Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Braun J.Although foals born after embryo transfer are eligible for registration in the majority of horse breeds, application of embryo transfer is still rare. This is mainly due to the lack of a possibility for superovulation. Uterine stage embryos can be recovered by a non-surgical flushing technique. Transfer can be accomplished by non-surgical as well as surgical methods. In contrast to the situation in cattle, most related technologies are scarcely available. Methods of cryopreservation as well as bisection of embryos are hampered by the fact that suitable embryos (morula) can be collected from th...
Bertone JJ.Often in emergency situations minimal data are collected, decisions are made, manipulations are performed, and therapeutics are administered without the collection of complete data sets that would indicate a detailed history and laboratory analysis. The incomplete clinical analysis may lead to occasional mistakes, but most often expediency is necessary and admirable. This article presents a clinical approach to emergency patients that requires minimal data collection in the face of the need for timely decision development. Medicolegal considerations are addressed briefly.
Holcombe SJ, Beard WL, Hinchcliff KW, Robertson JT.The effect of transection of the sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus muscles on upper airway mechanics was investigated in exercising horses. Upper airway mechanics of six Standardbred horses were measured at rest and during exercise before and 24 h and 2 wk after sternothyrohyoid myectomy. Transnasal tracheal and pharyngeal catheters connected to differential pressure transducers were used to measure tracheal and pharyngeal pressures. A pneumotachograph mounted on the rostral end of an airtight face mask was used to measure airflow. Horses ran at 50, 75, and 100% of maximal O2 consumption on ...
Krecek RC, Starkey PH, Joubert AB.During June 1994, members of numerous organisations with a vested interest in animal traction in South Africa met for a one-day workshop, the initial activity of a Forum on Working Animals. The workshop was sponsored by the Foundation for Research Development in South Africa. The individuals who attended were representatives of academic and government institutions, farmer and civic organisations, and included veterinarians and veterinary scientists, administrators, traction experts from the region and from abroad, agricultural engineers, sociologist, anthropologists and animal welfare experts....
Barton MH, Moore JN.Whole blood from 10 healthy horses was aseptically collected into heparin or citrate anticoagulant and incubated in vitro for 6 hr in the absence (saline control) or presence of 1 ng endotoxin/ml blood. Pentoxifylline (0.1, 1, 10, or 100 micrograms/ml blood) was added 1 hr before, at the same time, or 1 hr after endotoxin. As compared to saline controls, pentoxifylline alone had no effect on mediator production, with the exception of significantly increasing 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha concentration. Pentoxifylline inhibited endotoxin-induced increases in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and inter...
Muttini A, Petrizzi L, Tinti A, Bertoluzza A.An investigation was carried out on most common synovial fluid parameters of normal and osteochondritic hocks of horses less than 12 months old in order to confirm the presence of an inflammatory process. Furthermore, a spectroscopic study was performed on synovial fluid from both normal and diseased hocks. A depolymerization of hyaluronic acid was demonstrated in synovial fluid from diseases joints, similar to that reported in human rheumatoid arthritis. A one month rest seem to normalize all parameters considered and in one joint, a return to normal infrared spectrum was demonstrated.
Brumbaugh GW.In emergency conditions, antimicrobial treatment is subordinate to truly life-supporting measures. Antimicrobial treatment should be formulated rationally for each patient and should not simply be a matter of following a recipe. This article presents principles for guiding rational therapeutic decision-making and examples of conditions in which those principles can be applied.
Tomizawa N, Nishimura R, Sasaki N, Hayashi Y, Senba H, Hara S, Kadosawa T, Takeuchi A.Morphological differences between cervical vertebrae were statistically analyzed in ataxic foals to clarify abnormal structural factors in the pathogenesis of this problem. At first, multiple regression analysis and cluster analysis were performed with 28 variables in C3-C7 of 39 control foals without lameness. As a result, there were no sex differences in the growth of all cervical vertebral sites, and the most suitable categorization of the age of the foals was 3 clusters of 8 months old or younger, 9-12 months old and 13 months old or older in any sites in the cervical vertebrae. Twenty-eig...
Bey O, Loeffler K, Sasse HH.In the course of ten horse-shows 248 horses were submitted to a short veterinary examination in the course of the horse controls that were introduced in 1991. In 143 horses (57.6%) animal cruelty preventive deficiencies were found. The results of the horse controls are compared to previous results and discussed from the point of view of animal protection.
Fenger CK, Granstrom DE, Langemeier JL, Gajadhar A, Cothran G, Tramontin RR, Stamper S, Dubey JP.Sarcocystis neurona is a coccidial parasite that causes a neurologic disease of horses in North and South America. The natural host species are not known and classification is based on ultrastructural analysis. The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSURNA) gene of S. neurona was amplified using polymerase chain reaction techniques and sequenced by Sanger sequencing reactions. The sequence was compared with partial sequences of S. muris, S. gigantea, S. tenella, S. cruzi, S. arieticanis, S. capracanis, Toxoplasma gondii, Eimeria tenella, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Alignments of available sites for ...
Schoene C, Nedderman AN, Houghton E.Little is known about the metabolism of 17 alpha-alkyl anabolic steroids in horses. In this study, the metabolism of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone is investigated by oral administration of a (1 + 1) mixture of the steroid and its deuteriated analogue. Both compounds were synthesized from dehydroisoandrosterone (DHA), using a Grignard reaction followed by an Oppenauer oxidation. Post-administration urine extracts were analysed by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using both electron impact (IE) and chemical ionization (CI). Interpretation of the data was facilitated by observation of ...
Reed SM.Trauma to the nervous system in horses may involve the brain, brainstem, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. Trauma may occur to any part of the nervous system with or without a fracture.
Stammers JP, Hull D, Silver M, Fowden AL, Ousey J, Rossdale PD.An in vitro incubation technique was used to examine release of lipids from the equine placenta. Placental tissue was obtained at term (n = 5, term = 320-365 days) and earlier in gestation (n = 8, mean = 266 days). Term placentae were incubated at two temperatures, 4 degrees C (control) and 37 degrees C for 2 h. Pre-term placentae were incubated at 37 degrees C with two different concentrations of fatty acid in the medium. Tissues and media were analysed for their lipid concentrations. Term and pre-term placentae released free fatty acid (FFA) and phospholipid into the incubation medium during...
Rodriguez ML, McConnell I, Lamont J, Campbell J, FitzGerald SP.A generic, rapid and sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test has been developed which allows large-scale simultaneous testing of synthetic corticosteroids viz., flumethasone, dexamethasone and betamethasone. This assay can be directly applied to diluted urine samples (1 + 9) without hydrolysis of glucuronide or sulfate conjugates or any other treatment of samples. The polyclonal antibody was obtained by immunizing sheep with a flumethasone derivative linked to human serum albumin. This polyclonal antibody displayed high-reactivity with several synthetic corticosteroids whilst ...
Attenburrow DP, Goss VA.A case of acute destabilization of the right stifle joint associated with rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament and avulsion fracture of the tibial spine in a horse is reported. The diagnosis was obtained by scintigraphy and radiography. Post mortem investigations 6 weeks after injury demonstrated fibrillation of surface cartilage in regions unprotected by tibial menisci. No pathological change was demonstrated in the subchondral bone of the tibia in regions associated with loss of cartilage integrity.
Salvadori MC, Rieser EM, Ribeiro Neto LM, Nascimento ES.The seeds of Guaraná are rich in xanthines and are used for the preparation of guaraná powder which is very commonly given to horses as a 'tonic' in Brazil. In this paper, the xanthine content of guaraná powder was determined, in addition to its clearance time in horses. Thin-layer chromatography was used as a screening procedure and high-performance liquid chromatography was performed to quantify the drugs in both the powder and urine samples. The guaraná powder was found to contain 2.16, 1.10 and 36.78 mg g-1 of theobromine (TB), theophylline (TP) and caffeine (CF), respectively, and in ...
The Journal of nutritionDecember 1, 1994
Volume 124, Issue 12 Suppl 2723S-2729S doi: 10.1093/jn/124.suppl_12.2723S
Hintz HF.Some aspects of energy, protein and vitamin E nutrition of the performance horse are discussed. The amount, dietary source and time of ingestion of energy before exercise can influence performance. In 1989 the National Research Council (NRC) increased their estimates of energy required by racehorses. Recent studies indicate that the increase was reasonable. Many factors, however, can influence energy requirements. Therefore, the best measure would be body weight and composition of the horse. A proper balance of soluble carbohydrate, fiber, fat and protein is essential. Some guidelines are pres...
Holbrook TC, Moore JN.Endotoxemia and septicemia are encountered frequently in equine veterinary practice. The deleterious effects of endotoxin are related to the severity of the response of the host's inflammatory system. Consequently, it is imperative that appropriate steps be taken to identify animals at risk of developing endotoxemia or septicemia, and to initiate treatments that will reduce the inflammatory response. This article discusses the anti-inflammatory and immune support of horses and foals with endotoxemia and septicemia.
Barnard BJ, Bengis R, Keet D, Dekker EH.The viraemic period of African horsesickness is significantly longer in experimentally infected zebra than in horses. The virus could be isolated 40 d post-infection from blood and 48 d post-infection from spleen. The introduction of zebra into African horsesickness-free countries should therefore be considered carefully, and preferably be restricted to serologically negative zebra.
Harvey CE.Dental procedures have been performed on animals, particularly horses, since earliest recorded history. In the absence of anesthesia and an understanding of physiology and pathology, treatment often was unnecessary, inappropriate or barbaric. Progress was made very slowly.
Otten N, Marti E, Söderström C, Amtmann E, Burger D, Gerber H, Lazary S.A xanthate compound with antiviral and antitumoural activities, tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) in combination with the potassium salt of the lauric acid (KC12) and, in a further investigation, the above-mentioned substances together with recombinant human TNF alpha (rh-TNF alpha), were tested on equine sarcoid tumours for therapeutic efficacy. A pilot investigation on 5 healthy horses showed that the compounds were well-tolerated; apart from a local, temporary oedema at the injection site, no other clinical symptoms were observed after subcutaneous administration of volumes from 0.1 to...
Perkins NR, Frazer GS.Topics addressed in this article include complications of castration, scrotal and inguinal hernias, torsion of the spermatic cord, traumatic injuries to the external genitalia, and posthumous collection of spermatozoa. A concise overview of the clinical management of emergency cases is provided.
Allen DA, Schertel ER.Shock has been described and defined by the inciting cause. This method of categorization does little to clarify common pathophysiologic changes known to occur regardless of the etiology. Each type of shock involves different stages that are determined by the inciting cause, its duration, severity of the initial result, susceptibility of the patient, and adequacy of treatment.
Chaichanasiriwithaya W, Rikihisa Y, Yamamoto S, Reed S, Crawford TB, Perryman LE, Palmer GH.Ehrlichia risticii causes an acute infectious disease in horses called Potomac horse fever. To investigate the biological diversity of E. risticii organisms, nine E. risticii isolates derived from the peripheral blood monocytes of clinically sick horses in Ohio and Kentucky during the summers of 1991 and 1993 were compared with Illinois and Virginia isolates originally obtained from horses in Maryland in 1984. Seven of the nine isolates (081, 606, 380, 679, As, Co, and Ov) formed large morulae (tightly packed inclusions of ehrlichial organisms). The remaining isolates, including 1984 isolates,...
Tumas DB, Brassfield AL, Travenor AS, Hines MT, Davis WC, McGuire TC.Murine monoclonal antibodies, HB88A, B29A and DH59B separately identify the CD2 T lymphocyte molecule, a unique pan-B lymphocyte surface marker and a pan-granulocyte/monocyte surface molecule, respectively, in the horse. Specificity was shown by two-color immunofluorescent flow cytometry and immunofluorescent microscopy. MAb HB88A reacted with a 52 kDa pan-T lymphocyte molecule present on 75% +/- 7 of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) (n = 15 horses). It also reacted with lymphocytes restricted to T lymphocyte dependent areas of lymph node and spleen. Specificity of mAb HB88A to CD2 was demon...
Aida H, Mizuno Y, Hobo S, Yoshida K, Fujinaga T.The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane required to prevent gross purposeful movement in response to electrical stimulation of the oral mucous membranes was determined in horses, and their physical responses to inhalation of this anesthetic were observed. The MAC was 2.31 +/- 0.11%. The horses showed good ventilation, without any signs of airway irritation such as coughing. The horses became slightly excited before they laid down. The end tidal sevoflurane concentration (ESC) required to produce recumbency was 2.54 +/- 0.11%. These results suggest that sevoflurane is a clinical...
Rebhun WC.Most ocular and orbital injuries or acute ocular inflammation in horses result in similar signs of adnexal swelling, photophobia, blepharospasm, and lacrimation. It is hoped that detailed examination and the suggestions in this article will enable veterinarians attending horses having ocular emergencies to arrive at a correct diagnosis and appropriate therapy.
Braverman Y.The biology, veterinary importance and control of certain Nematocera are described and discussed. Culicoides spp. (family Ceratopogonidae) transmit the arboviruses of bluetongue (BT), African horse sickness (AHS), bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) and Akabane. Some other arboviruses have been isolated from these species, while fowl pox has been transmitted experimentally by Culicoides. These insects are vectors of the parasitic protozoans Leucocytozoon caulleryi and Haemoproteus nettionis, and the parasitic nematodes Onchocerca gutturosa, O. gibsoni and O. cervicalis. They also cause recurrent summ...
Monahan CM, Taylor HW, Chapman MR, Klei TR.Protection from Strongylus vulgaris infection through immunization with radiation-attenuated third-stage larvae (L3) or crude soluble homogenates from larval or adult stages was examined. Yearling ponies raised parasite-free were divided into 3 immunization groups: radiation-attenuated L3; soluble adult somatic extracts; larval somatic extracts with excretory/secretory products (E/S) from in vitro culture; and 1 medium control group. Ponies were immunized twice; attenuated larvae were administered orally and somatic extracts or controls injected intramuscularly with adjuvant. Approximately 6 w...
Khoury C, Manilla G, Maroli M.The following 13 species of ticks, belonging to Ixodidae family, were recorded in Italy on horse (Equus caballus) since 1931: Ixodes ricinus, I. gibbosus, Haemaphysalis inermis, H. parva, H. punctata, H. sulcata, Dermacentor marginatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rh. bursa, Rh. turanicus, Hyalomma marginatum, Hy. detritum, Boophilus annulatus. The regional distribution and the role of the species in the transmission of pathogens are reported.
Kornaś S, Skalska M, Nowosad B.The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of roundworm infection in working horses slaughtered for meat. In these horses anthelmintics had not been used. Methods: Roundworms were collected post-mortem from small intestines of 83 horses. Results: The mean prevalence of roundworm infection was 12% and intensity--46.7 specimens per horse. Infection was found only in foals; 10 animals were infected (45.4%) among the 22 examined. Due to common occurrence of roundworms (Parascaris equorum) in foals this nematode control should focus particularly on regular anthelmintic treatment of young...
Niedzwiedz A, Slawuta P, Zak A, Slowikowska M, Siwinska N, Rykała M, Nicpon J.Equine asthma syndrome is an allergic, inflammatory airway disease that usually affects older horses. Respiratory acidosis is an acid-base imbalance caused by alveolar hypoventilation. The acid-base balance may be assessed using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation as well as the Stewart model. The authors hypothesized that systemic respiratory acidosis changes the ionic concentrations affecting water dissociation. The study group included 16 Warmblood, mixed breed horses of both sexes with a history of severe equine asthma, and 10 healthy horses were used as controls. Arterial and venous blood ...
Haluska GJ, Wilkins K.Rectal temperature was recorded from 22 mares at 0700, 1500 and 2300 h daily for seven days pre-partum and one day post partum. A circadian variation in rectal temperature was present with the lowest temperature recorded at 0700 h. Because of this, the mares were divided into three groups based on time of parturition; those foaling between 0700 and 1500 h (n = 2); between 1500 and 2300 h (n = 13); and between 2300 and 0700 h (n = 7). On the day prior to delivery (Day -1) the circadian pattern was absent because the nocturnal increase did not occur. A significant decrease in temperature was rec...
Pearson RA, Lawrence PR, Smith AJ.Draught animal research carried out by scientists at the Centre for Topical Veterinary Medicine (CTVM) in Edinburgh and overseas is reviewed and the major findings are reported. The remit for the work has been to provide basic information on draught animals which can be applied by researchers and extension workers to their own geographic situations. Instrumentation is described which has been designed and manufactured to assist in the measurement of draught animal performance, particularly work output and energy consumption. Energy requirements of cattle, buffaloes and equids for work and ways...
Madigan J, Costa L, Nieves S, Horgan M, Weberg K, Aleman M.Stranded and recumbent equids often require emergency rescue, and a successful rescue often requires vertical lifting of the animal. Currently, the devices used for vertical lifting of equids are not readily available at an incident or urgent situation. The current study describes and evaluates the use of a simple lift device utilizing commercially available, and reasonably priced, equipment. The system, referred to as the Loop Vertical Lift System or Loops System, is basically composed of four round slings placed in such a way that utilizes the skeletal system for support. The study demonstra...
Scott EA, Chaffee A, Eyster GE, Kneller SK.Two foals with a history of normalcy at birth developed a lack of exercise tolerance and weakness in the first few days of life. Weakness, inability to rise, and reluctance to suckle were common complaints. Physical examination of both foals revealed a cardiovascular abnormality, with a loud systolic murmur audible over both thoracic walls. Additional diagnostic techniques were blood gas analysis, radiography, cardiovascular catheterization, and necropsy. Necropsy findings were ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and congenital absence of the aortic arch....
Lester GD, Lester NV.Plain and contrast radiographic techniques are used infrequently in the diagnostic evaluation of abdominal or thoracic disease in the adult horse because of the animal's large body size and the limited availability and expense of suitable equipment. The importance of radiography as a critical tool has also been lessened through the accessibility of ultrasound, although this technique is limited by depth and offers only a superficial window. Traditional radiographic techniques can be readily used in young foals because of their small body size, and radiography frequently provides critical infor...
Eysker M, Jansen J, Wemmenhove R, Mirck MH.Gastro-intestinal helminth infections of a group of three yearling mare Shetland ponies, which were set-stocked on a small pasture from February until September, were compared with those of a similar group of ponies, which grazed a similar pasture from February to July and subsequently was removed to a pasture which had been grazed by sheep from April to July. In addition both groups were treated with cambendazole when the latter group was removed to the sheep pasture. Pasture larval counts and worm counts demonstrated that the group grazed after the sheep acquired considerably smaller burdens...
Bernor RL, Cirilli O, Bukhsianidze M, Lordkipanidze D, Rook L.The Equus datum has been established as a geochronologic 'instantaneous' migratory event of a North American Equus species into Eurasia at the beginning of the Pleistocene (2.58 Ma). A remarkable radiation of Equus followed across Eurasia and Africa. Dmanisi includes excellent remains of Equus, well calibrated between 1.85 and 1.76 Ma. Our morphologic and morphometric analyses of the augmented Dmanisi Equus sample support the co-occurrence of Equus stenonis and Equus altidens in the sequence. Dmanisi E. stenonis is found to be morphologically similar to the European E. stenonis populations a...
Urwin V.Heterologous double-antibody radioimmunoassay were developed for the measurement of FSH and LH concentrations in the serum of both horses and donkeys. The FSH assay employed a rabbit anti-ovine FSH serum which showed a complete lack of cross-reaction with equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) and negligible cross-reaction with equine LH. The LH assay utilized an antiserum raised against highly purified eCG. This similarly showed negligible cross-reaction with equine FSH but its high cross-reactivity with eCG prevented the measurement of equine LH concentrations in serum when eCG was also presen...
Juneja RK, Andersson L, Sandberg K, Gahne B, Adalsteinsson S, Gunnarsson E.Two-dimensional agarose gel (pH 8.6)-horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis of horse serum proteins revealed genetic polymorphism of ceruloplasmin (Cp) and two unidentified serum proteins tentatively designated serum protein 1 (SP1) and serum protein 2 (SP2). Family data were consistent with the hypothesis that the observed Cp and SP1 phenotypes were each controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles. The three common SP2 phenotypes were shown to be controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles. Population data and limited family data indicated the occurrence of two additio...
Smith BP, Timm K, Jahn S, Reina-Guerra M.Three of 33 ponies died after the herd had been moved to a new environment 3 months earlier. One mare died without premonitory signs of illness. Shortly thereafter, a 5-day-old foal and a 2-year-old gelding died after brief illness. Although cultures were not performed on the mare, Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from the feces and tissues of the foal and gelding. Lesions in the foal were confined to ecchymotic hemorrhages on the mucosal surface of the colon and petechial hemorrhages in the splenic capsule, with adhesions to the parietal peritoneum. The gelding had evidence of severe typhl...
Easton S, Pinchbeck GL, Bartley DJ, Hotchkiss E, Hodgkinson JE, Matthews JB.The aim of this study was to determine practices, attitudes and experiences of UK prescribers of anthelmintics for horses and livestock. A questionnaire was sent by direct email to groups licenced to prescribe these medicines. These were veterinarians, Suitably Qualified Persons (SQPs, registered with the Animal Medicines Training Regulatory Authority) and veterinary pharmacists. The survey was also advertised through social media. It comprised questions relating to demographics, training experiences, current prescribing practices, as well as personal opinions on anthelmintic selection, diagno...
Schelp C, Böse R, Micha A, Hentrich B.High-titre equine immune sera were used to screen a lambda gt 11 expression library of Babesia equi cDNA fragments. Two cDNA clones which did not cross-hybridize to each other were studied. Both clones hybridized specifically to DNA from B. equi but not to DNA from B. caballi, B. divergens or B. ovis. Recombinant proteins were expressed as glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins with apparent molecular weights of 40 kDa and 75 kDa. Polyclonal antibodies directed against the 40 kDa and 75 kDa recombinant proteins detected native antigens of 55 kDa and 50 kDa respectively in crude lysate...
Kannegieter NJ, Ryan N.The case record, and subsequent racing performance, of 110 horses that had undergone arthroscopic surgery of the carpus, were reviewed. Of these, 87% resumed racing, with 43% able to win at least one race, after surgery. Horses with chip fractures from the distal radius had the best prognosis, while horses with sagittal fractures of the third carpal bone had the poorest. The performance of horses with bilateral lesions was similar to those with unilateral lesions. It was concluded that arthroscopic surgery was a suitable technique for the diagnosis and treatment of carpal lesions in the horse....
Fischer AT.Evaluation of the horse with colic has always been challenging since the patient's large size precludes many of the diagnostic imaging procedures commonly used in human medicine. Diagnostic methods such as radiography, laparoscopy, endoscopy, and peritoneal fluid analysis can serve to increase the accuracy of presurgical evaluation. Prognosis in individual cases can be best predicted by careful analysis of selected clinicopathological data, physical examination findings, and surgical biopsies. However, no predictive model is 100 per cent accurate, and clinicians must continue to rely on clinic...
Madison JB, Donawick WJ, Johnston DE, Orsini RA.Skin expansion was used in three horses, one heifer, and one dog to aid in the repair of cosmetic defects. Skin expansion was produced by inserting an expandable silicone device subcutaneously and gradually inflating the device with saline. Skin expansion allowed skin to be mobilized and sutured over cosmetic defects without excessive tension. A successful outcome was achieved in four of the five cases reported here. In one animal, two attempts to create a pocket for a silicone prosthesis failed because the expanders ruptured. Complications included implant failure, wound dehiscence, and expos...
Bauer SM, Santschi EM, Fialkowski J, Clayton MK, Proctor RA.To quantify the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to 4 equine bone surfaces passivated in a balanced polyionic solution (Plasmalyte) or hyperimmune equine plasma (Polymune plasma). Methods: In vitro comparative study. Methods: Third metacarpal bone (MC3) surface explants from 9 equine cadavers. Methods: Approximately 1 cm(2) sections of periosteum were removed from MC3 and stapled to sterile stainless steel screens. Three bone surface explants were cut using a surgical saw to present 1 cm(2) surfaces of subperiosteal bone, cut cortical bone, or endosteum. Duplicate explants of each surface wer...
Wicklund A, Foster SD, Roy AA. Despite a high incidence of injury in their sport, rodeo athletes have been underrepresented in the concussion literature. No standard postconcussion protocols are available across rodeo organizations for evaluating fitness to return to competition. Objective: To review the literature on concussion in rodeo, examine published guidelines, and offer an active return-to-play (RTP) protocol specific to rodeo athletes. Background: Unique barriers complicate the management and treatment of rodeo athletes with concussion, such as the solo nature of the sport, lack of consistent access to ...
Tabar JJ, Cruz AM.The objective of this study was to identify risk factors and describe clinical signs in 7 foals with cecal rupture; none of the foals survived. Six foals had undergone general anesthesia; 5 for orthopedic procedures. Six of the foals were receiving nonsteriod anti-inflammatory drugs. Most foals started showing colic signs on day 2 after surgery, preceded in 3 cases by dullness. Cecal rupture occurred between 4 hours and 2 days after the first signs of colic were noticed. Intestinal motility was decreased or absent in all foals for which it was recorded.Foals undergoing general anesthesia shoul...
Bietzk E, Weller R, Simons V, Channon SB.Development of new methods for anatomy teaching is increasingly important as we look to modernize and supplement traditional teaching methods. In this study, a life-sized equine model, "Geoff," was painted with surface and deep anatomical structures with the aim of improving students' ability to convert theoretical knowledge into improved topographical anatomy knowledge on the live horse. Third and fourth year veterinary medicine students (n = 45) were randomly allocated into experimental (used "Geoff") and control (used textbook) groups. The efficacy of the model was evaluated through a struc...
White SA, Canada NC, Carmalt JL, Schumacher J, Amitrano FN, Ortved K, Henry TJ, Brounts SH, Arnold CE.There are no reports describing the long-term outcome of sport horses undergoing unilateral mandibular condylectomy with meniscectomy (UMC) for treatment for severe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease (TMD). Whether horses undergoing UMC require a specialized diet, can return to riding with a bit, or return to intended function after surgery is unknown. Unassigned: To determine the long-term outcome of horses undergoing UMC for treatment of severe TMD. Unassigned: A multi-institutional, retrospective study. Unassigned: Medical records obtained from seven equine referral hospitals of horses w...
Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos ML, Christensen H, Durjava M, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, Puente SL, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F....Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of a tincture derived from L. (gentian tincture). It is intended to be used as a sensory additive for all animal species. The product is a water/ethanol solution, with a dry matter content of approximately 4.3% and it contains on average 0.0836% polyphenols (of which 0.0463% are flavonoids and 0.0027% xanthones) and 0.0022% gentiopicroside. The additive is intended for use in complete feed or drinking water up to a maximum level of 50 mg tincture/kg for all animal species, except ho...
Hyyppä S.To test the effect of nandrolone on their recovery, six adult half-bred riding horses performed a competition exercise test (CET) and a standardized exercise test (SET) on consecutive days before and after a 2-week treatment with the anabolic steroid nandrolone laurate. Blood samples were collected during and between these tests for the determination of red cell volume and concentrations of blood lactate, plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol, triglycrides, erythropoietin, cortisol, insulin, and glucagon. Muscle biopsy specimens were taken immediately after the CET and before th...
