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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Use of high-speed cinematography and computer generated gait diagrams for the study of equine hindlimb kinematics. High-speed cinematography with computer aided analysis was used to study equine hindlimb kinematics. Eight horses were filmed at the trot or the pace. Filming was done from the side (lateral) and the back (caudal). Parameters measured from the lateral filming included the heights of the tuber coxae and tailhead, protraction and retraction of the hoof and angular changes of the tarsus and stifle. Abduction and adduction of the limb and tarsal height changes were measured from the caudal filming. The maximum and minimum values plus the standard deviations and coefficients of variations are prese...
[The cervical vertebral column of horses–a clinico-radiological study]. For various anamnestic reasons the cervical vertebral column of 78 horses was examined radiologically. Statistical comparisons showed that male "warmbloods" were more frequently affected than was expected. Our horses were older than comparable animals in the international literature. Independently of their history the radiologic diagnosis of "cervical spondylarthrosis" was established in 56 horses. Arthrosis and other conditions were clinically manifested by spinal ataxia (44 horses) or mechanical impairment of the neck's mobility (21 horses). 10 of the arthrotic patients had synovial cysts ca...
Isolation of granulocytes and mononuclear cells from the blood of dogs, cats, horses and cattle. A simple discontinuous Percoll density-gradient technique was adapted for isolation of granulocytes and mononuclear cells from cats, dogs, horses and cattle. Separation was accomplished at low speeds using a standard tabletop centrifuge. Cell purity was 100% for both granulocytes and mononuclear cells and cell viability exceeded 95%. Percent recovery of leukocytes ranged from 69 to 83%.
Origin of the hemagglutinin on A/Equine/Johannesburg/86 (H3N8): the first known equine influenza outbreak in South Africa. A severe influenza outbreak occurred in horses in South Africa in 1986. The causative agent was identified as an influenza virus [A/Equine/Johannesburg/86 (H3N8)]. Antigenic analyses of the hemagglutinin (HA) with ferret antisera and monoclonal antibodies showed that the Eq/Johannesburg/86 virus is similar to recent equine H3 viruses. The nucleotide sequence analysis on the HA genes of Eq/Johannesburg/86 and other equine H3 influenza viruses, together with the epidemiological data, clearly demonstrated that the Eq/Johannesburg/86 virus was derived from a virus that had been circulating in hors...
[A sex chromosome mosaic in male pseudohermaphroditism in a horse]. In a 7 months old foal with a male pseudohermaphroditism the cytogenetic investigation revealed a XO/XYY-mosaic with a centric fusion of the Y-chromosomes.
Identity of the E-series prostaglandin produced by equine chondrocytes and synovial cells in response to a variety of stimuli. Although an E-series prostaglandin has previously been identified in equine inflammatory exudate, the identity of this eicosanoid as PGE2 has not been confirmed. The objective of this study was the specific characterisation of the prostaglandin produced by equine cells in the presence of an inflammatory stimulus. By using two radioimmunoassays, a relatively non-specific PGE2 assay and a more specific PGE1 assay, it has been possible to identify the E-series prostaglandin produced by equine chondrocytes and synovial cells, in response to a variety of stimuli, as PGE2.
Spinal hyperostosis in comparative pathology. A useful approach to the concept. Spinal hyperostosis, an anatomical and radiological concept primarily described in man, is characterized by enthesopathic bony overgrowth on vertebral bodies in the form of spurs or intervertebral bridges. It can also be part of a more diffuse enthesopathic condition, including the appendicular skeleton. These changes are distinct from those of osteoarthrosis. Similar changes can be observed in all kinds of mammals, independent of their type of locomotion (bipodic, quadrumanous, quadrupedic, or aquatic). An anatomical and radiological study is presented of six cases (with histological examinat...
[Diagnostic sonography of the limb of the horse]. The ultrasonic examination of tendons and ligaments of the distal limb of the horse improves the diagnostic possibilities of these frequently injured structures. The successful application is based upon a reliable knowledge of the normal sonographic anatomy and upon a standardized, flawless technic of the examination. Practice and experience allow the recognition of minor alterations which enables a more precise diagnosis, a more reliable prognosis, and in follow-up examinations also more specific information about the further use of the horse.
The nature of embryo reduction in mares with twin conceptuses: deprivation hypothesis. Ultrasonography was used to determine whether there is embryo reduction in mares with unilaterally fixed twins when a major portion of the vascularized area of the wall of one of the embryonic vesicles is in apposition with the wall of the adjacent vesicle, rather than with the endometrium (deprivation hypothesis). In addition, the effect of ovulatory pattern (synchronous and asynchronous) on the incidence of embryo reduction was studied. Twin vesicles were ultrasonically detected on days 11 to 15 (ovulation = day 0) and were examined daily until there was embryo reduction or until day 40. In ...
[The effect of a single dose of dexamethasone on the production of superoxide anion and on the chemotaxis of blood polynuclear neutrophils in the horse]. Chemotaxis and superoxide anion production of neutrophils in healthy horses were investigated before and 8 h after, a single injection of dexamethasone at a dose of 0.045 mg/kg. Chemotaxis was studied by the technique of migration under agarose and superoxyde production was measured by ferricytochrome c reduction. Superoxide anion production was not changed, but the chemotactic index, with zymosan activated horse serum, was increased. The FMLP chemoattractant effect, at 10(-4) M, was slightly enhanced.
The relationship of frog pressure to heel expansion. A study was carried out on five horses and four ponies to assess the effect of altering frog pressure on hoof expansion. Measurements of hoof expansion were made using strain gauges. It was concluded that whereas frog pressure affects hoof expansion, it is only one of several factors. Increasing frog pressure may result in increased expansion, or contraction, or may have virtually no affect. The variable results of changing frog pressure should be taken into account when considering therapeutic shoeing.
Biochemical evidence that equine leucocyte antigens W13, W22 and W23 are present on horse major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. A number of horse alloantisera were characterized biochemically as being directed against MHC class I or class II antigens by immunoprecipitation of the corresponding antigens from lysates of biosynthetically radioactively labelled lymphocytes and determination of their molecular weights by SDS-PAGE and fluorography. Sera recognizing A2 and A3 specificities precipitated antigens of 44,000 Daltons molecular weight (class I heavy chain), whereas sera with specificities W13, W22 and W23 precipitated antigens corresponding to class II dimers (30,000 and 32,000 Daltons). Comparison with antigens pr...
Serum vitamin E and blood glutathione peroxidase values of horses with degenerative myeloencephalopathy. Serum vitamin E and blood glutathione peroxidase values were determined in 40 horses with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of degenerative myeloencephalopathy and in 49 age-matched control horses with normal neurologic function. Significant differences were not detected in serum vitamin E or blood glutathione peroxidase values between horses affected with degenerative myeloencephalopathy and control horses. These findings fail to support a reported role of vitamin E deficiency as a cause of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy.
Comparative microsomal oxidation of febantel and its metabolite fenbendazole in various animal species. A comparison has been made of the in vitro metabolism of febantel (FBT) with that of one of its pharmacologically active metabolites fenbendazole (FBZ) using microsomal preparations from liver of sheep, calf, horse, pig, rat, chicken and trout. The oxidation of FBT to the corresponding sulphoxide appeared to be far more rapid with the exception of the trout, than a similar reaction with FBZ. Indeed FBT was further metabolized in several species by cyclization and further oxidation. This observation could have toxicological significance in view of the greater tetratogenic effects of the metabol...
Membrane viscosity of lymphocytes and influence of phytohemagglutinin. The membrane viscosity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of equine, bovine and canine was measured by the use of time-resolved fluorescence depolarization technique with 1, 6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). The viscosity values were 0.55, 0.59 and 0.50 poise for equine, bovine and canine PBLs, respectively. These values were compared with steady-state anisotropies and order parameters measured from electron spin resonance (ESR) of 5-doxyl stearic acid. Both values were increased with increase of viscosity. The fluid property of the membranes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) was...
Radiographic measurement from the lateromedial projection of the equine foot with navicular disease. Radiographic measurements from the lateromedial projection of the equine foot were compared in three groups of horses. Group 1 consisted of 143 normal horses, group 2 were 60 horses with clinical navicular disease and group 3 were 161 horses with clinical and radiographic navicular disease. Several measurements tended to be larger in group 3 than group 1. An enlargement of the navicular bone was observed in proximodistal and dorsopalmar directions. Partial enlargement of the pedal bone was observed in groups 2 and 3. Few differences were observed between age classes. All horses aged four years...
Immunocytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase isozyme III in equine thymus. Sections of equine thymus were examined for the presence of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes by an immunohistochemical method. Carbonic anhydrase III, a major enzyme of skeletal muscle, was localized in some of the epithelial-reticular cells of the equine thymus. This finding suggests the presence of a new type of cell in the thymic cortex. The concentration of CA-III in the thymus was 17 micrograms/g wet tissue. CA-I and CA-II were not found in equine thymus.
Alleviation of postanesthetic hypoxemia in the horse. This study was designed to investigate the effect of the nasotracheal insufflation of oxygen at a flow rate of 15 L/min on the arterial partial pressure of oxygen during the recovery period following inhalation anesthesia in the horse. It has been stated that this is a suitable flow rate to prevent postoperative hypoxemia but without any experimental evidence to support those statements. Horses being used for the study of healing of cartilage were anesthetized on two separate occasions. Following one period of anesthesia they were allowed to recover breathing room air, and following the other ...
Cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the stallion epididymis (Equus caballus). The epididymis of stallion castrated during the breeding and non breeding seasons were subdivided into six regions and their ultrastructural and cytochemical characteristics were studied in order to provide a better understanding of the structure-function relationship of this androgen target organ. Even when the stallion has been postulated to be a seasonal breeder, our results do not show significant ultrastructural or cytochemical differences in both seasons. The pseudostratified epithelium is composed mainly of principal and basal cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes. The principal cells s...
A comparative study on acetyl-CoA synthesising enzymes in spinal cord from cows, horses and pigs. 1. Comparative data are presented of the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and acetyl-CoA synthetase and of the acetate content in homogenates from ventral grey matter in spinal cord from cows and two non-ruminant species, pigs and horses. The methods used in the study are evaluated and discussed. 2. The total pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity was 24.9-29.9 mU/mg protein and did not differ between the species. The part of the complex that was in active form at the sampling occasion was 60, 85 and 95% in cows, pigs and horses, respectively. 3. Acetyl-CoA synthetase activity dif...
Surgical treatment of sand colic in equids: 48 cases (1978-1985). Medical records of 48 equids (47 horses, 1 pony) with surgical sand colic were reviewed. The diagnosis of sand colic was made if a sand impaction(s) was palpated during exploratory abdominal surgery or if a large quantity of sand was found during colotomy. Most equids did not experience a previous episode of sand diarrhea or sand colic. Clinical findings and results of clinicopathologic determinations were not diagnostic. Rectal palpation findings in 40 of 46 horses were compatible with large-colon and/or cecal distention. Impactions were palpable per rectum in only 7 horses, but emergency abd...
Screening, confirmation and quantification of boldenone sulfate in equine urine after administration of boldenone undecylenate (Equipoise). Methods for screening by thin-layer chromatography, quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and confirmation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of boldenone sulfate in equine urine after administration of boldenone undecylenate (Equipoise) are presented. Sample work-up was done with C18 liquid-solid extraction followed by solvolytic cleavage of the sulfate ester. Confirmatory evidence of boldenone sulfate in equine urine was obtained from 2 h to 42 days following a therapeutic intramuscular dose of Equipoise. The use of 19-nortestosterone sulfat...
Evolution of the herpes thymidine kinase: identification and comparison of the equine herpesvirus 1 thymidine kinase gene reveals similarity to a cell-encoded thymidylate kinase. We have identified the equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) thymidine kinase gene (TK) by DNA-mediated transformation and by DNA sequencing. Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the EHV-1 TK with the TKs from 3 other herpesviruses revealed regions of homology, some of which correspond to the previously identified substrate binding sites, while others have as yet, no assigned function. In particular, the strict conservation of an aspartate within the proposed nucleoside binding site suggests a role in ATP binding for this residue. Comparison of 5 herpes TKs with the thymidylate kinase of yeast revea...
Epidural injection of xylazine for perineal analgesia in horses. Local anesthetics given in the epidural space of a horse may cause hind limb weakness in addition to analgesia. Because alpha 2 agonists given by epidural injection cause sensory blockade without motor effects in human beings and other species, their use in veterinary anesthesia is appealing. This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of xylazine HCl, an alpha 2 agonist commonly used in horses. Xylazine, 0.9% NaCl, and lidocaine were given by epidural injection to horses subjected to perineal electrical stimulation. Administration of xylazine (0.17 mg/kg of body weight, diluted to a ...
The use of enzyme profiles in the training and racing of horses: a review. The effects of age, training, racing and endurance riding on serum enzyme profiles in the horse are reviewed and discussed.
