Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Response to demineralized bone matrix implantation in foals and adult horses. Equine demineralized bone matrix, particle size 2 to 4 mm, was implanted SC and IM in 4 foals and 4 adult horses. The implants were removed between 5 and 8 weeks after implantation. Bone formation was induced by SC and IM implantations in all animals. The implantation site had a marked effect on the amount of bone that developed, bone being formed earlier and in greater amounts when the matrix was implanted IM. The amount of bone formed increased with increasing time after matrix implantation at both sites. Demineralized bone matrix implantation also led to formation of small amounts of chondr...
Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from standardbred racehorses with inflammatory airway disease. Cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), including phenotypic analysis of lymphocytes, was performed on 32 Standardbreds with poor race performance and endoscopic examination findings characteristic of inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Nucleated cell counts in BALF from IAD-affected horses were higher than those in control horses; the cytologic profile of BALF in affected horses included mixed inflammation, characterized by mild neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, and monocytosis. Eosinophil and mast cell counts were not higher in the IAD-affected group, compared with those in t...
Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide, allopurinol, 21-aminosteroid U-74389G, and manganese chloride on low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon in horses. Thirty horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups. All horses were anesthetized and subjected to ventral midline celiotomy, then the large colon was exteriorized and instrumented. Colonic arterial blood flow was reduced to 20% of baseline (BL) and was maintained for 3 hours. Colonic blood flow was then restored, and the colon was reperfused for an additional 3 hours. One of 5 drug solutions was administered via the jugular vein 30 minutes prior to colonic reperfusion: group 1, 0.9% NaCl; group 2, dimethyl sulfoxide: 1 g/kg of body weight; group 3, allopurinol: 25 mg/kg; group 4, 21-aminost...
Variations in urinary gamma glutamyl transferase/urinary creatinine ratio in horses with or without pleuropneumonia treated with gentamicin. The urinary GGT/urinary creatinine (uGGT/uCR) ratio was measured on Days 1, 3 and 10 in 4 adult, healthy horses; in 6 adult, healthy horses treated with gentamicin at recommended dosages and 9 adult horses treated for pleuropneumonia with gentamicin at recommended dosages. Plasma creatinine and gentamicin trough concentrations were measured on the same days. The uGGT/uCr ratio was higher in the normal horses (mean +/- s.d. 22.85 +/- 13.69) than previously reported normal values (10.5 +/- 6.8) (Adams and McClure 1985). Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to compare the ratio in ...
Pressure-volume relationships in equine midcarpal joint. The effects of joint angle, fluid infusion, history-dependence, and time dependence on the pressure-volume (PV) relationships of normal equine midcarpal joints were determined. Horses (n = 24 and 48 midcarpal joints) were anesthetized and placed in dorsal recumbency, and the four midcarpal joint pouches were cannulated for intra-articular pressure (IAP) measurements and recording. Fluid (synovial fluid or saline) was infused or withdrawn through the dorsal joint capsule. The PV curves were sigmoid and best described by IAP = A x e(B x volume) - C, where B is the fractional change in pressure p...
Confidential enquiry of perioperative equine fatalities (CEPEF-1): preliminary results. The Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Equine Fatalities (CEPEF-1) is an observational multi-institutional prospective study of recovery outcome at 7 days post operatively, as called for by Steffey (1991). Data from 6,255 general anaesthetics (February 91-March 93) were submitted confidentially by 62 clinics. The outcomes of 333 cases which were subjected to euthanasia and which were not classified 'alive' or 'died' at 7 days, were excluded from the analysis. The remaining 5922 cases were analysed to identify risk ratios (RR) between survivors and nonsurvivors for a variety of factors. Th...
Pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicosis, and in vitro antibacterial activity associated with single versus multiple (three times) daily gentamicin treatments in horses. Once-daily administration of aminoglycosides may be a safe and effective therapeutic regimen, on the basis of the microbiologic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of these antibiotics. This study was designed to determine serum and tissue concentrations following i.v. administration of gentamicin, at dosages of 6.6 mg/kg of body weight, every 24 hours, and 2.2 mg/kg, every 8 hours, for 10 days in adult horses. Nephrotoxicosis from these dosage regimens also was compared, and microbiologic effects, including postantibiotic effects, were determined with various concentrations of gentamicin agai...
Selection of follicles, preculture oocyte evaluation, and duration of culture for in vitro maturation of equine oocytes. Equine oocytes (n = 537) were collected from slaughterhouse ovaries (n = 118 mares) by scraping the internal follicular wall. Preculture record was made of the appearance of oocyte investments (no cumulus, corona radiata only, compact cumulus, expanded cumulus), appearance of cytoplasm (homogeneous, condensed heterogeneous/fragmented), and nuclear maturation stages (germinal vesicle, germinal-vesicle breakdown, metaphase I, metaphase II, degenerated). There was no difference between follicles > 30 mm and follicles < or = 30 mm in the preculture frequency distribution among the 5 nuclear ...
[Consequences of a surgical correction of an insufficient closure of the vulva on genital flora and conception rate in mares]. In this thesis the influence of pneumo-vagina on the microbiological colonization of the genital tract and their manifestation in cytological smears was examined. For mares with poor vulval conformation a comparison of the bacterial growth before and after plastic surgery of the vulva and vestibulum was carried out, as well as the registration of conception rates after operation and insemination. The biggest reduction of the bacterial content in the reproductive tract was found between vestibulum and cranial section of the vagina. The increased number of contaminant bacteria in the cranial sec...
Effect of phenytoin on skeletal muscle from quarter horses with hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis. The contractile activity, the threshold for calcium-induced calcium release in fractions of sarcoplasmic reticulum and the potassium concentration were determined in preparations of semimembranosus muscle from normal quarter horses and quarter horses with hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis before and after they were treated with phenytoin. Before the treatment there was no difference in caffeine contracture or electrically elicited twitch response between the two groups. For one week after the treatment, the time to peak tension of caffeine contractures was significantly (P < 0.005) reduced i...
Sodium channel inactivation is impaired in equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. 1. Equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (E-HPP) is a dominantly inherited disorder of muscle that causes recurrent episodes of stiffness (myotonia) and weakness in association with elevated serum K+. Affected horses carry a mutant allele of the skeletal muscle isoform of the Na channel alpha-subunit. To understand how this mutation may cause the disease phenotype, the functional defect in Na channel behavior was defined physiologically by recording unitary currents from cell-attached patches on normal and affected equine myotubes. 2. The presence of the mutation was confirmed in our cell lin...
Equine pleuropneumonia. Pleuropneumonia is a clinically important equine disease, predisposed by a number of identifiable factors. Successful management is largely dependent on early identification and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment strategies. Rapid resolution of the disease process is associated with appropriate treatment commenced within 48 h of the causative insult. Lower airway contamination by oropharyngeal organisms and subsequent extension into the pulmonary parenchyma results in respiratory dysfunction and systemic toxaemia. Acute disease is associated with the isolation of facultatively anaerobi...
Dietary protein and(or) energy restriction in mares: plasma growth hormone, IGF-I, prolactin, cortisol, and thyroid hormone responses to feeding, glucose, and epinephrine. Sixteen light horse mares were fed diets of bermudagrass hay and a corn/cottonseed hull-based supplement formulated to contain either 100% (control) or 50% (restricted) of the protein and(or) energy requirements for maintenance in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Plasma IGF-I, prolactin, cortisol, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were monitored for 33 d. On the 27th d, frequent blood samples were drawn throughout the day for the measurement of growth hormone (GH), and on the 29th d, an epinephrine challenge and an i.v. glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) were performed in the morning and...
Systemic and colonic venous hemostatic alterations in horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon. Twenty-four horses were randomly allocated to 3 groups. All horses underwent a ventral midline celiotomy, and the large colon was exteriorized and instrumented. Group-1 horses served as sham-operated controls, group-2 horses underwent 6 hours of colonic ischemia, and group-3 horses were subjected to 3 hours of ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion. Baseline blood samples were collected, then low-flow colonic ischemia was induced in horses of groups 2 and 3 by reducing colonic arterial blood flow to 20% of baseline. All horses were monitored for 6 hours. Citrated systemic venous (SV) blood sample...
Blood gas values during intermittent positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous ventilation in 160 anesthetized horses positioned in lateral or dorsal recumbency. One hundred sixty horses were anesthetized with xylazine, guaifenesin, thiamylal, and halothane for elective soft tissue and orthopedic procedures. Horses were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Group 1 (n = 40): Horses positioned in lateral (LRG1; n = 20) or dorsal (DRG1; n = 20) recumbency breathed spontaneously throughout anesthesia. Group 2 (n = 40): Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) was instituted throughout anesthesia in horses positioned in lateral (LRG2; n = 20) or dorsal (DRG2; n = 20) recumbency. Group 3 (n = 40): Horses positioned in lateral (LRG3; n = 20) or d...
Microvascular permeability and endothelial cell morphology associated with low-flow ischemia/reperfusion injury in the equine jejunum. Microvascular permeability of the jejunum of clinically normal equids and microvascular permeability associated with 60 minutes of ischemia (25% baseline blood flow) and subsequent reperfusion were investigated. Eight adult horses were randomly allotted to 2 equal groups: normal and ischemic/reperfusion injury. Lymphatic flow rates, mesenteric blood flow, and lymph and plasma protein concentrations were determined at 15-minute intervals throughout the study. Microvascular permeability was determined by estimates of the osmotic reflection coefficient, which was determined when the ratio of lymp...
Tropane alkaloids and toxicity of Convolvulus arvensis. Horses in a few, localized northern Colorado pastures exhibited weight loss and colic. At post mortem, intestinal fibrosis and vascular sclerosis of the small intestine was identified. The pastures where the affected horses grazed were overrun by field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). Bindweed from the pasture was found to contain the tropane alkaloids tropine, pseudotropine, and tropinone and the pyrrolidine alkaloids cuscohygrine and hygrine. Laboratory mice readily ate C. arvensis and exhibited a variety of abnormal clinical signs depending on the amount eaten. Similar alkaloids have been f...
Age related changes in biochemical markers of bone metabolism in horses. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism were analysed in serum samples obtained from 60 horses with no history of orthopaedic disease (age 3 months-20 years). Serum levels of the carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), a marker of bone formation and the pyridinoline cross linked telopeptide domain of type I collagen (ICTP), a putative marker of bone resorption, were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Serum levels of the bone specific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (BALP), another marker of bone formation, were measured by a wheatgerm agglutinin affinity (WGA) method. Total ...
Interaction of beta-lactoglobulin with retinol and fatty acids and its role as a possible biological function for this protein: a review. beta-Lactoglobulin is the major whey protein in the milk of ruminants and some nonruminants, such as pigs and horses. Although beta-lactoglobulin was first isolated 60 yr ago, no function has been definitely ascribed to beta-lactoglobulin. Recent x-ray crystallographic studies have advanced knowledge of the structure of beta-lactoglobulin, which is homologous with that of retinol-binding protein and lipocalycins; the function of these proteins seems to be participation in the transport of small hydrophobic substances. By analogy, this protein has been suggested as having a role as a transporte...
Urethral defects in geldings with hematuria and stallions with hemospermia. A urethral defect, presumed to communicate with the corpus spongiosum penis, caused hematuria in seven geldings and hemospermia in three stallions. Hematuria in geldings occurred at the end of urination. Hematuria was not observed in stallions with hemospermia. A linear urethral defect was identified, by endoscopic examination, on the convex surface the urethra at the level of the ischial arch of each horse. Cause of the defect was not determined. Two stallions were successfully treated for hemospermia, one by temporary subischial urethrostomy combined with sexual rest for 10 weeks, and the ot...
Effects of prerace exercise, frusemide, sex and ambient temperature on blood sodium, bicarbonate and pH values in standardbred horses. Analysis of data collected at racetracks showed that temperature, the diuretic drug, frusemide, exercise, temperature/exercise interaction and sex/age had significant (P < 0.05) effects on pH and bicarbonate ion concentration (P < 0.01). Sodium concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) affected by temperature and frusemide. We suggest that the normal range limits for blood sodium, bicarbonate and pH used in prerace testing procedures should be adjusted for ambient temperature and for horses given frusemide and/or prerace exercise. These adjustments should improve the precision of ...
Lactate influx into red blood cells of athletic and nonathletic species. Transport of lactate across the erythrocyte membrane proceeds by three distinct pathways: 1) nonionic diffusion of lactic acid, 2) inorganic anion exchange (band 3), and 3) a monocarboxylate-specific (MC) carrier mechanism. This study determined the contributions of these three pathways in the red blood cells (RBCs) of "athletic" and "nonathletic" species. Blood samples were obtained from four male animals of each species: 1) Canis familiaris (dogs), 2) Capra hircus (goats), 3) Equus caballus (horses), and 4) Bos taurus (cattle). Contribution of each pathway to total lactate influx was determi...
Comparative RAPD-PCR analysis of lungworms (Dictyocaulidae) from fallow deer, cattle, sheep, and horses. Genomic DNA isolated from the four Dictyocaulus species D. viviparus, D. eckerti, D. filaria and D. arnfieldi was compared by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD)-PCR to get additional information whether lungworms from fallow deer belong to a separate species (D. eckerti) or have to be regarded as an isolate of D. viviparus in wild ruminants. The resulting banding patterns of the electrophoresed PCR products were compared to assess the degree of genetic differences between the different lungworms. For the two D. viviparus isolates a similarity coefficient of 93.4%...
