. Methods: 144 foals at 30 and 45 days of age. Methods: During a 2-year period, 36 foals on farms at which R equi infection was endemic, 71 foals on farms at which the disease was sporadically detected, and 37 foals on farms without the disease were examined ...
Haouz A, Glandieres JM, Zentz C, Pin S, Ramstein J, Tauc P, Brochon JC, Alpert B.The effects of the solvent conditions (buffer pH 9, 8, or 7 or buffer pH 6.5 alone or mixed with 3.2% ethanol or 6.2% formamide) on the protein dynamics of horse apomyoglobin were investigated through tryptophan fluorescence quenching, spectra, and decay properties. Raising the pH (which induces discontinuous protein conformation changes) increases the structural fluctuations inside the hydrophobic A, G, and H helix core. Mixed solutions containing either 3.2% ethanol or 6.2% formamide (which redistribute water molecules on the protein surface) produce protein dynamics changes in the vicinity ...
Rodríguez-Pozo ML, Armengou L, Viu J, Ríos J, Jose-Cunilleras E.Peritoneal bile acids concentration (PBAC) has not been previously reported in horses. A case of liver lobe torsion in which increased PBAC was detected prompted us to study PBAC in horses. Objective: (a) To determine a reference range of PBAC in horses; (b) to compare PBAC from horses with either hepatic or gastrointestinal disease and healthy horses and (c) to assess the prognostic and diagnostic values of PBAC. Methods: Prospective case-control. Methods: Prospective observational clinical study. Bile acids concentrations were measured in both plasma and peritoneal fluid in selected clinical...
Gustafsson K, Tatz AJ, Dahan R, Britzi M, Soback S, Ahmad WA, Prince H, Kelmer G. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of metronidazole in the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) of the thoracic limb after administering metronidazole to standing horses by intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP). Methods: Eleven healthy horses had a wide rubber tourniquet applied to the proximal aspect of the antebrachium for 0.5 hours and 500 mg of metronidazole diluted in physiologic saline solution to a total volume of 108 mL was administered by cephalic IVRLP. Synovial fluid samples were collected from the DIPJ before perfusion and at 0.25, 0.5, 2, 12 ...
Abu-Seida AM, Wafy MN, Hassan EA, Ahmed KA.Ocular neoplasms represent 10% of all equine neoplasms and ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common one. This report describes the clinical presentation, laboratory, ultrasonography, postmortem, histopathology and immunohistochemistry findings of a mixed ocular neoplasm in a 10-year-old draft mare. The mare had a one-year history of left ocular mass. Complete destruction of the left eye with loss of vision was observed. A large ulcerated mass oozing blood replaced the left eye. Left parotid lymph node was swollen and had a sinus tract discharging pus. Ultrasonography revealed a...
Yamamoto K, Yasuda J, Too K.In 101 newborn Thoroughbred foals and foaling mares, 45 fetal (FECGs) and 101 neonatal electrocardiograms (NECGs) were obtained to investigate neonatal arrhythmias and other parameters including changes in fetal (FHR) and neonatal heart rate (NHR). Moreover, umbilical arterial, venous and jugular venous blood gas tensions and pH immediately after birth were analyzed to compare with the type and the degree of neonatal arrhythmias. Before delivery, in 37 fetuses FHR gradually decreased while in 8 cases it increased after rupture of the chorio-allantois. Abnormal deliveries were related in 5 of t...
Golenz MR, Knight DA, Yvorchuk-St Jean KE.Nasogastric infusion of a human enteral feeding preparation was effective in reversing hyperlipemia in an anorectic miniature horse with an esophageal laceration. The nutrient preparation was delivered every 4 hours by gravity flow through a 12 F enteral feeding tube. Within 48 hours of initiating enteral nutrition, the hyperlipemia had resolved. Signs of intolerance to the preparation were not observed, and further weight loss was prevented. The use of a human enteral formula was a convenient and successful alternative for the treatment of hyperlipemia in the horse.
Beachler TM, Scott Bailey C, Gracz HS, Morgan DR, Von Dollen KA, Ellis KE, Gadsby JE, Lyle SK.The amniotic and allantoic fluid compartments in the mare serve essential roles throughout pregnancy and parturition. Although the global metabolomic profile of amniotic fluid in women has been extensively characterized, current data for equine fetal fluids are limited. Therefore, the goal of this study was to characterize the global metabolomic profile of equine allantoic and amniotic fluid through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Fetal fluids were collected between 270 and 295 days of gestation from 12 pregnancies through ultrasound-guided transabdominal puncture. A total of 24 samp...
Soraci AL, Tapia O, Garcia J.Flurbirpofen (FBP), a member of the 2-aryl propionate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug class, has potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The commercial preparation is a racemic mixture of the R(-) and S(+) enantiomers of FBP. In this study, R(-) and S(+) FBP were used to investigate the metabolic chiral inversion. Each enantiomer was administered separately (0.25 mg/kg) and in a racemic mixture (0.5 mg/kg) intravenously to horses. Plasma and synovial concentration of each enantiomer was determined and the disposition of each was analyzed. After intravenous administration of R(-)...
Einarsson S, Dalin AM, Lundeheim N.The present study investigated daily sperm output and sperm morphology of fresh semen in eight Swedish Warmblood stallions aged 5-8 years. They were used for artificial insemination, and their fertility during the breeding season of semen collection exceeded 60% per cycle. One ejaculate of semen was collected daily for 10 consecutive days from each stallion. The gel-free volume was measured, and the sperm concentration was assessed with a Bürker chamber. The volume of gel-free fraction was multiplied by the sperm concentration to give the total number of spermatozoa (TSN). Sperm morphology wa...
Carmalt JL, Delaney L, Wilson DG.To compare the biomechanical cyclic fatigue properties of 2 and 3 parallel transarticular 5.5 mm cortical screws used in arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. Methods: Randomized block design, for horse, fixation method (2 versus three 5.5 mm cortical screws), side (right, left) and end (front, hind) in cadaveric equine limbs. Methods: Cadaveric adult equine fore- and hindlimbs (n=5 pairs each). Methods: Two parallel 5.5 mm cortical screws were inserted in lag fashion, transarticularly through the PIP joint in 1 limb of a pair, and in the contralateral limb, three 5.5 mm cor...
Sinha AK, Rose RJ, Pozgaj I, Hoh JF.The histochemical ATPase method for muscle fibre typing was first described by Brooke and Kaiser in 1970. However, problems have been found with the subdivision of type II fibres using this technique. To determine whether indirect myosin immunocytochemistry using anti-slow (5-4D), anti-fast (1A10) and anti-fast red (5-2B) monoclonal antibodies with cross reactivity for type I, II and IIa fibres, respectively, in a number of species, could identify three fibre types in equine skeletal muscle, data on fibre type composition and fibre size obtained using the two different techniques were compared...
Francqueville M, Sabbah A.The responsibility of the artificial environment in the development of respiratory allergy in horses is well known as the most important factor for the development of asthma, chronic dry cough and pulmonary emphysema. One case of allergy to the natural environment could be observed. One allergic rhinitis with asthma could be explored. Pathology, cause, tests and specific immuno-therapy are presented.
Wilson DA, Badertscher RR, Boero MJ, Baker GJ, Foreman JH.Ultrasonography was used to evaluate the ventral midline incisions of 21 ponies following exploratory laparotomy. The incisions were evaluated before surgery and at weekly intervals from one to seven weeks after surgery. Both 5.0 and 7.5 MHz linear array and 7.5 MHz sector transducers were used for the evaluations. The incisional complications observed were drainage, oedema, suture sinus formation, suture abscess, superficial dehiscence and incisional hernia. Ultrasonographic imaging of the ventral midline incision was an easy, reliable and objective method for detecting and monitoring the pro...
Villagomez DAF, Welsford EG, King WA, Revay T.In the domestic horse; failure of normal masculinization and virilization due to deficiency of androgenic action leads to a specific disorder of sexual development known as equine androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). Affected individuals appear to demonstrate an incoherency between their genetic sex and sexual phenotype; i.e., XY-sex chromosome constitution and female phenotypic appearance. AIS is well documented in humans. Here we report the finding of two novel genetic variants for the AR-gene identified in a Tennessee Walking Horse and a Thoroughbred horse mare; each in individual clinica...
Rothaug PG, Tulleners EP.To describe a technique of contact neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser-assisted excision of progressive ethmoid hematoma (PEH) in horses, to determine the recurrence rate of clinical signs of PEH in horses with follow-up time of a minimum of 12 months, and to compare this result with reported results achieved by using conventional techniques. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 21 horses with 26 PEH. Methods: Medical records of all horses with PEH treated by Nd:YAG laser excision from December 1986 through August 1996 were analyzed. Twenty-one horses underwent unilateral (18 su...
Kuwano A, Niwa H, Higuchi T, Mitsui H, Agne RA.A 3-year-old thoroughbred colt presented with canker on its left hind foot. Subsequent development of cottage cheese-like horns and dermatitis disturbed healing, despite the use of miscellaneous orthodox treatment approaches to the lesions. Histological examination revealed exudative and suppurative dermatitis, and proliferatively suppurative epidermitis infected with helically coiled treponemes. Total debridement under general anesthesia led to a temporary improvement, but the ground surface regenerated abnormal epidermis similar to that observed initially after surgery. Maggot debridement th...
Bertone AL.Infectious tenosynovitis is treated similarly to infectious arthritis. The principles of treatment include an early diagnosis and immediate therapy. Therapy should include use of systemic and local antimicrobials and sheath lavage and drainage. Fibrosis and adhesions can be minimized with passive range of motion exercises, intrathecal hyaluronate, and phenylbutazone therapy. Restrictive fibrosis may be treated successfully by annular ligament resection.
Kato H, Ohashi T, Nakamura N, Nishimura Y, Watari T, Goitsuka R, Tsujimoto H, Hasegawa A.Equine interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and IL-1 beta were molecularly cloned to establish a basis for research on inflammatory and immune responses in the horse. Equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cDNA clones of equine IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta covering the whole coding sequences were isolated from them. These equine IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta clones contained open reading frames encoding 271 and 269 amino acids, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of equine IL-1 alpha showed 71.6% and 60.2% similarity with that of human ...
Kempson SA.Farrier's Formula feed supplement was added to the diet of 18 horses with two types of hoof horn defects. The first group of horses showed sand cracks and crumbling horn around the nail holes; the second group suffered frequent bruising and had flat feet with collapsed heels. Hoof clippings from both groups were studied in the transmission and scanning electron microscopes. All the horses showed a progressive improvement in the gross and microscopic structure of the hoof horn, starting six weeks after the supplementation began. Once good quality hoof horn had grown there was no relapse during ...
Burn JF, Wilson A, Nason GP.Impact is implicated in the development of several types of musculoskeletal injury in the horse. Characterisation of impact experienced during strenuous exercise is an important first step towards understanding the mechanism for injury. Measurement and analysis of large, short duration impacts is difficult. The measurement system must be able to record transient peaks and high frequencies accurately. The analysis technique must be able to characterise the impact signal in time and frequency. This paper presents a measurement system and analysis technique for the characterisation of large impac...
Oberhaus EL, Wilson KM, Camp CM, Sones JL.Sulpiride in vegetable shortening (VS) stimulates prolactin in horses for up to 10 days. Although effective, a pharmaceutical grade vehicle is needed for clinical application of sulpiride in horses. Sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB), a hydrophobic polymer, may be an alternative to VS. Four in vivo experiments assessed the efficacy of SAIB for delivery of sulpiride, estradiol cypionate (ECP), and estradiol benzoate (EB). The first three studies utilized geldings to compare prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations between sulpiride delivered in VS and SAIB, and ECP or EB delivered ...
Caron JP, Peters TL, Hauptman JG, Eberhart SW, Orth MW.To determine the effects of orally administered glucosamine on concentrations of markers of bone and cartilage metabolism in Standardbred horses during race training. Methods: Twenty 16- to 20-month-old Standardbreds beginning race training. Methods: Horses were randomly assigned to 2 groups. One group received glucosamine hydrochloride (4 g, PO, q 12 h), and the second (control) group received glucose (4 g, PO, q 12 h). Serum samples were obtained prior to onset of the study (baseline) and at regular intervals for 48 weeks for determination of concentrations of keratan sulfate (KS), osteocalc...
Kochová P, Witter K, Cimrman R, Mezerová J, Tonar Z.The relationship between mechanical behaviour and microscopic structure of the laminar junction of equine hooves under testing conditions requires elucidation. Objective: To determine mechanical parameters and 2D length density of profiles of secondary lamellae of the laminar junction in the dermal region and to assess possible correlations. Methods: Specimens (25 samples in total) of the laminar junction were taken from front, quarter and heel parts from 3 equine hooves and exposed to a uniaxial tensile test until rupture to obtain Young's moduli of elasticity, ultimate stress and strain. Nei...
Barrell EA, Kamm JL, Hendrickson DA.A 7-year-old mixed-breed stallion was admitted because of colic. Results: Entrapment of the left colon in the renosplenic space was diagnosed via rectal palpation and ultrasonographic examination, despite a renosplenic space ablation 6.5 years earlier. Results: The renosplenic entrapment was corrected with a combination of phenylephrine administration, rolling, and ballottement of the horse's abdomen during general anesthesia. The following week, left flank laparoscopic renosplenic space ablation was performed with the horse standing. On examination of the previous surgical site, only 4 bands ...
Young LE, Blissitt KJ, Clutton RE, Molony V.To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of a 60-minute infusion of dopexamine in horses anesthetized with halothane. Methods: 7 adult Thoroughbreds. Methods: Measurements of left ventricular function obtained by transesophageal Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Results: Infusion of dopexamine (4 micrograms/kg of body weight/min) significantly increased heart rate, cardiac output, maximal rates of increase and decrease of left ventricular pressure, and maximal acceleration and maximal velocity of aortic blood flow. Left ventricular ejection time significantly increased, and pre-...
