"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Hall MC, Steel JD, Stewart GA.Data on resting heart rates, pre-exercise heart rates, the anticipatory rises before exercise, the influence of speed of work and recovery heart rates have been presented. Some observations on differences in the heart rate response on slow and fast working days are also recorded. In conformity with other workers, a linear relationship between heart rate and working speed within the range of 400-800 metre/min was observed. When the speed of work was between 400-800 metre/min, horses with resting ECG's classed as abnormal had significantly higher heart rates than those regarded as normal. It was...
Cappugi G, Chellini PC, Nassi P, Ramponi G.A ninhydrin-negative peptide fraction obtained from tryptic digest of carboxymethyl acylphosphatase was isolated by chromatography on a column of PA 28 Beckman resin and analysed for the amino acid composition. Degradation with carboxypeptidase B and A indicated that the sequence of this peptide was: X-Thr-Ala-Arg. The amino-terminal residue was identified as N-acetylserine by high voltage electrophoresis. It is therefore suggested that the sequence of the NH2-terminal portion of CM-acylphosphatase is N-acetyl-Ser-Thr-Ala-Arg. Digestion with carboxypeptidase A and B indicated also that the COO...
Hall WC, Nielsen SW, McEntee K.Tumours of the male genital tract, excluding the testes, are relatively rare in the six major domestic animals. The most important tumours are prostate carcinoma and transmissible venereal tumour of the penis in dogs, fibropapilloma of the penis in bulls, squamous papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma in horses, and squamous papilloma in pigs. Four histological types of canine prostate carcinoma exist: alveolar papillary, acinar, organoid, and poorly differentiated. The biological behaviour of prostate carcinomas is similar to that in man, with frequent metastasis to the regional pelvic nodes,...
Heinze W, Ptak W.The metacrylate and latex corrosion techniques were used to establish that the vascular system of testes is based on one coherent principle in common domestic mammals. The cone-shaped Plexus pampiniformis consists of numerous venous rami, between 0.25 mm and 1.0 mm in thickness and forming a dense vascular network, which practically encase the spiral-shaped A. spermatica interna (cooling coil principle). The testicular veins and arteries in the Tunica albuginea constitute a somewhat voluminous layer of vessels for dissipation of heat, with rami branching off radially into the testicular parenc...
Robie SM, Janson CH, Smith SC, O'Connor JT.Concentrations of serum phospholipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids, and glucose were determined for 9 months (September, 1972, to May, 1973) in 19 fasting horses and ponies (8 Morgan horses, 7 Thoroughbred horses, and 4 Shetland Ponies). Morgan horses had higher concentrations of total lipid than did Thoroughbreds, although the relative proportions of each type of lipid were similar in the 2 breeds. Shetland Ponies had higher nonesterified fatty acid and lower glucose concentrations than did either breed of horse. In both breeds of horses, concentrations of seru...
Kates KC, Colglazier ML, Enzie FD.The efficacy of oxibendazole against gastrointestinal parasites of horses was evaluated by the critical test method. Naturally infected ponies of various ages were given single oral doses of 5, 10, or 15 mg-kg of bodyweight. The drug was highly effective against adult large strongylids (Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, S equins), adult small strongylids (especially species of the genera Cylicostephanus, Cylicocyclus, Cyaathostomum, and Triodontophorus), and adult and larval stages of the large pinworm, Oxyuris equi. There was no apparent dose-related differences in efficacy. Oxibendazole was ...
Douglas RH, Garcia MC, Ginther OJ.Luteolysis, determined by corpus luteum weight and progesterone concentration in jugular blood, occurred in uterine-intact and in hysterectomized mares after injection of prostaglandin F2alpha or of an antiserum against an equine pituitary fraction. Results indicated that luteolytic effects of exogenous prostaglandin F2alpha and inhibition of the endogenous luteotrophic activity of the hypophysis (pituitary gland) by antiserum did not involve the uterus.
Hall MC, Fenelon AR, McDonald RD, Steel JD.Different techniques for monitoring cardiac responses to exercise in the horse have been described and evaluated. For experimental work of this type in a normal training and racing environment, the electrode system described when used with a portable magnetic tape recording system provided the best means of obtaining useful and reproducible data.
Shokry M, El-Sheikh AH.A deproteinized calf blood extract (Solcoseryl: Solco Basle, Ltd, Switzerland) enhanced healing of induced and naturally-occurring lesions in the feet of 30 horses and donkeys.
Woolcock JB.Using the long chain test, and in some cases the bactericidal test, to measure antibody, the development of the immune response in horses to Str. equi has been followed. Long chain indices in excess of 5.0, accompanied by strong bactericidal capacity, were recorded in serums after the full 3-dose immunisation course with a commercial vaccine. The full course elicited the most satisfactory antibody titres declined within the 12 month post-vaccination period, thus providing support for the recommendation that yearly booster doses should be administered. The immune response in horses during 2 str...
Robie SM, Smith SC, O'Connor JT.The serum of lipoproteins of 10 Morgan and 8 Thoroughbred horses were examined by 2 methods of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A significant breed difference in the beta-lipoprotein to alpha-lipoprotein ratio was seen in gradient slab electrophoresis. A breed difference in the number of peaks, but no difference in beta-lipoprotein to alpha-lipoprotein ratio, was found in disc gel electrophoresis. These results have been correlated to indicate differences in charge of alpha-lipoprotein components and in size of beta-lipoprotein components between these 2 breeds of horses.
van der Mey GJ, Bos H.The study of the literature on a preliminary performance test for saddle horses (stallions) is concerned with European countries. Interest is found to be increasing in the various countries. Performance of the test in the Netherlands (since 1966) is described and the various criteria of evaluation are discussed in detail. The intensity of selection based on this test is referred to. In 1974, it was 78 per cent in the Netherlands. Part of studies on the relationship between some results of testing are reviewed. The traction test shows a very low coefficient of correlation with the other parts o...
Robie SM, Janson CH, Smith SC, O'Connor JT.The serum lipoprotein fractions from 5 Morgan and 5 Thoroughbred horses were isolated by preparative ultracentrifugation, chemically analyzed for lipid composition, and studied by 2 methods of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine electrophoretic mobility. Breed differences were not seen in the relative percentages of the lipid classes found in the various fractions. Normally, horses, like most animals, carry the majority of their lipid in high-density lipoproteins. Electrophoretically, the only difference seen between breeds occurred on disc electrophoresis where the extra band, whi...
Blakeslee JR, Olsen RG, McAllister ES, Fassbender J, Dennis R.Five horses were experimentally exposed to equine herpesvirus 2 strain LK. Two young foals developed chronic pharyngitis (98 and 232 days, respectively). Growth characteristics, cytopathic effects (CPE), inclusion body formation, ether sensitivity, and immunofluorescent analysis indicated that the virus recovered from infected animals was a herpesvirus serologically identical with, or at least antigenically related to EHV-2 strain LK. No significant complement-fixing (CF) or virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody responses were observed in adult horses while both foals demonstrated a rise in CF anti...
Grosskopf JF, Smuts EG.Blood was collected from 28 zebra mare (Equus burchellia antiquorum) immediately after being shot in the Kruger National Park. The serum was separated within two hours after collection and then stored at -15 degrees C for later assay. Of these, thirteen selected samples were tested for gonadotrophic activity. The stage of pregnancy was determined from a foetal growth curve. Blood samples from pregnant horse mares were collected by venipuncture. Nine mares were sampled. Seven blood samples at different stages of pregnancy were collected from one mare, four from another and only one sample each ...
Potts S, Thatcher R, Jones AW, Warren LK, Tenbroeck SH, Nottage F, McEwan NR.Sweating is important in regulating body temperature but can be a source of loss of both fluids and electrolytes. Although the process has been studied in horses, the variation in sweat osmolarity across the body has not. Objective: This work describes an investigation to determine if there is regional variation in the osmolarity of sweat across different anatomical regions of the horse. Methods: Ten horses were used in the study and were animals either stabled for riding lessons or had livery on-site. Methods: Sweat samples were collected from five regions on each horse following exercise and...
Cota LO, Malacarne BD, Dias LA, Neto ACP, Kneipp MLA, Cavalcante MA, Cunha MSLD, Paz CFR, Carvalho AM, Faleiros RR, Xavier ABDS.The analgesic specificity of navicular bursa (NB) anesthetic infiltration is still questionable. The study aimed to determine the mechanical nociceptive threshold of non-specific analgesia in the dorsal lamellar stratum, as well as in the sole, coronary band, and heel bulbs of the hoof, after navicular bursa anesthetic infiltration. Six healthy horses with no clinical or radiographic changes of the digits and no communication between the NB and the distal interphalangeal joint, were used. After random selection, the NB of one of the forelimbs was infiltrated with 2% lidocaine and the contralat...
Ginther OJ, Meira C, Beg MA, Bergfelt DR.Deviation during a follicular wave in mares begins when the largest follicle (F1) reaches a mean diameter of 22.5 mm and is characterized by continued growth of F1 to become the dominant follicle and regression of F2 to become the largest subordinate follicle. In the present study, F1 was ablated at the expected beginning of deviation (Hour 0) to provide a reference point for characterizing the intrafollicular changes preceding experimental deviation between F2 and F3. Diameters and concentrations of follicular fluid factors in F2 and F3 were determined in F1-ablated mares at Hours 0, 12, 24, ...
Gabal MA, Mohammed KA.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was evaluated for the detection of antibody in sera of equine naturally infected with Histoplasma farciminosum 'epizootic lymphangitis'. Ten sera from naturally infected horses were tested. A hydrogen peroxide ABTS mixture constituted the substrate. The reactions were read as the absorbance values measured at 405 nm using a spectrophotometer. The standard deviation and the average percentage of the absorbance values of the different serum samples were considered in the interpretation of the results. All sera were proved positive with variations in the diffe...
Lloyd KC.Despite clinical signs compatible with obstruction or ischemia of the gastrointestinal tract, the clinician occasionally is unable to identify a gastrointestinal cause for colic. In this article, disorders not originating from obstruction or ischemia of the gastrointestinal tract but causing real or apparent abdominal pain are presented as alternative causes of colic. In addition, colic of gastrointestinal origin may be the primary inciting factor or a secondary complication of an alternative disorder, causing colic-like signs. Recognition of alternative diagnoses relies on a thorough and cons...
Khazaeel K, Pesarakli H, Mashhadi AG, Borujeni MP.Accurate estimation of a horse's age based on the condition of the tooth status is necessary as a scientific and artistic technique, which has not been performed so far in pure Arabian horses of Khuzestan (southern west of Iran). This study aimed to investigate the age-dependent changes in the morphology and morphometry of the incisors in Arabian mares of Khuzestan to estimate age and to compare the estimated dental age and actual age. In this study, 78 Arabian mares of Khuzestan were examined in several equestrian clubs. Then, images were taken with a digital camera from the vestibular and oc...
Arighi M, Ducharme NG, Horney FD, Livesey MA.Extensive resection (50-75%) of the large colon was performed in 12 horses. Indications for resection were: loss of viability due to large colon volvulus (seven), thromboembolic episode (three), impairment of flow of ingesta due to adhesions (one), or congenital abnormalities (one). The time required to correct the primary cause of abdominal pain and complete the resection ranged from 2.5 to 4.75 hours. Three horses had severe musculoskeletal problems postoperatively and were euthanized in the recovery stall. Four other horses were euthanized early in the postoperative period because of: furth...
Hofstee W.Vet and owner of Unicorn Trails Wendy Hofstee explains how she developed a horse-riding holiday business alongside a successful career in emergency veterinary work.
Snyder JR, Tyler WS, Pascoe JR, Olander HJ, Bleifer DR, Hinds DM, Neves JW.Microvascular circulation of the ascending colon in healthy horses was studied using microangiography, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The pelvic flexure with 30 cm of ventral and dorsal colon attached was removed from 14 adult horses immediately after horses were euthanatized. The lumen was flushed with warm water, and this section of the ascending colon was placed in a 37-C bath of isotonic NaCl. In sections from 8 horses, colic vessels were perfused with a radio-opaque medium for microangiography. After angiographic evaluation, tissue sections were prepared for light mic...
Davis SD, Sharp DC.This experiment investigated steroid production by ovarian tissues, in vitro, of pony mares during vernal transition from anoestrus to the breeding season. Follicular dynamics were monitored to detect the first, second, third or fourth transition follicle, greater than or equal to 30 mm diameter or the first large post luteal follicle of the breeding season. Twenty-four hours after a large follicle was detected, theca (T) and granulosa (G) tissues were harvested. Separate and co-incubations of these tissues were conducted to determine steroid production in early transition (ET), late transitio...
Riggs C, Whitley RD.Intraocular silicone prostheses were implanted in the eyes of a horse and a dog with traumatic corneal lacerations and protrusion of intraocular contents. Several months after surgery, the horse and dog were tolerating the intraocular prostheses, and the appearance was cosmetically acceptable. This contradicts earlier reports that have cited corneal disease as a contraindication for implantation of intraocular silicone prostheses.
Lepage OM, Eicher R, Uebelhart B, Tschudi P.To evaluate applicability of a human osteocalcin (OC) immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for use with equine serum and compare it with a bovine radioimmunoassay (RIA) previously proven valid for such samples, and to describe the effect of type and breed of horses on serum OC concentration. Methods: 100 healthy horses of either sex, classified as type I or II (draught or warmblood, respectively). Each type was represented by 2 breed groups, each comprising 25 horses. Methods: Blood samples were collected in the morning, and the serum was separated. Osteocalcin was measured, using commercially avail...
Engelking LR, Paradis MR.This article addresses clinical problems that present in equine liver disease. It also discusses the variety of laboratory tests available to the clinician that can differentiate the type and degree of liver dysfunction. This is followed by a more specific discussion regarding unique features of equine bilirubin and bile acid metabolism.
Corradini I, Georges K, Jose-Cunilleras E.To determine the effects of time after sampling on CO-oximetry measurements of equine blood samples and the effects of adding ascorbic acid (AscAc) and methylene blue (MetBlue) to samples with methemoglobinemia. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: University teaching hospital. Methods: Thirty healthy adult horses assigned to 5 groups. Methods: Repeated CO-oximetry determinations were performed on venous (n = 6) and arterial blood samples (n = 7) stored at 0°C for 48 hours. Methemoglobinemia was induced in vitro in 17 additional blood samples. Six were used as untreated controls, 6 had ...
Yarbrough TB, Lee MR, Hornof WJ, Koblik PD, Brodack J, Troup C, O'Brien TR, Pool R.To determine the effects of Samarium-153 bound to hydroxyapatite microspheres (153SmM) when injected into the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses. Methods: - Horses were injected with 153SmM in metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints with the diagonal contralateral joints used as untreated controls. Methods: Twelve adult horses without pre-existing disease involving the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints. Methods: Horses were divided into three groups: high-dose Samarium-153 (12.5 to 17.0 millicurie [mCi]), intermediate dose (6.5 to 12.0 mCi), and low dose...
Dik KJ.The radiological interpretation of periosteal new bone formation in the horse induced by trauma is described and illustrated by some casereports. The better the margins of the new bone can be defined the lesser the activity. The greater the density of the new bone, the longer the duration of time since injury.
Derksen FJ, Robinson NE, Berney CE.The dose of aerosol pirbuterol that could be administered safely to ponies (weight approximately 200 kg) was determined by observation for sweating, trembling and excitement and measurement of heart and respiratory rates during cumulative administration of the drug. Sweating, trembling and excitement were first observed following a dose of 2,400 micrograms and became more severe at 3,200 micrograms. These effects were accompanied by an increase in heart rate but not a change in respiratory rate. When 3200 micrograms was administered without prior administration of lower doses, side effects wer...
Bostedt H, Sieme H, Bartmann CP, Handler J, Sobiraj A, Wehrend A.This review describes stepwise the recto-manual and transrectal ultrasonographic evidence of early pregnancy detection in the horse. The morphological and physiological conditions in the individual phases of early pregnancy are presented in correlation to the potential clinical findings. The importance of embryonic and early foetal losses is presented. Communication and documentation of findings are also addressed. The final section is devoted to the evaluation of the examination effort. In this regard, it is emphasized that the gynaecological examination for the evaluation of the pregnancy st...
