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Topic:Lactate
Lactate is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, produced when glucose is broken down for energy in the absence of sufficient oxygen. In horses, lactate levels can increase during intense physical exertion, such as racing or other high-performance activities. Elevated lactate concentrations are often associated with muscle fatigue and can provide insights into a horse's exercise physiology and conditioning status. Monitoring lactate levels can aid in assessing the horse's fitness, recovery, and adaptation to training. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the production, regulation, and implications of lactate in equine exercise physiology and performance.
Genetic analysis of haematological and plasma biochemical parameters in the Spanish purebred horse exercised on a treadmill. The novel aim of this study was to describe the reference values of different haematological and biochemical parameters in the Spanish purebred horse (Andalusian, SPB) in each of the stages of a programmed exercise on a treadmill system, and to establish heritability and genetic correlations for these haematological and biochemical parameters. For this, 94 young SPB male horses (4.22 ± 2.27 years old) were used. An increasing intensity exercise test at 4, 5, 6 and 7 m/s was carried out on a treadmill (6% inclination). Total red blood cells, total white blood cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes...
[Examination of horses with acute colic – clinical pathology and diagnostic imaging]. The article summarizes the relevant clinical pathological assessment of horses with acute colic. A minimal laboratory evaluation should include the patient's haematocrit (or packed cell volume), total protein, and lactate concentration in the blood. Haematocrit and total protein provide an indication of the severity of dehydration (haematocrit 0.5 l/l points to a severe dehydration). The degree of dehydration is often associated with the severity of the colic. Additionally, the blood lactate concentration rises with increasing intestinal compromise with a concentration of > 4 mmol/l indica...
Physicochemical interpretation of acid-base abnormalities in 54 adult horses with acute severe colitis and diarrhea. The quantitative effect of strong electrolytes, pCO2 , and plasma protein concentration in determining plasma pH and bicarbonate concentrations can be demonstrated with the physicochemical approach. Plasma anion gap (AG) and strong ion gap (SIG) are used to assess the presence or absence of unmeasured anions. Objective: The physicochemical approach is useful for detection and explanation of acid-base disorders in horses with colitis. AG and SIG accurately predict hyperlactatemia in horses with colitis. Methods: Fifty-four horses with acute colitis and diarrhea. Methods: Retrospective study. Ph...
Effect of acute exercise on monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 in untrained and trained Thoroughbreds. To evaluate the effects of a single incremental exercise test (IET) on mRNA expression and protein content of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 and MCT4 in the gluteus medius muscle of Thoroughbreds. Methods: 12 Thoroughbreds (6 males and 6 females; age, 3 to 4 years). Methods: Horses underwent an IET before and after 18 weeks of high-intensity exercise training (HIT). Horses were exercised at 90% of maximal oxygen consumption for 3 minutes during the initial 10 weeks of HIT and 110% of maximal oxygen consumption for 3 minutes during the last 8 weeks of HIT. Gluteus medius muscle biopsy spec...
Blood lactate concentrations in ponies and miniature horses with gastrointestinal disease. Clinical impression suggested that pony and miniature breeds (collectively referred to as ponies) presenting to a referral hospital for investigation of gastrointestinal disease had higher blood lactate concentrations on admission than large breed horses. Objective: The study tested the hypothesis that ponies with gastrointestinal disease had higher blood lactate concentrations on admission than large breed horses with similar disease severity. Methods: Retrospective case-control study. Methods: Medical records from September 2006 to July 2011 were reviewed for ponies with a primary presenting...
The welfare of young Polish Konik horses subjected to agricultural workload. Every year a new group of young Polish Konik colts are separated from the forest herds to be trained in the stable breeding system. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the young Polish Konik horses who had been born in a forest reserve adapt to and tolerate draft work. Two groups of 6 horses each were studied: (a) 3- to 4-year-old colts and (b) 7- to 13-year-old stallions. An effort response was estimated by heart rate (HR) registration and biochemical analysis of hematocrit; blood lactic acid (LA) level; and plasma concentration of glucose, triacylglycerols, uric acid, total protein, an...
Traditional and quantitative assessment of acid-base and shock variables in horses with atypical myopathy. Descriptions of acid-base disturbances in atypical myopathy (AM) are limited. Objective: Describe and compare traditional and quantitative acid-base abnormalities and cardiovascular shock status in horses with AM at admission. Methods: 34 horses with AM, 15 healthy controls. Methods: Retrospective case-control study. Records were searched for shock variables (packed cell volume [PCV], blood urea nitrogen [BUN], heart and respiratory rate) and acid-base variables (venous blood gas analysis, electrolytes, total protein, lactate) on admission. Base excess (BE) of free water (BEfw), chloride (BEcl...
Exogenous L-lactate clearance in adult horses. To determine endogenous production of L-lactate and the clearance of exogenous sodium L-lactate (ExLC) in healthy adult horses. Methods: A sodium L-lactate solution (1 mmol/kg body weight qs to 500 mL final volume in 0.9% NaCl) was adminstered IV over 15 minutes. Blood samples for L-lactate concentration [LAC] measurement were collected immediately prior to infusion, at 5, 10, and 15 minutes during infusion and at 1 minute intervals for 15 minutes, at 30, 45, 60, 120, and 180 minutes postinfusion. Disposition modeling and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using proprietary software. Metho...
Clinicopathologic evidence of myocardial injury in horses with acute abdominal disease. To determine whether there is evidence of myocardial injury in horses with acute abdominal disease. Methods: Prospective case series. Methods: 18 healthy horses and 69 horses with acute abdominal disease. Methods: 18 healthy horses had been admitted to the hospital for investigation and were assigned to group 1. Horses examined for acute abdominal disease were assigned to 3 groups: strangulating obstruction, nonstrangulating obstruction, or inflammatory disease (groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively). Heart rate, Hct, and blood lactate and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations were measured at i...
Assessing fitness in endurance horses. A field test and a standardized treadmill test were used to assess fitness in endurance horses. These tests discriminated horses of different race levels: horses participating in races of 120 km and more showed higher values of VLA4 (velocity at which blood lactate reached 4 mmol/L) and V200 (velocity at which heart rates reached 200 beats per min) than horses of lower race levels. Un test sur le terrain et un test sur tapis roulant ont été utilisés pour évaluer la condition physique des chevaux d’endurance. Ces tests ont séparé les chevaux de différents niveaux de course : les cheva...
Amniotic fluid and blood lactate concentrations in mares and foals in the early postpartum period. Amniotic fluid (AF) lactate concentration and time-dependent changes in blood lactate concentration in mares after parturition have never been evaluated. In this study, the venous blood lactate concentration of mares and foals during the first 72 h of the postpartum period was assessed, and the concentration of lactate in the AF collected during delivery and the utility of its measurement for evaluating the foal's health were investigated. This prospective observational study was carried out on mares attended at delivery. They were divided into mares delivering healthy (Group 1) and sick (Grou...
Effects of extracellular lactate on production of reactive oxygen species by equine polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. To evaluate effects of extracellular lactate on viability, shape change, lactate metabolism, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in equine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Methods: PMNs isolated from equine venous blood samples. Methods: PMNs were incubated with 0 to 300mM lactate for 30 minutes before each experiment. Viability was assessed via trypan blue exclusion. Shape change was assessed via flow cytometry and light microscopy. Relative quantification of monocarboxylic acid transporter and lactate dehydrogenase lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isotype mRNAs was performed with a r...
A survey on the feeding of eventing horses during competition. This study aims at the comparison of the actual feeding of horses with the recommendations from the literature, and it studies the effects of feeding and exercise on several blood metabolic parameters before and after exercise. Blood samples were collected from 25 horses during one-star eventing competitions and evaluated for blood glucose, insulin, lactate, free fatty acids and triglyceride levels. Questionnaires on the feeding practices of the horses were evaluated. The questionnaires revealed that during training, and on tournament days, horses received on average 4.3 kg of concentrate per ...
Antioxidant status in elite three-day event horses during competition. The objective of this study was to determine if competition intensity would have an effect on antioxidant status in horses before and during a three-day event. Body weight, body condition score, and blood was sampled from CCI2* (n = 19) and CCI3* (n = 23) horses before the start of dressage, 20 to 30 min following cross-country, and 18-24 h after cross-county. Data were analyzed using a PROC MIXED in SAS. There were no differences between CCI2* and CCI3* horses during competition for plasma cortisol, lactate, α-tocopherol, retinol, or erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. After cross-country, C...
Evaluation of L-lactate and cardiac troponin I in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. To evaluate changes in plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and L-lactate (LLt) as prognostic indicators in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. Methods: Prospective observational study. Methods: Veterinary teaching hospital. Methods: Thirty-four horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. Methods: Serial blood sampling during various times during hospitalization (hospital admission, and 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postoperatively) evaluating cTnI and LLt concentrations. Results: All horses required surgery for correction of a strangulating (n = 29) or nonstrangulating obstruction (n = 5) of...
Association of admission L-lactate concentration in hospitalised equine neonates with presenting complaint, periparturient events, clinical diagnosis and outcome: a prospective multicentre study. Admission L-lactate concentration is a useful and commonly measured biomarker not previously prospectively evaluated in a large multicentre study of critically ill neonatal foals. Objective: To evaluate overall outcome and the association of survival and L-lactate concentration at admission ([LAC]ADMIT) by periparturient history, presenting complaint and clinicians' major diagnosis for ill neonatal foals. Methods: Thirteen university and private equine referral hospitals enrolled 643 foals over the 2008 foaling season. Case details, historical, clinical and clinicopathological data were entere...
Use of serial measurements of peritoneal fluid lactate concentration to identify strangulating intestinal lesions in referred horses with signs of colic. To determine the value of serial measurements of peritoneal fluid lactate concentration (PFL) for detecting strangulating intestinal lesions (SLs) in referred horses with signs of colic. Methods: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: 94 horses with signs of colic. Methods: Medical records of horses evaluated between September 2006 and February 2010 because of signs of colic were reviewed. All included horses had ≥ 2 peritoneal fluid samples collected, including one at admission and another within 1 to 6 hours after admission. Of the 94 horses, 26 were assigned to the SL group on the basis of ...
A forage-only diet alters the metabolic response of horses in training. Most athletic horses are fed a high-starch diet despite the risk of health problems. Replacing starch concentrate with high-energy forage would alleviate these health problems, but could result in a shift in major substrates for muscle energy supply from glucose to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) due to more hindgut fermentation of fibre. Dietary fat inclusion has previously been shown to promote aerobic energy supply during exercise, but the contribution of SCFA to exercise metabolism has received little attention. This study compared metabolic response with exercise and lactate threshold (VLa...
Lactobacillus equigenerosi strain Le1 invades equine epithelial cells. Lactobacillus equigenerosi strain Le1, a natural inhabitant of the equine gastrointestinal tract, survived pH 3.0 and incubation in the presence of 1.5% (wt/vol) bile salts for at least 2 h. Strain Le1 showed 8% cell surface hydrophobicity, 60% auto-aggregation, and 47% coaggregation with Clostridium difficile C6. Only 1% of the cells adhered to viable buccal epithelial cells and invaded the cells within 20 min after contact. Preincubation of strain Le1 in a buffer containing pronase prevented adhesion to viable epithelial cells. Preincubation in a pepsin buffer delayed invasion from 20 min to...
Effect of different blood-guided conditioning programmes on skeletal muscle ultrastructure and histochemistry of sport horses. The effects of three different blood-guided conditioning programmes on ultrastructural and histochemical features of the gluteus medius muscle of 2-year-old sport horses were examined. Six non-trained Haflinger horses performed three consecutive conditioning programmes of varying lactate-guided intensities [velocities eliciting blood lactate concentrations of 1.5 (v1.5 ), 2.5 (v2.5 ) and 4 (v4 ) mm respectively] and durations (25 and 45 min). Each conditioning programme lasted 6 weeks and was followed by a 5-week resting period. Pre-, post- and deconditioning muscle biopsies were analyse...
Physiological changes in jeju crossbred riding horses by swim training. The changes in physiologic parameters by swim exercise duration were examined in five female well-trained Jeju crossbred riding horses that had riding experience of more than three years without swim training experience. The horses were performed with swim exercise for 10 min (60.0 m/min) once a day for 14 days. Physiologic characteristics and haematic parameters were measured before swimming, immediately after swimming, and after a 10 min rest at first day (D0), 7 days (D7), and 14 days (D14) of training. After 14 days of swim training, heart rate (p<0.05), blood glucose (p<0.05), lacta...
Interpreting lactate measurement in critically ill horses: diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. In hospitalized horses, hypovolemia and the resulting decrease in tissue perfusion is the most common cause of hyperlactatemia. Therefore, measurement of blood lactate concentration can be a useful tool for guiding fluid therapy. Similarly, measuring blood lactate concentration can be used to assess the need for and adequacy of transfusions in horses receiving whole blood. Inflammatory leukocytes within closed body cavities consume glucose and produce lactate. Simultaneous measurement of blood lactate concentration and lactate concentration of peritoneal, pleural, or synovial fluid has been us...
Age- and gender-related variations in hematology, clinical biochemistry, and hormones in Spanish fillies and colts. In order to assess which laboratorial parameters need specific age- and/or gender-related reference values, hematological and biochemical profiles (including hormones) were performed in 205 Spanish foals of 5 groups: A (1-2 months; 20 fillies, 10 colts), B (2-3 months; 24 fillies, 18 colts), C (3-6 months; 25 fillies, 16 colts), D (6-9 months; 20 fillies, 23 colts) and E (9-12 months; 25 fillies, 15 colts). Additionally, 120 adult horses were sampled in order to establish baseline data for this breed in our laboratory. Group E had lower red blood cell number and mean cell volume than B, C and ...
Lactate production and measurement in critically ill horses. Blood lactate concentration can be easily measured by practitioners using inexpensive point-of-care meters. Anaerobic tissue metabolism resulting from inadequate oxygen delivery (DO2) is the most important cause of an increase in blood lactate concentration in equine patients. However,hyperlactatemia also occurs under conditions of apparently adequate DO2, usually in association with sepsis and an intense inflammatory reaction. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed for aerobic hyperlactatemia, including increased Na+/K+-ATPase activity in response to inflammatory mediators; inhibition of pyru...
Serial measurement of lactate concentration in horses with acute colitis. Serial measurement of lactate concentration is utilized for therapeutic and prognostic purposes in human critical care. The prognostic value of serial lactate measurement in equine acute colitis warrants investigation. Objective: Serial lactate concentrations are predictive of outcome in horses with colitis. Methods: A total of 101 horses with colitis. Methods: Retrospective study. Plasma L-lactate concentrations were measured at admission and at 4-8 and 24 hours after admission. Associations between admission, early (4-8 hours) and late (24 hours) lactate concentrations, and survival status w...
Sequence variations and two levels of MCT1 and CD147 expression in red blood cells and gluteus muscle of horses. MCT1-CD147 complex is the prime lactate transporter in mammalian plasma membranes. In equine red blood cells (RBCs), activity of the complex and expression of MCT1 and CD147 is bimodal; high in 70% and low in 30%. We studied whether sequence variations contribute to the bimodal expression of MCT1 and CD147. Samples of blood and cremaster muscle were collected in connection of castration from 24 horses. Additional gluteus muscle samples were collected from 15 Standardbreds of which seven were known to express low amounts of CD147 in RBCs. The cDNA of MCT1 and CD147 together with a promoter regi...
Alterations in microbiota and fermentation products in equine large intestine in response to dietary variation and intestinal disease. We aimed to determine the effects of variations in dietary composition on equine gut microbiota and their fermentation products, and proposed that dietary modifications profoundly affect microbial ecosystems and their metabolites. Bacterial communities within the large intestine of three groups of horses were compared using oligonucleotide-RNA hybridisation methodology. Each group consisting of six horses was maintained on (1) a grass-only diet, (2) a concentrate diet (i.e. supplemented with hydrolysable carbohydrates) and (3) a concentrate diet but horses were affected by simple colonic obstr...
Peritoneal and plasma D-lactate concentrations in horses with colic. To evaluate the association between peritoneal fluid and plasma d-lactate concentration with variables used in the diagnosis and prognosis of horses with colic. Methods: Clinically healthy horses (n=6) and 90 horses with colic. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study. Methods: D-lactate concentration was determined in peritoneal fluid and plasma of all horses. Information on other blood and peritoneal fluid variables, signalment, results from the physical examination, outcome, need for surgery, lesion location, and type was retrieved from medical records. Results: Peritoneal D-lactate conce...
Effect of growth on monocarboxylate transporters and indicators of energy metabolism in the gluteus medius muscle of Thoroughbreds. To examine the changes in monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 and MCT4 content and in indicators of energy metabolism in the gluteus medius muscle (GMM) of Thoroughbreds during growth. Methods: 6 Thoroughbreds (3 males and 3 females). Methods: Samples of GMM were obtained when horses were 2, 6, 12, and 24 months old. Muscle proteins were separated via SDS-PAGE; amounts of MCT1 and MCT4 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α content were determined by use of western blotting. Muscle activities of phosphofructokinase and citrate synthase were measured biochemically; la...
Comparison of pH, lactate, and glucose analysis of equine synovial fluid using a portable clinical analyzer with a bench-top blood gas analyzer. To compare agreement between a portable clinical analyzer and laboratory-based bench-top analyzer for analysis of pH, lactate, and glucose concentrations in synovial fluid. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Clinically normal horses (n=8); 6 horses euthanatized for reasons unrelated to the study; 11 horses that had synoviocentesis for reasons other than sepsis; 7 horses that had synoviocentesis for evaluation of sepsis; and 2 horses without recorded clinical data. Median age of horses was 8 years (range, 1 day to 24 years). Methods: Supernatant from each synovial fluid sample wa...
